• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2009

Hepatic fibrosis is one of chronic liver diseases which spread in worldwide and it has high risk to turn advanced cirrhosis and hepatocellualr carcinoma. Brassica family has been produced for commercial purpose and in Korea Brassica rapa (Turnip) is cultivated in Ganghwa County, Gyeonggi-do Korea and used for making Kimchi. Recently pharmacological effects of turnip have been known; diabete mellitus modulation, alcohol oxidization, and fibrosis inhibition. In previous study we found antifibrogenic effect of turnip water extract and in this study we made turnip nanoparticle to promote turnip delivery into liver. At the same time we assessed the biological safety of turnip nanoparticle. Thioacetamide (TAA) induced hepatic nodular formation and fibrosis (mean of fibrosis score: 4). However, 1% turnip nanoparticle inhibited TAA-induced hepatic nodular formation and fibrosis (mean of fibrosis score: 2-3). Activities of serum enzymes (aspartic acid transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and total bilirubin (T-Bil)), complete blood count (CBC), and the appearance of organs were not different from control and 1% turnip nanoparticle treatment. Conclusively 1% turnip nanoparticle significantly reduced TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis and was safe in 7-weeks feeding.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

Immunoglobulin (Ig)A vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN), also referred to as Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, is a relatively benign disease in children. However, two 24-year European cohort studies have reported high sustained rates of hypertension, severe proteinuria, and renal dysfunction in patients with IgAVN. Notably, the incidence and exacerbation rates of proteinuria, hypertension, and renal dysfunction during pregnancy were high even in women who recovered from IgAVN before pregnancy. Patients with IgAVN need lifelong care. Trials have been performed to investigate early biomarkers and genes associated with poor prognosis to identify high-risk patients in whom IgAVN may progress to severe renal disease. Urinary IgA/cr, IgM/cr levels, and HLAB35 and angiotensinogen gene expression were shown to be predictors of progression of IgAVN to severe renal dysfunction. The 2019 Single Hub and Access point for paediatric Rheumatology in Europe (SHARE) initiative group published guidelines for pediatric IgAVN, following the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines established in 2012. Compared with the KDIGO guidelines, the SHARE guidelines recommend earlier corticosteroid administration in cases of mild proteinuria (>0.5 g/d). Clinical trials of targeted budesonide delivery to the distal ileum, monoclonal antibody targeting C5, eculizumab and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody administration, among others are currently underway in patients with IgA nephropathy. It is expected that newer therapeutic agents would become available for IgAVN in the near future. This review summarizes IgAVN with emphasis on recently published literature, including possible preventive strategies, predictive biomarkers for progression of IgAVN, and various treatments.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6557-6559
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• 2015

Background: Cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among young women (20-25 years of age) is common and normally transient. There are growing concerns that referral to a colposcopy clinic may lead to unnecessary treatment with an increased risk of obstetric complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of intervention for cervical abnormalities in this age group of the Northern Ireland population. Materials and Methods: A review of all serial new patients under 25 years of age, who were referred to colposcopy clinics in Northern Ireland between January 1, 2009 to June 30, 2009 formed the basis of this study. Results: During the study period, a total of 4,767 women under 25 years of age were screened. Two-hundred-and-thirty-four (4.9%) cases were referred to the colposcopy clinics. The cervical cytology results were: high-grade abnormality in 35%, and low-grade abnormality in 31% of these cases. One-hundred-and-seventy-eight (76%) of the referred women received at least one treatment. One-hundred-and-twenty-one of 234 (51.5%) women underwent an excisional treatment with histology showing the presence of high-grade abnormalities (CIN2-3) in 52%, CIN1 in 28%, and Koilocytosis or normal tissue in 20% of this sub-group of cases. Conclusions: Screening women under the age of 25 years cause unnecessary referral for colposcopy. This may also result in considerable anxiety and psychosexual morbidity. It leads to an over-treatment with a potential of negative impact on the future pregnancy outcomes (including pre-term delivery, low birth weight, and pre-term premature rupture of membranes).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1105-1109
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• 2012

