• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1985

원자력(原子力) 구조물(構造物)의 내진해석(耐震解析)에 사용(使用)되어온 입력운동(入力運動)의 가속도 크기와 지속시간(持續時間)을 조사(調査)하였다. 그 중 수치화(數値化)된 자료를 얻을 수 있었던 지속시간(持續時間) 24초(秒)인 두 개의 인공가속도(人工加速度)-시간이력곡선(時間履歷曲線)에 대하여 가속도응답(加速度應答)스펙트럼과 스펙트럼강도(强度)를 계산하여 특성(特性)을 파악하고, 지속시간(持續時間) 이외의 다른 특성(特性)이 크게 다르지 않도록 가속도(加速度) 곡선(曲線) 하나를 개선(改善)시켜 지속시간 15초(秒)의 다른 인공가속도(人工加速度)-시간이력곡선(時間履歷曲線)을 만들었다. 24초(秒)의 두 곡선(曲線)과 개선(改善)시킨 곡선(曲線)을 각각 원자력(原子力) 5, 6호계(號繼) 부품냉각건물(部品冷却建物)의 모델에 입력(入力)시켜 지진해석(地震解析)을 수행(遂行)하였다. 24초(秒)의 원(原) 곡선(曲線)과 이로부터 개선(改善)시킨 곡선(曲線)을 사용(使用)한 결과(結果)는 거의 동일(同一)하였으나, 24초(秒) 두 곡선(曲線) 사용(使用)한 결과(結果)는 그 경향(傾向)은 같으나 큰 차이(差異) 보였다. 또한 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 사용(使用)한 모델에 개선(改善)시킨 곡선(曲線)의 사용(使用)이 컴퓨터 이용시간(利用時間)을 약 절반으로 줄일 수 있음을 알았다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.598-610
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to present a flexible and satisfactory clothing design for girls aged 4 to 6 years of age, which can be worn comfortably for 3 years, during that age range. This study focuses attention on the need for well-fitting clothes in the young girls' market, and provides a basis for development of designs that can be worn for a long time, are comfortable for children to wear, and reflect preferences of both children and parents. Documentary research was executed to examine the history and changes of children's wear. Internet and market research were carried out to understand the current situation of girls' clothing in Korea. In-depth interview subjects were girls aged 4 to 6 and their guardians. Subjects were asked questions related to children's wear size and design, and measurements were taken of child subjects. Children's wear on the Internet was found to be trendy and inexpensive but of a low quality, as was children's wear at Dongdaemun market. Children's wear at department stores was of high quality and pretty, but did not consider size much and was expensive. One problem of the Korean children's wear market was lack of a unified size system. In-depth interviewees pointed out that there are not many clothes that fit their children perfectly. Problems included t-shirt, sleeve and pants length. Parents said they preferred simple and clean designs, and children interviewees all liked pink dresses and skirts. Children's physical measurements presented by Size Korea were compared and verified with measurements taken of child interviewees, and used as a basis for patterns. The study presented two designs for girls of ages 4 to 6 to wear all through that age range. A sample was made for one of the designs, and an evaluation showed very successful results.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.657-678
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• 2013

For economical earthquake resistant design of cable-stayed bridge tower, the use of energy dissipation systems for the earthquake protection of steel structures represents an alternative seismic design method where the tower structure could be constructed to dissipate a large amount of earthquake input energy through inelastic deformations in certain positions, which could be easily retrofitted after damage. The design of energy dissipation systems for bridges could be achieved as the result of two conflicting requirements: no damage under serviceability limit state load condition and maximum dissipation under ultimate limit state load condition. A new concept for cable-stayed bridge tower seismic design that incorporates sacrificial link scheme of low yield point steel horizontal beam is introduced to enable the tower frame structure to remain elastic under large seismic excitation. A nonlinear dynamic analysis for the tower model with the proposed energy dissipation systems is carried out and compared to the response obtained for the tower with its original configuration. The improvement in seismic performance of the tower with supplemental passive energy dissipation system has been measured in terms of the reduction achieved in different response quantities. Obtained results show that the proposed energy dissipation system of low yield point steel seismic link could strongly enhance the seismic performance of the tower structure where the tower and the overall bridge demands are significantly reduced. Low yield point steel seismic link effectively reduces the damage of main structural members under earthquake loading as seismic link yield level decreases due their exceptional behavior as well as its ability to undergo early plastic deformations achieving the concentration of inelastic deformation at tower horizontal beam.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.329-350
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• 2016

