• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.49-57
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• 2009

The cloning of canids was succeeded in 2005, several years after the birth of Dolly the sheep and also after the cloning of numerous other laboratory and farm animal species. The delay of successful somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)was due to the unique reproductive characteristics of the female dogin comparison to other domestic mammals, such as ovulation of immature canine oocyte and a requirement of 25 days for the completion of meiosis within the oviduct (Holst & Phemister, 1971). When the technology for the recovery of in vivo matured oocyte was established, the application of cloning also became possible and cloned dog offspring were obtained. This report summarizes the progress of technical procedures that are required for cloning canids and the application of this technique. The first cloned dog, Snuppy, was achieved using an in vivo-matured oocyte which was enucleated and transferred with an adult skin cell of male Afghan hound. After establishment of a criterion of well-matured oocyte for the improvement of SCNT efficiency, we obtained three cloned female Afghan hound and a toy poodle cloned from 14 year-old aged Poodle using SCNT through this factor. To date, cloned dogs appeared to be normal and those that have reached puberty have been confirmed to be fertile. Through application of canine SCNT technique, first, we demonstrated that SNCT is useful for conserving the breed of endangered animal from extinction through cloning of endangered gray wolves using inter-species SCNT and keeping the pure pedigree through the cloning of Sapsaree, a Korean natural monument. Secondly, we showed possibility of human disease model cloned dog and transgenic cloned dog production through cloning of red fluorescent protein expressing dog. Finally, SCNT can be used for the propagation of valuable genotypes for making elite seed stock and pet dog. In summary, dog cloning is a reproducible technique that offers the opportunity to preserve valuable genetics and a potential step towards the production of gene targeted transgenic cloned dogs for the study of human diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.12B
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• pp.1749-1757
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• 2010

This paper considers the cost minimization problem to satisfy QoS (Quality of Service) requirements for a given network, in particular when communication resources to each link can be additionally assigned. For the purpose of quantifying QoS requirements such as data transfer delay and packet loss, we introduce the cost function considering both the link utilization factor and the additionally assigned resource. To minimize this cost function, we firstly formulate a Basic Capacity Planning (BCP) problem, a special case of Network Utility Maximization (NUM). We show that the solution of this BCP problem cannot be optimal via a counter example. In this paper, we suggest the cross-layer design of both additionally assigned resource and routing path, whose initial values are set to the result of BCP problem. This cross-layer design is based on a heuristic approach which presents an effective way to plan how much communication resources should be added to support the QoS requirements in future. By simulation study, we investigate the convergence of the cost function in a more general network topology as well as in a given simple topology.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.18 no.2 s.117
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• pp.126-135
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• 2007

This paper proposes a new miniaturization method for a parallel coupled line filter with enhanced bandwidth characteristics. A previous method incorporated several advantages, such as size reduction through the use of only a small number of capacitors, in addition to grounding, suppression of harmonic characteristics, and improved skirt characteristics for the parallel coupled line filter, which is conventional in the field of RE filters due to its design and fabrication simplicity. However, the previous method also has disadvantages related to the bandwidth shrinkage of the miniaturized filters. In this paper, the amount of bandwidth shrinkage is analyzed in terms of the relationship between the loaded Q(quality factor) and the group delay of a resonator. Moreover, the reduction in the bandwidth is solved by a design with new design equations. To show the validity of the proposed method, a hairpin filter with a center frequency of 5.2 GHz and an fractional bandwidth(FBW) of 10% was scaled down to half its original dimension by the proposed method with the enhanced bandwidth characteristics. The measured result shows a high level of agreement with theoretical results.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 2007

The mobile agent executes a given task by which the agent code moves to the server directly. Therefore, node migration method becomes an important factor which impact on the whole performance of distributed system. In this paper, we propose an adaptive migration path technique of mobile agent using the metadata of naming agent. In this proposed technique, node selection for migration depends on the content of referenced metadata, and the reliability of migrated information is determined by the metadata updating method and cooperative operations of individual agents in multi-agents system. For these, we design the metadata using by the number of hit documents, hit ratio, node processing time and network delay time, and describe the methods for creating, using and updating metadata for which determine the adaptive node migration path of mobile agent according to the cooperation of individual agents and number of hit documents using by designed metadata. And results of evaluated performance for proposed adaptive migration path technique through the proper experiment and analysis gain rate of high effective information earning, because of high hit ratio(72%) about of fathered documents by case of applying metadata move to the 13 nodes. But, in case of non-applying metadata is hit ratio(46%) of gathered documents and rate of effective information earning about of 26 nodes is 36.8%.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2014

