태백산국립공원에 서식하는 매미류의 생물음향 및 서식환경 분석 (Bioacoustics and Habitat Environment Analysis of Cicadas in Taebaeksan National Park)
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- 한국환경생태학회지
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- 제33권6호
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- pp.664-676
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- 2019
본 연구는 국내 고산지대인 태백산국립공원에 서식하는 매미류의 생물음향 및 서식환경 분석에 목적이 있다. 매미 번식울음 녹음 데이터는 2018년 7월부터 9월까지 약 3개월간 태백산국립공원 내 대덕산계곡과 백천계곡에 녹음장치를 설치하여 24시간 매일 녹음하였다. 매미 서식분포 데이터는 2018년 8월에 태백산국립공원 탐방로에 위치한 111개소에서 소리를 녹음하였다. 기상 데이터는 기상청 태백시 기상 자료를 활용하였다. 연구 결과, 태백산국립공원에 출현한 매미류는 소요산매미, 참깽깽매미, 호좀매미, 참매미, 애매미 5종이었다. 매미별 출현 시기는 소요산매미는 7월 초순부터 7월 중순까지 울었으며, 참깽깽매미, 호좀매미, 참매미, 애매미는 7월 중순부터 9월 초순까지 울었다. 매미별 일주기 패턴은 참깽깽매미, 호좀매미, 참매미가 06~07시에 번식울음을 시작하였고, 울음 종료 시각은 3종 모두 19시 전후로 나타났다. 울음 피크 시간대는 참깽깽매미 11시, 참매미 12시, 호좀매미 13~14시경으로 나타났다. 태백산국립공원에 서식하는 매미 번식울음에 영향을 미치는 환경요인을 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 참깽깽매미, 호좀매미는 평균기온이 1도 높아질수록 울 가능성이 1.192배, 1.279배 높아졌다. 참깽깽매미, 참매미는 일조량이 1시간 길어질수록 울 가능성이 4.366배, 2.624배 높아졌다. 종간영향은 참깽깽매미는 참매미가 1번 울면 울 가능성이 14.620배 증가하며, 호좀매미는 참매미가 1번 울면 울 가능성이 2.784배 증가하였다. 참매미는 참깽깽매미가 울면 울 가능성이 11.301배 증가하며 호좀매미가 울면 울 가능성이 2.474배 증가하였다. 참깽깽매미와 호좀매미는 서로 영향을 주고받지 않았다. 종별 서식환경 분석 결과, 각 매미가 서식하는 지점의 평균 해발고도(Altitude)는 참깽깽매미 1,046m(780~1,315m), 호좀매미 1,072m(762~1,361m), 참매미 976m(686~1,245m)으로 나타났다. 호좀매미와 참깽깽매미는 낮은 고도에서 발견되는 참매미와 달리 700m 이하 해발고도에서 확인되지 않았다. 각 매미가 서식하는 평균 방향(Aspect)는 참깽깽매미가 166°(125~207°) 방향에서 발견되었고, 호좀매미가 100°(72~128°) 방향에서 발견되었으며, 참매미가 173°(118~228°) 방향에서 발견되었다. 매미별 분포도를 확인하였을 때, 태백산 문수봉을 기준으로 동남향 능선 밑 경사지에서 매미가 주로 분포하고 있었다. 결과를 종합하면, 태백산국립공원에 서식하는 참깽깽매미와 호좀매미는 한반도 전역에서 서식하는 참매미보다 높은 해발고도에서 서식하였다. 또한 매미가 주로 서식하는 방향은 일조량 확보가 용이한 동남쪽(100~173°) 지형으로 확인되었다.
