• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2022

Purpose: This study assessed the associations between chronological age, dental maturation (DM), cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM), and hand-wrist maturation (HWM) in individuals aged 9-19 years. In addition, this study aimed to derive practical methods to evaluate the skeletal age using DM, CVM, or HWM for orthodontic, medical, and forensic purposes and to compare which of these 3 developmental parameters is more accurate for estimating the age of individuals in a Turkish population. Materials and Methods: Panoramic, lateral cephalometric, and hand-wrist radiographs of 284 patients aged 9-19 years were used in this study. The DM, CVM, and HWM stages were determined. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, kappa, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square, and Spearman correlation tests and simple linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was 0.05. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between chronological age and DM, chronological age and CVM, and chronological age and HWM in both sexes (P<0.05). DM did not show statistically significant differences according to sex (P>0.05), but CVM and HWM were statistically different between males and females (P<0.05). The DM-estimated age yielded more accurate values than the other methods. Conclusion: All correlations between skeletal and dental stages were statistically significant. Our results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between chronological age and DM-estimated age. Therefore, it can be concluded that DM stages have the potential to be used for legal purposes.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2013

In growing children it is frequently found that dental maturation is strongly influenced by the growth rate of maxilla or mandible. If there is evidence to prove this, it might be utilized as a criterion in the early diagnosis of skeletal malocclusion, even before the object's real skeletal features are yet revealed. The purpose of this study was to find out if the difference of dental maturation in over-grown mandible in children with skeletal Class III has any relationship with some skeletal features of mandible. 50 patients in Hellman dental age IIIA with normal occlusion and Class III malocclusion of mandibular over-growth type respectively were selected as study objects. The age estimation was performed on maxillary and mandibular teeth, eruption rate of the 2nd molars of each group have been measured on panoramic radiography, and the differences in dental age of the upper and lower jaw were analyzed under Demirijian's method. The results were as follows: The difference of dental age of maxillary and mandibular teeth between the two groups was 0.66 and 1.20 years respectively, with a higher difference in the experimental group (p < 0.05). The difference of eruption rate of the maxillary and mandibular second molar was not found between two group (p >0.05).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.481-492
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• 1997

In order to investigate the possibility of using a cervical vertebral maturation indicator as a mandibular growth indicator, the relationship of cervical vertebral maturation and mandibular & body height growth changes was assessed in biennial serial lateral cephalometric radiographs of eighteen korean male and fourteen korean female while they were 8.5 to 18.5 years old. The following results were obtained. 1. It was a reliable method to evaluate skeletal maturation by using cervical vertebrae. 2. In general, cervical vertebral maturation stages of females were higher than those of males at the same age and there were significant differences in statistics at the age of 10.5, 14.5. 3. The age of a female at the same cervical vertebral maturation stage were earlier than that of a male. 4. In the case of males, significant Ar-Gn increases were found between stage 3 and 4,5; Ar-Go increases between stage 4 and 5. 5. In the case of females, significant S-Gn and Ar-Gn increases were (end between stage 3 and 4. 6. Significant body height increases were found between stage 3 and 4 in both sexes. 7. The peak velocity of body height and mandibular length was observed between cervical vertebral maturation stage 3 and 4 in both sexes. 8. The relationship between mandibular & body height changes and specific maturation stage of cervical vertebra was found, therfore using a cervical vertebral maturation indicator as mandibular growth indicator is quite within realms of possibility.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2009

Objective: To estimate dental maturity using the Demirjian Index for the mandibular third molar and investigate the relationships between dental maturity and skeletal maturity among growing children. Methods: The samples were derived from panoramic, lateral cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs of 270 female subjects registered as patients at the orthodontic department, dental hospital, Yonsei University. Dental maturity [Demirjian Index (DI)] and skeletal maturity [skeletal maturation indicators (SMIs)] and cervical vertebrae maturation indicators (CVMIs)] were estimated from these radiographs. Results: There was a significant correlation (r = 0.64) between SMIs and DI, and a similar correlation (r = 0.59) was observed between CVMIs and DI (p < 0.001). If DI was above Stage E, then the SMI was above Stage 10 and the CVMI was above Stage 5. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.26) between age at menarche and DI (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in DI among Class I, II or III malocclusions. Conclusions: Dental maturity evaluation using the mandibular third molar will be an adjunctive tool in combination with cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist maturity evaluations.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2020