Species belonging to the genus Fusarium are widely distributed and cause diseases in many plants. Isolation of fungal strains from air or cereals is necessary for disease forecasting, disease diagnosis, and population genetics [1]. Previously we showed that Fusarium species are resistant to toxoflavin produced by the bacterial rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae while other fungal genera are sensitive to the toxin, resulting in the development of a selective medium for Fusarium species using toxoflavin [2]. In this study, we have tried to elucidate the resistant mechanism of F. graminearum against toxoflavin and interaction between the two pathogens in nature. To test whether B. glumae affects the development of F. graminearum, the wild-type F. graminearum strains were incubated with either the bacterial strain or supernatant of the bacterial culture. Both conditions increased the conidial production five times more than when the fungus was incubated alone. While co-incubation resulted in dramatic increase of conidial production, conidia germination delayed by either the bacterial strain or supernatant. These results suggest that certain factors produced by B. glumae induce conidial production and delay conidial germination in F. graminearum. To identify genes related to toxoflavin resistance in F. graminearum, we screened the transcriptional factor mutant library previously generated in F. graminearum [3] and identified one mutant that is sensitive to toxoflavin. We analyzed transcriptomes of the wild-type strain and the mutant strain under either absence or presence of toxoflavin through RNAseq. Expression level of total genes of 13,820 was measured by reads per kilobase per million mapped reads (RPKM). Under the criteria with more than two-fold changes, 1,440 genes were upregulated and 1,267 genes were down-regulated in wild-type strain than mutant strain in response to toxoflavin treatment. A comparison of gene expression profiling between the wild type and mutant through gene ontology analysis showed that genes related to metabolic process and oxidation-reduction process were highly enriched in the mutant strain. The data analyses will focus on elucidating the resistance mechanism of F. graminearum against toxoflavin and the interaction between the two pathogens in rice. Further evolutionary history will be traced through figuring out the gene function in populations and in other filamentous fungi.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.948-955
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• 2007

Neutrophils play a key role as a first line of defense and are known to acquire the characteristics of dendritic cells (DCs) under the appropriate conditions. The spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils was delayed by treatment with 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzensulfonylfluoride (AEBSF), a serine protease inhibitor. AEBSF inhibited both caspase-3 and serine protease activities, whereas ZVAD-fmk, a pancaspase inhibitor, inhibited only caspase-3 activity. The life span of neutrophils was prolonged up to 5 days by AEBSF in the presence or absence of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(CM-CSF). DC surface markers, such as CD80, CD83, and MHC class ll were not expressed on neutrophils treated with AEBSF alone. CM-CSF failed to prolong the survival time of neutrophils up to3 days but increased the expression levels of DC markers on neutrophils in the presence of AEBSF. Expression levels of DC markers were the highest on neutrophils treated with CM-CSF and AEBSF for 3 days. AEBSF and CM-CSF-treated neutrophils stimulated proliferation of T cells in the presence of a superantigen, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) but produced $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN{\gamma}$) in the absence of SEB. These results suggest that the inhibition of serine protease activity prolonged the life span of human neutrophils and combined treatment of neukophils with CM-CSF and serine protease inhibitor induced differentiation of neutrophils into DC-like cells.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.361-382
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• 2010

In 2005, the Korean government decided to postpone the introduction of competition up to 2009 in the power plant service industry. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency changes and the determinants of international competitiveness of Korean power plant service industry by the comparison between before and after 2006. The sample used in the estimation of efficiency is six firms III Korean power plant service sector for the period of 2003~2008. According to the results, technical efficiency before 2006 (2003~2005) is 0.865 and that after 2005 (2006~2008) is 0.947, which implies that efficiency has been improved after the delay of introduction of competition. In addition, according to the analyses based on the diamond model of Porter using survey data, demand condition has been ranked first in the determinants of international competitiveness. The second and the third important conditions are government and input factor ones. Firm's strategy/structure/competitiveness condition is the most weak condition. Therefore, it would be necessary for firms to improve this condition for competitiveness.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-252
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• 1987

