• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 1999

Authors report the changes of the community structure and secondary succession after fire in Mt. Samma (333 m). Approximately six ha of the red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest and its floor vegetation were burned and cutted down. The vegetation and soil properties were investigated in the burned and unburned sites from April to October, 1998. The dominant species based on SDR₃ in the burned site were Lespedeza cyrtobotrya (96.87), Quercus serrata (77.90), Cyperus amuricus (46.22) and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (38.33), whereas the dominant species in the unburned site were Pinus densiflora (100.00) and Q. variabilis (66.10) at the tree layer, Q. serrata (100.00) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium (29.64) at the shrub layer., and Q. serrata (76.30) and M. sinensis var. purpurascens (72.84) at the herb layer. The biological spectra based on SDR₃ were Th-D₁-R/sub 5/-e for the burned and H (M)-D₁-R/sub 5/-e type for the unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity (CCs) between the burned and unburned sites was 0.41. The degree of succession (DS) were 609 for the burned and 1168 for the unburned site, respectively. The species diversity (H) and evenness indices (e) of the burned site were lower than those of the unburned site, but the dominance indices (C) was higher in the burned site. In the analysis of soil properties, pH, the content of NO₃/sup -/-N, available phosphrous, and exchangeable cations (K/sup +/, Ca/sup 2+/, Na/sup +/, Mg/sup 2+/) in the burned site were higher than those in the unburned site, whereas the contents of organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen and NH₄/sup +/-N were lower in the burned site. The results show that dominant species in the burned site change from Miscanthus-Lespedeza→Lespedeza→Quercus and finally to Quercus forest, and the changes of soil properties also affect the early vegetational succession after fire.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.907-916
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of vegetation structure, vegetation succession, and species diversity of artificially planted Chamaecyparis obtusa (CO) stands. The study was carried out by performing vegetation survey for eight CO stands located in Jeollanam-do Province, Korea. Analysis on vegetation classification and ordinations of the stands was conducted using the data from the vegetation survey, and as a result, the stands were classified into five types of communities. Community I showed a considerably lower index of species diversity when compared to other communities because the canopy of the dominant CO was so highly dense that the low-height vegetation was not able to develop or the low-height vegetation almost disappeared due to elimination of weed trees. Meanwhile, the Community II - IV had relatively higher indices of species diversity because various native tree species mixed with the low-height vegetation and competed with each other in the understory and shrub layers to some degree of stability or in their early stage of vegetation development. Community V, lastly, showed higher use intensity as a recreational forest, thus developing simpler vegetation structure on account of artificial intervention. There was positive correlation between photosynthetically active radiation entering the forest floor, number of observed species and index of species diversity. Such characteristics of vegetation structure in CO stands are closely associated with forest management and prescription for planting reforestation, thinning, and brush cutting in the past. There was a slight difference in vegetation structure and species diversity by communities, based on rotation time of the vegetational succession, process of disturbance frequency and disturbance, development, and maturity by planting CO stands. However, when compared to natural forests, the CO stands showed simpler vegetation structure. Because artificial forests are vulnerable in ecosystem service with lower species diversity, a drive for ecological management is needed for such forests to change into healthy ecosystems that can display functions of public benefit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.337-348
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the succession patterns of dietary culture and to find out all the educational problems with female college students in both countries as the central figure. The results are as follows. The degree of knowledge acquisition about food of annual custom is 58% in Korea and 72% in Japan. What the rate of knowledge acquisition is high among both countries’ similar food of annual custom are ${\ulcorner}Seolnal(Gantan){\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Sambok(Doyonohi){\lrcorner}$, and ${\ulcorner}Chuseok(Tsukimi){\lrcorner}$. Cooking experience of festive food is 45% in Korea and 58% in Japan. Among both countries' common festive food what cooking experience is high in Korea are ${\ulcorner}Seolnal{\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}Chuseok{\lrcorner}$, which are over 97%. In Japan those are ${\ulcorner}Gantan{\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}Tsukimi{\lrcorner}$, which are over 80%. Regarding learning experience of festive food ${\ulcorner}Seolnal{\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}Gantan{\lrcorner}$ are beyond 80% and ${\ulcorner}Chuseok{\lrcorner}$ is 88%. In Japan ${\ulcorner}Tsukimi{\lrcorner}$ is 71% and ${\ulcorner}Omisoka{\lrcorner}$ is 85%. The learning sources of food of annual custom are parents and schools in common, and Korea has another learning sources, mass communication. Festive food that is cooked shows much similarity between two countries, but each country has originality. As common food of annual custom ${\ulcorner}Seolnal{\lrcorner}$ has nine kinds of food, ${\ulcorner}Sambok{\lrcorner}$ has three kinds, and ${\ulcorner}Chuseok{\lrcorner}$ has five kinds in Korea In Japan ${\ulcorner}Gantan{\lrcorner}$ has fourteen kinds of food, ${\ulcorner}Doyonohi{\lrcorner}$ has three kinds, and ${\ulcorner}Tsukimi{\lrcorner}$ has five kinds. The successive consciousness about food of annual custom is concentrated on a specific food in Korea. And Japanese consciousness is shown as an expansion-type on diverse food. Korean successive consciousness is 69.4% and Japanese consciousness is 82%. The higher the rate of knowledge acquisition, cooking experience, and learning experience are in both countries, the higher successive consciousness is. So we must note for the importance of home and school’s education.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 1998

