• Anxiety and mood
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2020

Objective : Heart rate variability (HRV) is known to reflect autonomic nervous system activity. Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are reported to have lower HRVs. We attempted to find HRV indices with head up tilt position that reflect the symptoms well in order to evaluate PTSD symptoms. Methods : Sixty-seven patients with PTSD and 72 patients without PTSD were assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. HRV was measured in the head-up tilt position. We collected data regarding heart rate (HR), standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD), log low-frequency (LNLF) and log high-frequency (LNHF). Results : The value of LNHF was different according to presence or absence of PTSD after head-up tilt position. In the findings of the association between PTSD symptoms and HRV indices as based on head-up tilt, LNHF had a significant correlation with the total score of PCL-5. Conclusion : The reduction of the high-frequency component of HRVs in the PTSD group might reflect more PTSD symptoms.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1994

The MAC($ED_{50}$)values of enflurane, fentanyl, and nalbuphine-enflurane under 65% $N_2O$ were determined in 76 Sprague-Dawley rats using the tail-clamp technique to compare the equipotent effects of intravenous and inhaled anesthetics. The rats were divided into 3 groups: enfluarne, fentanyl, and nalbuphine-enflurane. Results were as follows: 1) The MAC value of enflurane under 65% $N_2O$ was $1.160{\pm}0.05%$ and after subcutaneous nalbuphine 20 mg/kg injection, the values were 1.08% at 60min and 0.99% at 90min. 2) The lowest $ED_{50}$ for fentanyl was 26.8 ${\mu}g$/kg at 15 min, and the $ED_{50}$, 30, 45, and 60min after the injection were 36.2, 39.7, and 44.7 ${\mu}g$/kg, respectively. 3) On arterial blood gas analysis under 65% $N_2O$-1MAC($ED_{50}$), fentanyl and nalbuphine-enflurane groups showed mild increase in $PaCO_2$, but there were no significant differences among 3 groups. Fentanyl group showed significant difference in pH compared with enfluarane and nalbuphine-enflurane groups. 4) Rats injected with high dose fentanyl(above $40{\mu}g$) displayed rigidity and respiratory depression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1116-1124
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• 2005

The influence of fiber content of hay (low-fiber 47% NDF and high-fiber 62% NDF of DM) and concentrate level (high 50% and low 20% of ration DM) on chewing activity, passage rate and nutrient digestibility were tested on four restrict-fed (11.1 to 13.7 kg DM/d) Holstein cows in late lactation. Aspects of ruminal fermentation and digesta particle size distribution were also investigated on two ruminally cannulated (100 mm i.d.) cows of the same group of animals. All digestion parameters studied were more affected by the fiber content of the hay and its ratio to non structural carbohydrates than by the concentrate level. Giving a diet of high-fiber (62% NDF) hay and low concentrate level (20%) increased chewing activity but decreased solid passage rate and total digestibility of nutrients due to a limited availability of fermentable OM in the late cut fiber rich hay. A supplementation of high-fiber hay with 50% concentrate in the diet seems to improve the ruminal digestion of cell contents, whilst a depression of the ruminal fiber digestibility was not completely avoided. Giving a diet of low-fiber (47% NDF) hay and high concentrate level (50%) reduced markedly the chewing and rumination activity, affected negatively the rumen conditions and, consequently, the ruminal digestion of fiber. A reduction of the concentrate level from 50 to 20% in the diet of low-fiber hay improved the rumen conditions as reflected by an increase of the ruminal solid passage rate and of fiber digestibility and in a decrease of the concentration of large particles and of the mean particle size of the rumen digesta and of the faeces. Generally, it can be summarised that, (i) concentrate supplementation is not a strategy to overcome limitations of low quality (fiber-rich) hay, and (ii) increase of the roughage quality is an effective strategy in ruminant nutrition, especially when concentrate availability for ruminants is limited.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 2015