인천과 서울지역의 노인들 151명을 대상으로 시설노인과 재가노인으로 나누어 실시한 조사대상자의 식습관과 건강상태, 건강식품에 대한 인식도와 기호도 그리고 식습관에 영향을 주는 정신건강상태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조사 대상자의 일반 사항에서 평균 연령은 시설노인 남자 77.8세, 여자 78.5이고 재가노인은 남자 73.7, 여자 78.0로 시설노인이 높게 나타났다. 평균 체중과 신장은 시설노인 남, 여가 각각59.3kg, 49.2kg이며 재가노인 남여는 각각 61.2kg 53.6kg이며, 신장은 시설노인 남자가 161.9cm, 여자가 145.9cm, 재가노인은 남자가 168.0cm 여자가 150.5cm정도로 나타났다. 조사대상자의 학력은 무학이 절반을 차지하여 대부분의 노인들의 학력정도가 남으며, 시설보다 재가의 학력수준이 높았다. 2) 식습관에 관한 조사에서는 대부분이 가족과 함께 식사를 하며, 식사첫수는 하루 세끼를 하고 식사시간은 대체로 일정한 시간에 하며 외식횟수에 대해서는 재가노인의 경우 주 1-2회정도 외식을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 식습관에 관한 전반적인 조사에서 대부분의 노인들이 바람직한 식생활을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 3) 조사대상자의 건강상태에서 본인의 건장상태에 대한 만족도에서는 시설노인이 61.5%, 재가노인이 24.2%로 유의적 차이(p<0.001)를 보임에 따라 시설노인이 재가노인보다 건강상태가 나쁘다고 생각하는 사람이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 4) 현재 앓고 있는 질병의 여부에서는 있는 경우와 없는 경우가 대체적으로 비슷하게 조사되었으며 질병의 종류로는 당뇨병, 심장질환, 고혈압, 관절염등으로 나타났다. 최근 몸무게의 변화 여부에서는 시설노인의 48.1% 정도가 체중이 준 반면, 재가 노인은 변화가 없거나 늘어난 경우가 70%정도로 유의성이 있는 것(p<0.05)으로 나타났다. 5) 운동 횟수에서는 시설 노인의 65.4%가 운동을 하지 않으며, 남녀의 비교시 운동을 하지 않는 사람이 각각 33.9%, 66.3%로 유의성(p<0.05)이 나타나 남자가 여자보다 운동 횟수가 많았다. 걷는 정도에서 시설노인의 63.5%가 거의 못 걸으며 남자와 여자 사이에서도 유의성(p<0.001)이 나타났다. 걸을 수 있는 정도와 계단 오르기에 느끼는 불편 정도를 조사해본 결과 시설보다 재가의 경우가 일반적으로 건강이 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 6) 흡연에 관해서는 시설노인의 대부분인 90.4%가 흡연을 하지 않았으며, 재가의 경우 하루 1/2갑 이하, 하루 1/2갑-1갑의 경우가 각각 22.2%, 17.2%로 유의성(p<0.05)이 나타났고, 남녀사이에서도 유의성 (p<0.001)이 나타났다. 7) 건강식품에 대한 인식도에 관한 조사에서 현재 비타민제나 영양제를 복용하지 않는 사람이 더 많으며, 시설노인과 재가노인의 비교시에는 시 설과 재가가 각각 76.9%, 60.6%로 유의성(p<0.05)이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 건강을 위해서는 대부분의 노인이 건강식품을 구입하지 않았다. 경제적 여유가 생기면 약이나 건강식품과 같은 먹는 것을 더 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 8) 노인들의 일반식품에 대한 기호도를 보면, 육류를 선호하며, 특히 쇠고기에 대핀 선호도가 높은 편이었다. 과거의 채식습관으로 인해 채소, 해조류, 김치 과일등의 선호도는 높게 나타났고, 밥의 선호도와 국수의 선호도가 높았으며, 유지부분에는 참기름, 들기름, 대두유의 선호도는 높았지만, 버터, 마가린등의 유지는 선호도가 낮게 나타났다. 노인들의 선호하는 맛은 대부분 단맛, 매운맛, 짠맛, 신맛 순서였다. 선호하는 음식 조리법은 찌개, 국, 무침을 선호하였다. 시설노인에 있어서 볶음의 선호도, 남자의 점에 대한 선호도가 높게 나타났다. 9) 간식의 경우는 1회가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 간식으로 주로 섭취하는 식품으로는 과일, 우유, 유산균음료, 떡, 과자, 건강음료 등의 순서로 나타났다. 과일을 간식으로 섭취하는 경우는 시설보다 재가의 경우가 더 높았다. 노인들이 선호하는 음료를 보면 커피 전통음료가 대체적으로 높게 나타났고, 노인들이 좋아하는 전통음료는 식혜로 조사되었다. 10) 노인들의 학력, 용돈, 주거형태에 따른 식습관과 정신건강의 차이를 보면 혼자서 사는 경우가 가장 낮은 식습관을 나타내었고, 학력에 따른 식습관에서는 고졸이 무학 국졸 중졸과 유의적 차이를 나타내고 있었다. 용돈에 따른 식습관 차이에서는 더 많은 용돈을 사용하는 사람이 더 나은 식습관을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 노인들은 전체적으로 약간 우울한 경향을 나타냈는데 시설노인이 재가노인보다 우울의 정도가 심했으며 통계적으로도 유의성을 나타냈다. 학력에 따른 우울증의 차이를 보면 학력에 따른 영향은 없으며, 용돈에 따른 우울증의 차이를 보면 전체적으로 용돈이 적은 경우가 많은 경우보다 우울한 경향을 보였다.