This study was conducted to find out the vegetational succession in abandoned hilly pasture, in Yeoju, Kyonggi Province from April, 1993 to October, 1996. The experiment was arranged as vegetation survey (Pflanzenaufuahme) with two different pastures((1) with forkcrane planed pasture and (2) forest pasture). After the abandoned management of pasture, the botanical composition of planed pasture and forest pasture was greatly changed into the type of natural vegetation in the first year and in the second years, respectively. The biomass of life forms of hemicryptophytes, geophytes and chamaephytes was greatly decreased, on the other hand, that of therophytes and nanophanerophytes after abandoned management of planed and forest pasture in three years was slightly increased than those of the vegetation with pasture management. The similarity coefficients among vegetation groups during the survey were greatly affected by botanical composition. The clustering analysis was showed that the communities of relatively similar botanical composition were grouped closely, and the other communities were clustered farther to the same group although the degree of similarity between communities was low. The communities of hilly pasture after abandoned management were gradually successive into the type of natural grassland or forest community in three years.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2017

Although Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests near temples are valuable as forests of the cultural landscape, they are likely to be deteriorated because of vegetation succession and climate changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vegetation structure, the pine vitality, and the site environmental characteristics of the pine forests near temples to identify the correlation between pine tree growth and location environment. We selected Chuneunsa, Wonhyosa, Jeungsimsa, and Taeansa Temples since these four areas still had the healthy pine forests. In all four studied area, the pine trees dominate the canopy layers while the deciduous broadleaf trees mostly inhabited appeared in the lower layers. The growth of pine trees in Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa areas was not as good as Chuneunsa area where the pine trees tended to be older. We found higher total nitrogen content in soil in Jeungsimsa area than other areas, maybe because of increase in total nitrogen caused by the development of low vegetation in the area. This peculiarity may have led to the pine trees in the area to fall behind the deciduous broadleaf trees in competition for nitrogen nutrient and thus to show deteriorated growth. The altitude and the twig length showed a negative correlation as did the degree of slope and the mean importance percentage of the pine tree. In other words, the growth environment such as soil became poorer when the altitude and the degree of slope increased, and thus the growth amount and dominance of the pine trees were lower. The degree of slope showed a positive correlation with the twig length of the pine tree. Within boundaries of location environment where the pine tree forests were dominant, it seemed that growth of the pine trees was more favorable as the slope was steeper because the trees could avoid competition with deciduous broadleaf trees. On the other hand, the growth of pine trees deteriorated as the electrical conductivity of soil increased; increase in soil nutrients might have accelerated vegetation development of deciduous broadleaf trees and thus aggravated the growth environment of pine trees to negatively affect maintaining the health of the pine tree forests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 1985