Purpose: In India, the age of 14 years is the legal age threshold for child labour. Therefore, in suspected instances of child labour, age assessment plays a crucial role in determining whether a violation of the law on the employment of children has occurred. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess the discriminatory ability of stages of cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) in predicting the legal age threshold of 14 years. Materials and Methods: Routinely taken lateral cephalograms from 408 subjects aged 10 to 18 years were evaluated retrospectively using the CVM stages described by Baccetti et al. Descriptive statistics, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios were calculated for stages 2, 3, and 4 of CVM. Results: Real age increased as the CVM stage gradually increased. The results of 2×2 contingency tables showed that CVM stage 4 produced an accuracy of 71% and 73%, a false positive rate of 7% and 18%, and a post-test probability of 59% and 68% for boys and girls, respectively. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the stages of CVM are of limited use for predicting the attainment of the legal age threshold of 14 years. Future studies should investigate whether combinations of skeletal and dental methods could achieve better accuracy and post-test probability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.126-127
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.126-127
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• 2005

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.317-334
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare the bone formation, maturation around HA-and titaniumcoated dental implants in dog. 5 hydroxyapatite coated IMZ implants and 5 titanium coated IMZ implants were placed into the previously extracted site in the mandible of 5 adults dogs. All dogs were injected intravenously Tetracycline, Alizalin red S, and Calcein for bone fluorescent labelling, After the experimental period of 16weeks, the dogs were sacrificed and tissue samples around the implants were obtained. Microscopic observations(ligth, polariged and fluorescence microscope), morphometric analysis, line profile with EPMA, and quantitative analysis for Ca,P, and Ti were performed. The results were as follows ; 1. Bone maturations around the implants were relatively lower than those of natural teeth. No significant differences in bone maturation and remodeling patterns were observed between the two implants groups. 2. Calcification of bone surrounding the implants was initiated in 8-11 weeks for HA-coated implants, while it took 11 weeks or more for Ti-coated implants. 3. Bone-to-implants contact ratio of 82.63% was recorded for HA-coated group and 72.25% for titanium coated group, with no significant difference between the two groups. 4. Bone around the implants exhibited reduced quantity of Ca and P in the $100{\mu}m$ region relative to natural teeth, while the rest of the regions showed no statistical differences. No significant differences were found between the two implant groups. 5. There was a separation of HA layer from the implant core and subsequent infiltration of inflammatory cells into the resulting space in the HA-coated implants, and evidences of phagocytosis of HA particles by macrophages. Bone calcification was more rapid around HA-coated implants compared to titanium-coated implants, but HA coated implants did not show any significant differences either in the degree of calcification or the bone-to-implant contact ratio over Ti coated implants. HA coated implants may have complications associated with HA absorption and separation of HA layer from the implant core.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.345-355
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether predicting maturation of the midpalatal suture is possible by classifying its morphology on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to investigate relationships with other developmental age indices. Methods: The morphology of the midpalatal suture was assessed by using CBCT images of 99 patients. Axial plane images of the midpalatal suture were classified into five stages according to the classification scheme. To make the assessment more accurate, the morphology and fusion of the midpalatal suture were additionally investigated on coronal cross-sectional planar images and volume-rendered images. Bone age was evaluated using the hand and wrist method (HWM) and cervical vertebrae method (CVM); dental age (Hellman's index), sex, and chronological age were also assessed. To evaluate relationships among variables, Spearman's rho rank test was performed along with crosstabs using contingency coefficients. Results: The HWM and CVM showed strong correlations with the maturation stage of the midpalatal suture, while other indices showed relatively weak correlations (p < 0.01). Through crosstabs, the HWM and CVM showed high association values with CBCT stage; the HWM demonstrated slightly higher values (p < 0.0001). Based on the HWM, the midpalatal suture was not fused until stage 6 in both sexes. Conclusions: Among developmental age indices, the HWM and CVM showed strong correlations and high associations, suggesting that they can be useful in assessing maturation of the midpalatal suture.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2018

The present study was conducted to assess the growth changes of human chin in childhood and adolescence at various stages of skeletal maturation using metallic implant installed in mandibular body. Lateral cephalographs including 23 subjects (9 males and 14 females) between 7-18 years old were used, which had been taken at University of California in San Francisco and kept at University of the Pacific. Three lateral cephalographs were chosen for each subject according to CVM (Cervical Vertebral Maturation) method (CVM stage 1 to 2, CVM stage 3 to 4, and CVM stage 5 to 6) which assess the extent of the skeletal maturation using the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae. V-ceph was used in order to mark the 8 landmarks (S, N, A, B, Pog, Me, Go, Imp) on lateral cephalographs and obtain 8 angular and linear measurements(ANB, SNPog, SN-GoMe, Imp-B, Imp-Pog, B-Pog//GoMe, $GoMe{\bot}B$, $GoMe{\bot}Pog$). Among 8 measurements, ANB, SNPog, SN-GoMe, B-Pog//GoMe, $GoMe{\bot}B$ showed statistically significant growth changes at various stages of skeletal maturation according to CVM method, while there were no significant differences on Imp-B, Imp-Pog, $GoMe{\bot}Pog$. The results suggest that the increasing prominence of human chin is greatly influenced by the vertical growth of B point area, in addition to the change and growth in chin and mandible proper.