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women in India and the disease burden is increasing annually. The lack of awareness initiatives, structured screening, and affordable treatment facilities continue to result in poor survival. We present a breast cancer survival scenario, in urban population in India, where standardised care is distributed equitably and free of charge through an employees' healthcare scheme. We studied 99 patients who were treated at our hospital during the period 2005 to 2010 and our follow-up rates were 95.95%. Patients received evidence-based standardised care in line with the tertiary cancer centre in Mumbai. One-, three- and five-year survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. Socio-demographic, reproductive and tumor factors, relevant to survival, were analysed. Mortality hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard method. Survival in this series was compared to that in registries across India and discrepancies were discussed. Patients mean age was 56 years, mean tumor size was 3.2 cms, 85% of the tumors belonged to T1 and T2 stages, and 45% of the patients belonged to the composite stages I and IIA. Overall 5-year survival was 74.9%. Patients who presented with large-sized tumors (HR 3.06; 95% CI 0.4-9.0), higher composite stage (HR 1.91; 0.55-6.58) and undergone mastectomy (HR 2.94; 0.63-13.62) had a higher risk of mortality than women who had higher levels of education (HR 0.25; 0.05-1.16), although none of these results reached the significant statistical level. We observed 25% better survival compared to other Indian populations. Our results are comparable to those from the European Union and North America, owing to early presentation, equitable access to standardised free healthcare and complete follow-up ensured under the scheme. This emphasises that equitable and affordable delivery of standardised healthcare can translate into early presentation and better survival in India.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

Objective : Women's obesity brings prblems not only appearance but also health which men do not have. This study was conducted to investigate the different factors of obesity between men and women. Materials and Methods : We searched papers usin key words (women, gender, and obesity) on pubmed and obesity journal. Result : Women's obesity leads to amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, poly cystic ovarian syndrome, abortion, and luteal phase inadequacy. Obesity induces metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular problems, hypertension, cancer, and psychophysiologic diseases. The difference in body morphology and in particular fat distribution between the sexes leads to gender-specific differences in prevalence of chronic diseases, and unique problems for each sex including infertility, problems during pregnancy, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and endometrial carcinoma in women, and prostate and testicular cancer in men. The influence of gender on obesity is had by genetic view, hormones, pregnancy, delivery, and menopause. Conclusion : Obese women have higher risk factors than men by the influence of gender.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2011

A total of 286 individuals from 3 selected communities (Areedi-Aje, Ipakodo/Ojokodo, and Ijebu-Igbo) of Ijebu-North, southwestern Nigeria were examined for Loa loa microfilaremia using finger prick blood smear, between December 2008 and March 2009. Rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was used to obtain information, from 187 Ijebu-Igbo residents, on adverse reactions experienced from retrospective treatments with ivermectin and history of eye worm. Only 33.9% of the respondents reported having had a history of eye worm while 33.2% had microfilaremia. The demographic factor of gender was not significant determinants of the prevalence (p>0.05) while age was significant (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of eye worm history and microfilaremia were recorded in 61-70 and 15-20 years of age categories, respectively. Ijebu-Igbo had 27.3% eye worm history, 32.1% microfilaremia, and the highest intensity of 140 microfilariae (mf)/ml. Ipakodo area had the highest eye worm history of 54.4% and the highest intensity of 420 mf/ml. Areedi-Aje had the highest occurrence of 45.2% microfilaremia and the highest intensity of 460 mf/ml. Predictably, Areedi-Aje and Ipakodo areas were high risk communities. The low intensity of L. loa infection with an insignificant (2.1%; P>0.05) adverse reactions from 187 subjects involved in the retrospective ivermectin administration confirmed that ivermectin delivery may be considered safe. The community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) programme was most probably responsible for the low prevalence and intensity.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct the structure, process and outcome of community-based home care nursing service and to examine their validity. Method: There were two steps. The first step was developing the structure and process of community-based home care and the second was evaluating the outcome of community-based home care. Home care services were provided to 25 clients who had health problems. Data on these clients were analyzed. Result: According to Albrecht Model, in the developed structure and process of community-based home care, structure contained facility's philosophy, organization, delivery system, steering committee, office, equipments, medical instruments, the home care nurse and client of home care nursing. Process contained classification of client. nursing diagnosis and nursing intervention. The majority of clients were men (56%). The service was used mostly by people aged over 50 (82%). The most frequent nursing diagnoses were altered urinary elimination (23.2%). impaired skin integrity (21.8%) and risk for infection (17.6%). Nursing interventions included wound care (16.7%), tube care (15.1%) and catheter care (14.5%). Conclusion: Several strategies are suggested from this study: first, activate a referral system within the national health care system: second, increase public information on home care nursing: third, develop home care nursing services for elderly people: and fourth, construct a cooperation system between home care services and social welfare services.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.544-558
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• 1999