This study was carried out to give basic information about the environmental conservation in Masan District. It included the actual vegetation the degree of human disturbance of vegetation, plant biomass and biomass production. The natural vegetation was nonexistent and the major plant communities of the secondary forest was P. thunbergii-Q. acutissima and Quercus forest. P. thunbergii-Q. acutissima community area was 29.2% of Masan District and the secondary forest and the afforestation area was 48% and 13% of Masan District respectively. The ecological diversity of the plant community was high value in Q. acutissima- P. thunbergii, Q.aliena and Carpinus laxiflora-Q.variabilis communicty. As the investigation of the ecological succession in Masan Forest, P. thunbergii community is edaphic climax and mixed forest will be changed gradually dominant species of Quercus species. It was implied that Genus Quercus hadnever beenso easily taken ever by the Genus Pinus which forms the edaphic climax at vast areas of forest land. In the degree of human disturbance of vegetation, the degree 7 (secondary forest 1) was 52.8% and the green spaces in Masan cover 65%, which nongreen spaces 35 %. Total amount of plant biomass produced from Masan District was estimated to be 160, 470.95 tons. Annual Production of dry matter biomass amounts to be 32,940.64 tons. Estimated amount for O$_2$produced annually from the vegetated area in Masan was 34,856 tons.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.118-134
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigated the plant community structure and to revaluate the part of plant ecosystem on statement of environmental impact assessment in Muju resort golf course, Solch'on area, Tokyusan National Park. The actual vegetation was comprised of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Q. serrata community(33.21%), Q. spp. community(27.30%), P. densiflora community(20.68%) and high mountain marsh(4.93%) etc., which communities were the major vegetation and the forest vegetation was came to being a peculiar to environmental condition. The degree of green naturality 8, 9 was covered 93% in survey area, and so this result reflect the stability of ecosystem. There was all the difference between the statement of environmental impact assessment of development concerned and this study result in the estimation of degree of green naturality. The plant community were divided into six groups in fifty-four plots by DCA and the dividing groups were P. densiflora, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica, P. densiflora-Q. serrata-F. mandschurica-B. davurica, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Salix koreansis- B. davurica community. Except P. densiflora forest in survey site, the ecological succession trend of the other communities was seemed to be from P. densiflora to Q. spp.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.509-520
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• 1997

This is a report on the early vegetation, plant community structure, and secondary succession of cut and uncut sites of burned areas in Mt. Gumo-sun. The forest fire occurred on April, 1994 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was carried out from April, 1995 to October, 1996. The results are summarized as follows : The floristic composition of cut and uncut sites of burned area and unburned area were composed of 32, 36, and 34 kinds of vascular plants respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H(G)-D_1-R_5-e$ type, $H(M)-D_1-R_5-e$ and $M(N)-D_1-R_5-e$ in cut, uncut, and unburned site respectively. The dominant species based on $SDR_3$ of the cut site were Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(100.00). Caret humilis(52.27), Quercus serrata(51.19) and Lysimachia clethroides(39.40), however, in the uncut sites the dominant species were Quercus acutissima(56.91), Pinus densiflora(26.83) in the tree layer, Quercus serrata(50.43), Lindera glauca(40.51), Lespedeza bicolor(37.85) in the shrub layer, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(72.27), Pteridium aquilium var. latiusculum(60.92), Carex humilis(63.63) in the herb layer. Pinus densiflora(99.88), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(82.74), Quercus serrata(77.47) and Carex humilis(74.02) were dominant in the unburned site. The species diversity(H) and evenness index(e) were 1.05, 0.70 and 1.32, 0.85 in the cut and uncut site, respectively and 0.22, 0.63 in the unburned site. Dominance index(C) was 0.15, 0.06 and 0.96 in the cut, uncut site and unburned site, respectively. Degree of succession(DS) was 345.19, 747.47 and 674.34 in cut, uncut and unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity(CCs) was 0.66 between cut and uncut sites, 0.50 between unburned and cut sites and 0.61 between unburned and uncut sites. The amount of exchangeable sodium, calcium, magnesium and soil pH were increased, but the amount of organic matter, available phosphous, total nitrogen, total carbon and exchangeable potassium were decreased in cut site after fire.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 1992