Objectives: This study sought to examine the association between long working hours and depressive symptoms among interns and residents in South Korea. Methods: We analyzed a cross-sectional survey of 1,661 interns and residents from the 2014 Korean Interns & Residents Survey. Total working hours during the preceding week was assessed and classified into five categories(i.e. less than 60 hours, 60-79 hours, 80-99 hours, 100-119 hours, and 120-168 hours). Depressive symptoms during the previous week were measured by using ten items from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale questionnaire. Multivariate negative binomial regression was applied to examine the association between long working hours and depressive symptoms after adjusting for potential confounders, including medical specialty and training year. All analyses were performed using STATA/SE version 13.0. Results: 86%(N=1,429) of interns and residents worked 60 hours or more per week. Compared to the "less than 60 hours" group, long working hours for interns and residents were significantly associated with depressive symptoms: "60-79 hours"(PR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.32), "80-99 hours"(PR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.54, 3.33), "100-119 hours"(PR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.76, 3.89), and "120-168 hours"(PR: 3.28, 95% CI: 2.21, 4.86). Conclusions: This study found that long working hours were prevalent among interns and residents in South Korea, and it was associated with depressive symptoms.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.381-393
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• 1996

Cretaceous volcanics and volcaniclastic sediments are abundantly distributed in the Haenam area located at the tip of the southwestern part of the Yongdong-Kwangju depression zone. The Cretaceous strata correlated with the Yuchon Group of the Kyongsang Supergroup are divided into three formations: Hwawon Formation, Uhangri Formation and Haenam Formation in ascending order. The stratovolcanic Hwawon Formation is mainly composed of andesite and andesitic pyroclastics. The Uhangri Formation is the lacustrine sedimentary deposit. The Haenam Formation is composed of Hwangsan tuff, Haenam tuff, Yongdang tuff, Seoho tuff, and also Acidic lava, both being formed by a cogenetic acidic volcanism. The topographic circular structure of the Cretaceous strata was controlled by the doming of Jurassic Sani granite. Cretaceous volcanism in the study area is characterized by the two stages of intermediate volcanic activity in Cenomanian to Albian, and acidic volcanic activity in Campanian to Coniacian.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.5-29
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• 2012

This study aimed to express the experiences of the parents who lost their children by suicides in their own words from their own perspectives by van Manen(2000)'s hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The analysis of the words expressed by the research participants led to the following five fundamental themes. These are 'broken heart, sinner's grief, land of exile and time stood still, pains to be comforted, and days ahead with half-stitched wounds'. Several distinctions are found due to cultural differences from Korean parents. First, whereas the Western parents see the cause of their child's suicide as his/her independent issue, the Korean parents blame themselves entirely. This may have stemmed from the overly inter-dependency between the parents and the child. Second, whereas the Western perspective views the suicide as a type of illness from the individual's depression. The Korean perspective views the suicide as a shame that disgraces the parents or the family. This negative social perspective intensifies the self-blame and social isolation. Third, the Westerners recognize the prevention and responsibility of suicide resting with the society and government, but the Korean society recognize suicide as personal or family matter. Based on the finding above, I proposed a number of practical measures to aid the surviving parents who belong to a group with extremely high suicidal rates.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.92-106
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review health-related interventions in nursing studies for low-income school-age children and adolescents. Methods: Searches among CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, DBpia, and RISS identified 27 intervention studies published from January 2000 to April 2018. Results: Twenty-seven intervention studies were identified: 12 included psychosocial adaptations and 15 included the healthy lifestyle promotion and disease prevention. The settings were mainly schools and community welfare centers. Many studies were based on social cognitive theory and interventions were provided in a group format. Depression, self-esteem, resilience, self-efficacy for vegetable and fruit consumption, physical activity, and health-related knowledge improved significantly after the health-related interventions. However, the findings were inconsistent with regard to anxiety, peer relationships, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose. Conclusion: There is potential for enhancing outcomes for psychosocial, physical health, and health-related knowledge among low-income school-age children and adolescents. Integrated interventions addressing the physical as well as psychological health of low-income children and adolescents should be conducted. It would be prudent to consider the ethnicity and family background of the child or adolescent. However, rigorous study designs and scientific validation are needed for further evidence.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.36-55
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• 2020