A parametric study was conducted to investigate the seismic deformation demands in terms of drift ratio, plastic base rotation and compression strain on rectangular wall members in frame-wall systems. The wall index defined as ratio of total wall area to the floor plan area was kept as variable in frame-wall models and its relation with the seismic demand at the base of the wall was investigated. The wall indexes of analyzed models are in the range of 0.2-2%. 4, 8 and 12-story frame-wall models were created. The seismic behavior of frame-wall models were calculated using nonlinear time-history analysis and design spectrum matched ground motion set. Analyses results revealed that the increased wall index led to significant reduction in the top and inter-story displacement demands especially for 4-story models. The calculated average inter-story drift decreased from 1.5% to 0.5% for 4-story models. The average drift ratio in 8- and 12-story models has changed from approximately 1.5% to 0.75%. As the wall index increases, the dispersion in the calculated drifts due to ground motion variability decreased considerably. This is mainly due to increase in the lateral stiffness of models that leads their fundamental period of vibration to fall into zone of the response spectra that has smaller dispersion for scaled ground motion data set. When walls were assessed according to plastic rotation limits defined in ASCE/SEI 41, it was seen that the walls in frame-wall systems with low wall index in the range of 0.2-0.6% could seldom survive the design earthquake without major damage. Concrete compressive strains calculated in all frame-wall structures were much higher than the limit allowed for design, ${\varepsilon}_c$=0.0035, so confinement is required at the boundaries. For rectangular walls above the wall index value of 1.0% nearly all walls assure at least life safety (LS) performance criteria. It is proposed that in the design of dual systems where frames and walls are connected by link and transverse beams, the minimum value of wall index should be greater than 0.6%, in order to prevent excessive damage to wall members.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

Through the result of the investigation on costumes in Bulgarian regions, the main factors for the formation of Bulgarian folk costume and its kinds and history have been found out so far as follows. Alhtough varying according to the district and climate, Bulgarian folk costumes have some general features determined by the material, the pattern, the application. For women, Bulgarian costume consists of a white shirt, a single or double apron unique depending on each region(Bruchnick), a basic dress called a tunic (Soukman), and an open-tunic typed coat (saya). The main factors for the formation of Bulgarian folk costume have been under the influence of natural and environmental features and historical streams resulting from its geographical location. Bulgaria is agriculture-oriented society based on a continental climate. Accordingly, as for the classification of costumes, body-fit clothes, such as shirts and jackets which developed in Europe and fit the body shape, have featured in Bulgaria. Besides, Bulgaria was under the rule of Turk for a long time at the end of the Middle Age. Having been influenced a lot those days, its folk costume shows Turkish elements now. With geographical features, it was found that the southern area was influenced most by Turkey and Greece, and the types of folk costumes in Europe developed mainly from the northern area. The adaptation of traditional costume forms to the new cultural and progressive principles of appeal nowadays needs knowledge, as well as feeling. Finding the right measure and proportions of using old ethnic elemints in contemporary clothing is the prerequisite of successful design.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제9권4호통권33호
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• pp.625-635
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• 1997

기초 분리 기법과 분리 장치의 지진 하중에 대한 구조물의 에너지 전달력의 감소 효과에 대한 인식은 증가되어 왔으나, 기초 분리 교량의 지진 응답을 예측하기 위한 수단으로 사용되는 비선형 동적 해석 방법은 소요되는 경비 및 장비의 제한으로 설계용으로는 제한적이다. 본 연구는 기초 분리 교량의 설계에 있어서 시간 이력 해석법에 의하지 않고, 탄성 해석법의 적용을 위한 기초 자료로써, 지진 발생시 구조물의 비선형 응답의 해석의 탄성 해석법 적용성을 검토하였다. 본 연구는 기초 분리 교량의 하중-변위를 항복전과 항복후 상태로 분리하여, 주기 이전과 유효 주기, 모드 기여율의 변화를 고찰하였다. 또한, 교각 높이별 P.C교에 인공 지진파를 이용한 시간 이력 해석을 수행하여 분리 장치의 상태 변화를 고려한 모드 해석법과 비교하였다. 해석 결과, 분리 장치의 상태 변화는 주로 제1 모드 주기에 영향을 미치며, 지진 응답은 분리 장치의 상태 변화에 따라 지배되나 일정 범위로 수렴하였다. 이에 bilinear 분리 장치에 의한 비선형 지진 응답의 유효 강성에 의한 모드 해석의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한, bilinear 장치로 기초 분리된 교량에 대해 교각 높이 변화를 고려한 선형 탄성 해석과 비선형 시간 이력 해석 결과를 비교하였다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 철골조 건물의 내진 보강 방법으로 점탄성 감쇠기의 적용과 효과에 대하여 성능에 기초한 내진 설계의 관점에서 연구하였다. 먼저 단자유도계 구조물을 대상으로 입력된 지진에너지의 소산에 대한 감쇠기의 효과에 대하여 연구하였다. 설계하중으로 중력하중을 적용한 5층 건물과 중력하중과 풍하중을 적용한 10층과 20층 건물에 대하여 해석을 수행하였다. 비선형 시간이력해석을 수행하기 위하여 성능에 기초한 내진설계기준(안)에 제시된 표준 설계응답스펙트럼을 각 지반종류와 성능목표에 대하여 구성하고, 이를 바탕으로 인공지진을 생성하였다. 해석결과에 따르면 층간변위를 성능기준으로 적용하였을 때 모든 모델이 연약지반(기능수행 성능목표)을 제외한 대부분의 지반조건에서 기준안에 제시된 성능목표를 만족하였다. 또한 적당한 위치에 점탄성 감쇠기를 설치함으로써 내진성능을 향상시키고 구조물이 탄성적으로 거동하도록 유도함을 보였다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.114-121
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• 2005