Isolated rat adipocytes are well known to possess opposite pathways of lipid metabolism: lipolysis and ipogenesis. Both of the metabolism respond to various biologically active substances such as epinephrine, ACTH and insulin. Epinephrine and ACTH stimulate lipolysis and insulin accelerates lipogenesis. Recently, Korean red ginseng powder was found to contain adenosine and an acidic poptide which inhibited epinephrine-induced lipolysis and sl imulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis from added glucose. The acidic peptide is consisted mainly of glutamic acid and glucose. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Re inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes, while they did not affect insulinstimulated lipogenesis, Thus, all these substances extracted from Korean red ginseng exhibited selective modulations toward the opposite metabolic pathways in rat adipocyte; They inhibited the lipolysis but not the lipogenesis. We call these substances"selective modulators". Recently, we isolated a toxic substance named "toxohormone-L " from ascites fluid of patients with various malignant tumors. The toxohormone-L stimulated lipolysis in rat adipocytes and induced anorexia in rats. Both the lipolytic and the anorexigenic actions of toxohormone-L were found to be inhibited by ginsenoside Rb2 in Korean red ginseng. Based on these results, physiological signifi¬cances of these substances in Korean red ginseng were discussed. Pan ax ginseng is a medicinal plant long used in treatment of various pathological states including general complaints such as head ache, shoulder ache, chilly constitution and anorexia in cancer patients, There have been many pharmacological studies on Panax ginseng roots. Petkovllreported that oral administration of an aqueous alcoholic extract of ginseng roots decreased the blood sugar levtl of rabbits. Saito2lreported that Panax ginseng suppressed hyperglycemia induced by epinephrine and high carbohydrate diets. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng roots contain insulin-like substances. Previously, we demonstrated that gin¬seng roots contain an insulin-like peptide which inhibits epinephrine-induced lipolysis and stimulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis. In 1984, we suggested that such an insulin-like substance should be called a selective modulator4). Present investigation describes the details of the selective modulators in ginseng roots. During progressive weight loss in patients with various neoplastic disease, depletion of fat stores have been observed. The depletion of body fat during growth of neoplasms is associated with increase in plasma free fatty acids. Recently, we found that the ascites fluid from patients with hepatoma or ovarian tumor and the pleural fluid from patients with malignant lymphoma elicited fatty acid release in slices of rat adipose tissue in vitro. The lipolytic factor, named"toxohormone-L". was purifed from the ascites fluid of patients with hepatoma. The isolated preparation gave a single band on both disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol. Its molecular weight was determined to be 70,000-75,000 and 65,000 by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation, respectively. Injection of toxohormone-L into the lateral ventricle of rats significantly suppressed food and water intakes. There was at least 5 hr delay between its injection and appearance of its suppressive effect. In the present study, we also tried to find a inhibitory substance toward toxohormone-L from root powder of ginseng.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

In the almost application parts, GNSS being used the primary navigation system on world-widely. However, some of nations attempt or deliberate to enhance current Loran system, as a backup to satellite navigation system because of the vulnerability to the disturbance signal. Loran interests in supplemental navigation system by the development and enhancement, which is called eLoran, and that consists of advancement of receiver and transmitter and of differential Loran in order to increase the accuracy of current Loran-C. A significant factor limiting the ranging accuracy of the eLoran signal is the ASF in the TOAs observed by the receiver. The ASF is mostly due to the fact that the ground-wave signal is likely to propagate over paths of varying conductivity and topography. This paper presents comparison results between the predicted ASF and the measured ASF in a southern east region of Korea. For predicting ASF, the Monteath model is used. Actual ASF is measured from the legacy Loran signal transmitted Pohang station in the GRI 9930 chain. The test results showed the repeatability of the measured ASF and the consistent characteristics between the predicted and the measured ASF values.