Objectives: The present study is carried out to review the efficacy of Korean, Oriental medicine on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: We searched for 7 internet worldwide databases in order to find the studies with the keywords of 'premenstrual syndrome', 'premenstrual syndrome & Oriental medicine', 'premenstrual syndrome & traditional Chinese medicine' and 'premenstrual syndrome & herbal medicine' from 2009 to 2019. after selecting studies based on own criteria, total 8 studies are finally included. the studies were assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias criteria and reviewed systematically. Results: After intervention, cured patient rate in test groups in all of studies were significantly higher than rate in control group. there were significant decrease in headache, anorexia, dry mouth, breast mass, mastodynia, agitation, irascibility, edema, dizziness, fever, anhedonia, depression, inability to sleep, profuse dreaming with herbal medicinal intervention. 3 of those studies checked hormonal level. Estradiol (E2) and Progesteron (P) changed significantly in 2 of studies. Prolactin (PRL) in 1 study decreased significantly. FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) had no significant decrease in 1 study. Conclusions: This review suggests that herbal medicine on premenstrual syndrome is effective without serious adverse effects. however, since unclear risk of bias, the result of this study should be considered carefully. further clinical trials should be carried out in order to academical clinical progress regarding treatment of premenstrual syndrome.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.446-457
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyse researches on nursing intervention for elderly health promotion. Method: A literature review of 38 researches was carried out using guidelines developed by the present researchers. Result: The research papers studied in this research were theses written for doctoral or master's degree and published between 1994 to 2004. These researches applied nursing intervention for health promotion of elders and used experimental study design. The average period of nursing intervention was about 9 weeks and the average frequency was three times per week. As for major characteristics of subject groups, most of them were over 65 years old (76.3%) and resided in community (65.8%), and each group consisted of 10 to 29 elders. The dependent variables used in these studies included physiological variables (blood pressure, blood cholesterol level, pulmonary function, fasting blood sugar, blood cortisol level, body mass etc.), psychologic variables (depression, quality of life, life satisfaction, loneliness, anxiety etc.), cognitive variables (perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, self-concept, subjective health status etc.), activities of daily livings, health promotion behavior, pain, risks of fall, and variables related to Trans Theoretical Model. The majority of these studies (78.9%) applied exercise programs for health promotion including exercise motivating programs (15.8%). Conclusion: We suggest that more various nursing interventions must be applied to promote elders' health and to take care of their chronic diseases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.96-114
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• 1994

This study was carried out to describe and analyze experimental studies conducted in graduates nursing degree. Of 170 experimental studies conducted during the past three decades between 1962 and August 1991, 150 studies were available, including 124 master’s and 26 doctoral theses. This study examined their general characteristics and detailed research methods using percentiles. The results were as follows 1. Most of the studies adopted a quasi-experimental design. 2. The subjects of the studies were chosen by convenience sampling except for two studies whose subjects were drawn by randomization. Studies comparing experimental and control groups were in the highest proportion and the most frequent sample sizes of each group were 21 to 30 for both experimental and control groups. 3. As to measurement, physiological measures were most frequent followed by psychsociological measures and active report questionnaires. Each study, on average, adopted two kind of measurement tools. Studies in which the data collection period was of 1~2 months were in the highest pro-portion. 4. All doctoral theses and 67.0% of master’s theses examined specific research hypotheses. Of these studies, the results of 92.5% supported the hypotheses. 5. Parametric statistics were the major analytical methods. In particular, t-test was used most frequently followed by Chi square, F-test, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. 6. Patients were the most frequent study subjects. Frequent nursing interventions were information and education followed by support, distraction, and nursing treatments. 7. With regards to the dependent variables, “feelings” such as anxiety, pain, and depression were most frequent. In addition “exchanging” such as restoring, metabolism, cardiopulmonary function, infection and vital signs were adopted as the dependent variables in 29.1％ of the studies examined, while 12.3% of the studies selected “choosing” such as stress, health behavior, or role performance.