Louis 1. Kahn was a wise architect who learned from history. He developed his own unique architecture by combining his creative sense with design principles and vocabularies that can be found in historical architecture. When restricting a space, he surrounded the space with thick walls as it had been done in historical buildings. The interior space encompassed by this method became a center-oriented and stable space. The objective of this study is to find the characteristics of Kahn's interior spaces by analyzing his projects in terms of space, form, daylight and materials. For this purpose, five works that are considered to have significance from the aspect of interior design were selected and analyzed. The characteristics realized through this study are as follows. A) Spatial features: 1) Generally speaking, each required space has been arranged symmetrically. 2) Being clearly defined as the main space, the subsidiary space, or the service space, each space also was placed very functionally. 3) The space encompassed by thick walls became a center-oriented, stable space. And in most case, it was characterized as a dark space. B) Formative features: 4) The space was defined as a basic solid such as a cylinder, a hexahedron, and an octagonal box, and was developed into a complex shape by the recessed windows. 5) Historical vocabularies such as an arch, a vault, and a dome were reinterpreted in new ways by kahn's own eyes. 6) Haying diverse shapes, the skylights enrich the space in terms of form. C) Daylight feature: 7) The vertical light entering through the skylights creates a solemn and mysterious atmosphere. 8) Given the shadows from the windows that change according to time, the interior space becomes a very vivid space. D) Material feature: 9) Harmonized with cold and smooth materials such as exposed concrete, metal, and glass, the interior space provides a modern atmosphere. 10) Warm appearing wood was used for furniture and part of walls or floors. The effective use of wood takes on a role that is quite complementary to the cold ambience of the smooth and cold materials. 11) With flexibility In building shapes, the concrete becomes the form-endowing materials.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2013

이 논문에서는 저층 경량건물을 대상으로 고성능 내진을 구현하기 위하여 적용된 복합면진시스템의 적용효과가 비선형해석과 현장실험을 통하여 제시되었다. 이 연구에서 적용된 복합면진시스템은 슬라이딩베어링(sliding bearing)과 적층고무베어링(laminated rubber bearing)을 혼용하는 방법으로 전체 면진시스템의 고유주기를 신장시키는데 있어서 적층고무베어링이 지니는 한계를 극복하기 위한 것이다. 비선형해석결과, 복합면진시스템을 채용하여 설계된 면진건물은 아주 드물게 발생하는 강진에 대해서도 최대응답변위가 허용설계변위 이내이며, 최대응답전단력이 설계지진력 이하이므로 안전하게 유지될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 현장실험결과, 면진층의 강성은 설계 등가강성 값의 약 95.8%에 해당하는 값을 나타내 전체 면진시스템의 실제 특성이 설계값과 잘 일치하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.83-109
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• 2013

A simple damper optimization method is proposed to find optimal damper allocation for shear buildings under both target added damping ratio and interstorey drift ratio (IDR). The damping coefficients of added dampers are considered as design variables. The cost, which is defined as the sum of damping coefficient of added dampers, is minimized under a target added damping ratio and the upper and the lower constraint of the design variables. In the first stage of proposed algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Nelder Mead and Differential Evolution numerical algorithms are used to solve the proposed optimization problem. The candidate optimal design obtained in the first stage is tested in terms of the IDRs using linear time history analyses for a design earthquake in the second stage. If all IDRs are below the allowable level, iteration of the algorithm is stopped; otherwise, the iteration continues increasing the target damping ratio. By this way, a structural response IDR is also taken into consideration using a snap-back test. In this study, the effects of the selection of upper limit for added dampers, the storey mass distribution and the storey stiffness distribution are all investigated in terms of damper distributions, cost function, added damping ratio and IDRs for 6-storey shear building models. The results of the proposed method are compared with two existing methods in the literature. Optimal designs are also compared with uniform designs according to both IDRs and added damping ratios. The numerical results show that the proposed damper optimization method is easy to apply and is efficient to find optimal damper distribution for a target damping ratio and allowable IDR value.