This dissertation, which has been prepared in the region of cheju(33o31'N, 126o32'E) from may,1987 to appril, 1989, is to elucidate the dominant characteristics of early stages in secondary succession, by examining the life history of erigeron annuus for the seeding depth of a seed was dependent upon the degree of shading. That is, on the area of ocm,the more tense the shading was, the more germination percentage was increased, while, in the case of 1.5cm, it was somewhat increased, when shading bwcame ess and less tense. The rosette of e. annuus, through its relative light intensity was decreased by shading, up to 5% of natural light, showed some strong shade tolerance, which had no difficulty in matter production. The species diversity of mixed-species community was the highest in the middle of April, the lowest in the last of may. The dominance index was the highest in the late may, the lowest in the middle of April. Toward the end of may, the occupation rate of dominance species was the highest. There was a neutral relationship between intraspecific and interspecific, owing to the differentiation of its niche, temporally and spatially. Productive structure of the community revealed a narrow leaf type which was concentratively distributed in the mid part of community height. The relative light intensity of community ground surface was 6.1%, the leaf inclination 60o,the extinction coefficient(k) 0.4, biomass of community 1,045.6 g.d.w./m2,T/Rratio 9.3, C/Frate 7.0 and sumgermanition, shade toarance and community characteristics on erigeron annuus l.in chejumed leaf area index 3.88. through the various life cycles o e.annuus, we can say that it decreases mortality of seeding caused by some stress and disturbance, for germination lasts for a long time at any opportunity available, and it promotes population growth. The strong shade tolerance of a rosette and the variableness of a life from differentiate the niche between intraspecific and interspecific within the community, and avoid the direct competition between them, thus poromoting community growth.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.653-662
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• 2003

Changes in the area of geo-ecosystem $(62^{\circ}09'S,\;58^{\circ}31'w)$ reflect climatic changes in the South Shetland Islands. Air temperature and deglaciation will increase. The ice-free space area at the SSSS 8- (ASPA 121) site has enlarged threefold during the last 21 years, thus creating conditions for inhabitation and succession. Wind, water and snow play important roles in transportation of geochemical components. They distribute nutrients, mineral substances, seeds, fragments of plants and animals, etc. Plant and animal colonization is patchy and it happens at random in an 'island' - like manner. The colonization pattern is dependant, to a high degree on physical factors. The newly uncovered ice-free areas are at first inhabited by a vascular plant known as the Deschampsia antarctica. The border of the land-oasis with Admiralty Bay is the place where the processes related to animal feeding at the sea and reproduction on the land take place. Bird colonies and pinniped lairs form centers of fertilization surrounded by high chemical gradients dependent on the direction of the flow of nutrients $(e.g.\;NH_4)$. During the last 25 years, the numbers of penguins in this region have decreased, and thus the amount of materials excreted on land has diminished. The numbers of fur seals change in multi-annual cycles, and their migration into this area is related to the E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ phenomenon. The numbers of elephant seals in the area did not change. Organic matter deposited by the sea onto the shore are a source of nutrients and deficient chemical elements on land. Mineral matter is washed out into the waters of Admiralty Bay. These processes change seasonally, and multi annually. Negative effects on the environment at Arctowski Station induced by man are slight, but noticeable nevertheless. Physical processes have the largest influence on the living conditions and distribution of plants and animals, and as a consequence, on the functioning of the geo-ecosystem in the coastal-shore zone of the Maritime Antarctic.