치주질환 진행의 최종적인 결과는 하반 지지조직의 소실로 치아상실을 초래하는 것이다. 이러한 치주질환의 이상적인 치유형태는 부착상실 예방을 비롯 상실된 조직의 재상 즉 신생 치조골과 백악질이 형성되고 두 조직사이에 치주인대가 재형성되는 것이다. 최근까지의 치주조직재생을 위한 처치법으로 이환된 병소부의 단순제거, 치관변위판막술, 약제의 치근면처리법, 조직유도재생술, 골전도물질 삽입, 골유도 혹 골형성물질 사용등 다양한 방법이 제시되었으나 아직 이상적인 치료법은 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 치아지지의 가장 중요한 역할을 하는 치조골의 재생에 대해 많은 연구들과 아울러 조직화학적 연구에서 Polypeptide Growth Factor(PGF) 가 다양한 종류의 세포증식과 이주 및 기질합성에 촉진효과가 있다고 하여 조직재생에 사용 가능성이 보고된 바 있었다. 이 PGF중 혈소판유래성장인자가 섬유아세포와 골아세포의 유사분열 및 단백질합성에 촉진작용이 있으며 조직재생에 영향을 미친다는 보고도 있었다. 본 연구의 목적은 총 8 마리의 실험동물을 이용하여 치근이개부병변을 형성한 후 혈소판유래성장인자를 처리하고 기존 조직결손부에 사용하였던 Tricalcium Phosphate(TCP) 와 콜라젠을 성장인자 함유매개체로 하여 이개부병변에 병용삽입한 경우 치유과정에 미치는 효과를 규명하여 임상적용의 가능성을 규명하고 실제 임상적용방법을 개발할 목적으로 실시하였다. 실험동물 Pentobarbital Sodium으로 전신마취를 시킨후, 초음파치석제거기등을 이용하여 구강위생을 청결하게 한 다음, 치은열구절개를 이용하여 전층판막을 형성하였다. 피질골과 치조골을 삭제하고 형성된 이개부 결손부에 치근면활택술을 시행하였으며, 구연산으로 치면처리 후, 계획된 재료를 삽입하고, 치관변위판막술과 유사한 형태의 봉합을 시행하였다. 실험동물을 2, 4, 8, 12 주에 관류고정과 아울러 회생시켜 악골을 채취하고 통법에 의해 후고정, 탈회, 탈수과정을 거쳐 파라핀으로 포매한 후
Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.
In order that, investigating the feature of patients suffering arthritis, analysing its contents, and grasping a Primary factor affecting it, I might offerbasic datas which could help to plan and perform healthy affairs to thake precautions beforehand, I have investigated, analysed, and studied a total of 320 patients suffering arthritis, who have received physiotherapy in hospital located in Teaegu area for five months, from November 1 1995 to March 30 1996, of which summary and conclusion is this. 1. The general feature of patients in investigative objects In the distribution of the distinction of sex, men accounted for 26.9% and women, for 73.1%, and, in the fistribution of age, 60-year-old or more, most for 27.2% and from 20 to 29 years old, least for 14.0%. In the distinction of a vocation, housewives most accounted for 34.7% and students(jobless men), least for 19.3%. In the distinction of a matrimonial state, married persons most accounted for 76.7% and people living alone(divorce, separation by death, separation), least for 11.4%. In the distinction of an economic state, the middle classes most accounted for 73.5% and the upper classes, least for 2.9%. In the distinction of their academic careers, graduates of a primary school most accounted for 26.9% and graduates of university, for 14.1%, of which patients, having the ability to decode the national language, reached to 11.3%. In the distinction of the house form, people living in independent houses most accounted for 76.4% and residents in apartment(having an elevator), least for 9.4%. 2. In the distribution of the recurring state in the distinction of the feature, the recurring group was more than the group of patients falling that ill at first as 62.2% and in the distinction of the feature of the recurring group, the recurring group turned high in case of men being from 50s to 60s years old or more, people living alone (divorce, separation by death, separation), students (joblessmen), people working in farming, stockbeeding, forestry, fisheries, a simple labour, graduates of a primary school I having the ability to decode the national language, the upper classes, people part two years since they begined to suffer arthritis, people who had members having ever experienced arthritis among families. 3. In the distribution of arthritis on the distinction of bodily pars, a knee articulation most accounted for 50.2% and the articulation of fingers, for 8.8%, wile the simultaneous, several parts (multiple) accounted for 35.1%. In the distinction of the feature, arthritis of a knee turned high in case of men being from 20s to 30s years old, unmarried persons, people having academic careers of university, the middle classes, residents in apartment (having stairs). In the dictnction of a feature the case of several parts (multiple) turned high in case of women being from 50s to 60s years old or more, people living alone (divorce, separation by death, separation), people having the ability to decode th. national language, the graduates of a primary school, the upper classes, residents in apartment (having elevator). 4. In the distribution of arthritis on e distinction of a contracting term, two years or more most accounted for 51.6% and the case of contacting from one year to two years, for 15.3%. Analysing the distinction of the feature, the case of two years or more turned high in case of women being from 50s to 60s years old or more, people living alone (divorce separation by death, separation), the upper classes, people having the ability to decode the national language, residents in apartment (having elevator). 