• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.946-954
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• 2016

Energy industry is undergoing a paradigm shift in customer participation in the smartgrid. Customers traditionally consume electrical power. But nowadays not only do they generate electricity from private distributed generations, they can participate in demand response programs with their negawatt power which means a theoretical unit of power representing an amount of energy saved. Therefore development of decision-making criteria for electric load aggregation becomes a greater consideration as an amount of energy saved from demand response resources increases. This paper proposes load aggregators' decision-making criteria in the industrial sector where it made up the largest portion in demand response portfolio in order to assure reliability performance for demand response resources.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.384-386
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• 2002

As restructuring in power industry has introduced competitive markets, a new method on demand side management has been developed. Many programs using the method were developed with providing several choices for customer. Nowadays the programs are called demand response as the load management is done by customer's responding to the market price signal. It was proven that the method was effective for demand control with the active consumer's attending for the program. This paper analyses the perspective and the requirement for designing the demand response system.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권7호
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• pp.1128-1134
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• 2016

Demand response provides customer load reductions based on high market prices or system reliability conditions. One type of demand response, price-based program, induces customers to respond to changes in product rates. However, there are large-scale general and industrial customers that have difficulty changing their energy consumption patterns, even with rate changes, due to their electricity demands being commercial and industrial. This study proposes an in-house pricing model for large-scale general and industrial customers, particularly those with multiple business facilities, for self-regulating demand-side management and cost reduction. The in-house pricing model charges higher rates to customers with lower load factors by employing peak to off-peak ratios in order to reduce maximum demand at each facility. The proposed scheme has been applied to real world and its benefits are demonstrated through an example.

• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

최근들어, 에너지 자원과 환경보호의 중요성이 증가하면서, 친환경적인 소비패턴이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 효율적인 에너지 소비기술이 여러 산업분야에서 주목받고 있다. 스마트그리드는 IT기술을 이용하여 에너지 효율을 상승시키는 기술로써, 이 중에서도 수요반응(Demand Response)기술은 스마트 그리드 안에서서 중요한 부분을 담당하는 기술이다. 본 논문은 과도한 전력 소모시대에 맞춰 효율적인 전력 소모를 위해 대두되고 있는 스마트그리드에 관한 전반적인 내용과 수요반응에 대한 개념, 그리고 이에 응용되는 수요반응 기술들과 그 예에 대하여 제시하고자 한다.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the correlation between Net Benefit Test (NBT) and System marginal price (SMP), which has a significant impact on the allocation of demand response (DR) resources in resource scheduling and commitment (RSC) process, based on the performance data of the demand resource market which has been established in 2014. Demand resources compete with generation resources in the RSC process, and it is prescribed to use demand resources only when net benefit occurs. Analysis result shows that the larger the SMP than the Net Benefit Threshold Price (NBTP), the more the winning bid of demand response resource was. It is interpreted that the introduction of NBT in DR market is justified. The demand resource market has been steadily growing. It is required to expand the scope of resources up to the small-sized DR, and to expand the functionalities of demand resources not only in the current energy market but also in the reserve market in the future. In order for that, institutional improvements are required.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2011

Smart Grid has two main objectives on both supply and demand aspects which are to distribute the renewable energy sources on supply side and to develop realtime price responses on demand side. Renewable energy does not consume fossil fuels, therefore it improves the eco-friendliness and saves the cost of power system operation at the same time. Demand response increases the flexibility of the power system by mitigating the fluctuation from renewable energies, and reduces the capacity investment cost by shedding the peak load to off-peak periods. Currently Smart Grid technologies mainly focus on energy monitoring and display services but it has been proved that enabling technologies can induce the higher demand responses through many pilot projects in USA. On this context, this paper provides a price responsive algorithm for HEMS (home energy management system) on the real time pricing environment. This paper identifies the demand response as a core function of HEMS and classifies the demand into 3 categories of fixed, transferable, and realtime responsive loads which are coordinated and operated for the utility maximization or cost minimization with the optimal usage combination of three kinds of demand.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권8호
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• pp.1074-1079
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• 2013

Demand response(DR) is potential generation alternative to improve the reliability indices of system and load points. However, when demand resources scheduled in DR market fail to reduce demand, it can create new problems associated with maintaining a reliable supply. In this paper, a reliability model of demand resource is constructed considering customers' behaviors in the same form as conventional generation units, where availability and unavailability are associated with the simple two-state model. As a result, the generalized reliability model of demand resources is represented by multi-state model.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 2017

Social Welfare is useful concept for evaluating the effectiveness of an economic policy in micro economics. This paper focuses on Social Welfare(SW) of electricity market incorporating demand response(DR). Competition between DR and generation company is modeled as a simple bid function. DR function can be considered as an negative generation(called Negawatt) and as an element of modified demand function. These two approaches result in the same demand reduction, generation power, and the market price. However, SW in the modified demand function approach is not identical to SW in the Negawatt approach. It makes the numerical index of DR effectiveness less persuasive. This paper proposes modified definition of SW in the demand function approach. The proposed definition of SW leads the DR effectiveness index to be identical to that in the Negawatt approach.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.904-914
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• 2017

효율적인 에너지의 사용을 위해 수요반응이라는 개념이 등장하였고 지능화 된 수요반응 서비스를 제공하기 위한 Open Automated Demand Response(OpenADR) 표준 프로토콜이 개발되었다. 최근 스마트 홈 중심의 에너지 Internet of Things (IoT) 분야에서도 사물인터넷 기술을 이용하여 다수의 스마트 홈 기기들에 수요반응 및 에너지 관리 서비스를 제공하려는 시도가 늘어나고 있다. 그러나 스마트 홈 에너지 IoT 환경에서는 많은 수의 초경량 디바이스들이 연결되기 때문에 기존의 HTTP/XML 기반의 OpenADR 수요반응 프로토콜보다 경량의 메시지를 이용한 수요반응 프로토콜이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 Smart Energy IoT 환경에서 수요반응 서비스를 제공하기 위한 경량의 CoAP/JSON 프로토콜에 기반 한 경량화된 OpenADR 프로토콜을 제안하고 기존의 HTTP/XML 형식의 프로토콜과 성능을 비교 및 검증하였다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2017

In order to reduce costs of electricity energy at periods of peak demand, there has been an exponential interest in Demand Response (DR). This paper discusses the effect on the participants' behavior in response to DR. Under the assumption of perfect competition, the equilibrium point of the electricity market with DR is derived by modeling a DR curve, which is suitable for microeconomic analysis. Cournot model is used to analyze the electricity market of imperfect competition that includes strategic behavior of the generation companies. Strategic behavior with DR makes it harder to compute equilibrium point due to the non-differential function of payoff distribution. This paper presents a solution method for achieving the equilibrium point using the best response function of the strategic players. The effect of DR on the electricity market is illustrated using a test system.