With the increasing incidence of AIDS, it is probably inevitable that nurses working in hospital and community settings will come in contact with patients with AIDS. Nurses, more than any other health care profession, are on the front line of AIDS patient care. The purposes of this descriptive study were to gather information about registered nurses' knowledge and attitude regarding AIDS. and to provide a basis for the development of continuining education programs for the nurse. Data was gathered in 1988 using self-administered questionnaires given to a convinience sample of two hundred seventy registered nurses from two university hospitals, school nurses and postgraduate students of nursing. Data was analyzed with SAS. The results were as follows. Above 90% of the nurse knew well about definition of AIDS and routes of transmission but nurses relatively lacked knowledge about transmission of HIV in breast milk(69.3%). Less than half knew that drug abuser(44.1%) and sexual partner with IV drug abuser(39.6%) are at high risk for contracting AIDS. Above 70% of the nurse showed reluctance to provide care for surgery. delivery of child birth and hemodialysis of patients with AIDS. The results showed that, given a choice. 41.7% of the nurse would refuse to care for AIDS patients and 48.3% claimed that they should have a right refuse to care for AIDS patients. Reluctance of nursing patient with AIDS appeared to be principally associated with general fear of becoming infected with HIV. 41.8% exhibited a sympathetic attitude toward individual AIDS patient. The study findings suggest that it is necessary to examine the correlations between knowledge and attitude and to develop continuing education programs that alleviate the fear of contagion of the nurse.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2069-2074
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• 2014

Purpose: To appraise the frequency of cervical cytological abnormalities in a population at normal risk via analysing the archive records of cytology for the period of approximately 9,5 years, comparing them with patient demographic charecteristics, and discuss the results for women under age of 35. Materials and Methods: A total of 32,578 cases of Pap smears were retrieved and analysed from our archive included the Pap tests performed between January 2001 and April 2010 at the Early Cancer Screening, Diagnosing and Education Center by the consent of three pathologists via utilizing the Bethesda System Criteria 2001 and the results were compared with some demographical characteristics. Results: Our rate of the cervical cytological abnormality was 1.83%, with ASCUS in 1.18%, LSIL in 0.39, HSIL in 0.16%, AGUS in 0.07%, squamous cell carcinoma in 0.02%, and adenoarcinoma in 0.006%. Cytological abnormalities were detected mostly in those with higher age, lower parity, and premenopausal period whereas the smoking status was without influence. Bacterial vaginosis (5.6%) was the most frequent infectious finding (Candida albicans 2.7%; Actinomyces sp. 1.3%; and Trichomonas vaginalis 0.2%) detected on the smears. The rate of abnormal cervical cytology was 9.5% among the women aged between 30-34. Conclusions: Early detection of the cervical abnormalities by means of the regular cervical cancer screening programmes is useful to attenuate the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of cervical cancer. Our prevalence of the cytological abnormalities was much lower than the one in Western populations in general but very similar to those reported from other Islamic countries that may be explained by the conservative lifestyle and the lower prevalence of HPV in Turkey. A remarkable rate of abnormal cervical cytology of women aged 30-34 was pointed out in the present study.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.113-127
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• 2003

In some legal systems property passes at the time of the conclusion of the contract. In other legal systems property passes at some later time such as the time at which the goods are delivered to the buyer. It was not regarded possible to unify the rule on this point nor was it regarded necessary to do so since rules are provided by this CISG for several questions linked, at least in certain legal systems, to the passing of property. Even though the CISG rules that it does not govern the passing of property in the goods sold, it does not exclude completely the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold. Problems that under some domestic systems are decided by reference to the "property" concept are governed by specific provisions of the CISG. First of All, the CISG(Arts. 41 and 42) deals with seller's obligation to the buyer that the goods be free of third party claims. Moreover, Article 45 gives a buyer the right to require the seller to deliver goods that the seller wrongfully withholds. Secondly, Article 81(2) gives a seller the right to claim restitution of goods for which the buyer fails to pay. Domestic law must respect these rights as between the seller and buyer; if such rights between the parties prevail over the claims of creditors or other third parties under domestic law, domestic tribunals should give the same effect to rights established by the CISG. Thirdly, the right to sell the goods arises where there has been an unreasonable delay by the party in taking possession of them or in taking them back(Article 88).