5. In the distribution of an treatment institution before patients came to help, their not curing most accounted for 39.1%, general, orthopedic, neurological surgery (physical therapy), for. 20.0%, and th. therapy of Chinese medicine (acupuncture, moxacautery, Chinese medicine), for 17.5%, and a pharmacy (medical therapy), for 13.4%. The case of patients not curing, in the distinction of a feature, turned high in case of men 20s years old, unmarried, the lower classes, people having academic careers of university, residents in apartment (having elevator). 6. In e distribution of the extent of satisfaction with treatment, common most accounted for 54.4% and some satisfaction, for 32.8%. The case of common, in the distinction of a feature, turned high, in case of men living alone from 50s to 60s years old (divorce, separation by death, separation), married persons, the upper classes, people having academic careers of university, residents in independent house, residents in apartment (having elevator), 7. In the distribution of the degree of knowledge of the cause of arthritis, patients knowing that the cause is to use very much a articulation in normal times most accounts for 60.1%, and patients knowing the state of short nutrition as a cause, for 2.5%. The case of patients knowing that the cause is to use very much in normal times, in the distinction of a feature, turned high in·case of ment being 20s and 60s years old or more, unmarried persons, e lower classes, people having the ability to decode. the national language, people having academic careers of university, residents in apartment (having stairs), 8. In the distribution of the state of physical exercise before arthritis contracted, patients exercising very much on the whole most accpimend for 40.3%, and patients not exercising, for 34.7%. The case of patients exercising very much on the whole, in the distinction of the feature, turned high in case of men being from 50s to 60s years old or more, people living alone(divorce, separation by death, separation), the lower classes, people having the ability to decode the national language, graduates of a primary school, residents in apartment (having elevator). 9. In the taste of patients suffering from arthritis, while the group of patients falling that ill at first and the recurring group didn't smoke cigarets, during alcohol and coffee on the whole, and the group of patients falling once again that ill drank a cup of distilled linquor and three cup of coffee or more on the whole per one day, and the group of patients falling that ill at first liked sort of vegetables and the recurring group liked very much sons of vegetables and fresh and meat in their loving food normal times. 10. Analysing the distribution on the dining table used by patients and the structure of a powder room, at first, in the structure of a powder room, the group of patients filling that ill have a toilet stool using as their sits, and a Bush toilet on the whole, and the recurring group, a toilet stool using as their sits and conventional type, and in the structure of a dinning table, the group of patients falling that ill at first and the recurring group turned high, each as 66.9% and 6.3%, who have a dining table carring here and there. 11. In the distribution of patients of arthritis in relation to stress, the case that they feeled severly symptoms of arthritis when thay got stress, turned high, each, as 78.6% in the recurring poop, and the case not knowing, as 61.5% in the first group. In the extent of stress normal times, the case that they got much stress on the whole turned high, each, as 72.4% in e recurring group, and the care that got less stress on the whole, as 60.0%. 12. In the distribution on the distinction of symptoms and impedimental extent, the recurring group turned high in each variable. Analysing the feature of the recurring group, in the distinction of symptoms, the case that they fooled much that the node of an articulation is stiff, turned high, as 71.6, and in the distinction of treatment before. patients came to helpk, the theraphy of Chinese medicine (physical theraphy), as 84.4%, the theraphy of Chinese medicine (acupuncture, moxacautery, Chinese medicine), as 73.2%, and in the distinction of the satisfing extent on treatment, the case of comman, as 72.3%, and in the cause of arthritis, the case not recruiting their health after a birth, as 68.5%, and the case not recovering wholely an articulation having got hurt, as 62.8%, and in the state of physical exercise before they begined suffering from arthritis, the case exercising very much on the whole, (as 74.2%), and in the extent of subjective impediment, the case of not being able to act almost, as 66.7%, the case of acting but feeling some hard, as 66.3%. 13. The correlation in variables in relation to arthritis Analysing realted variables, the recurring frequency showed correlation with such as the extent that patients got stress normal times, and the exercising state before suffering arthritis, and showed contra-correlation with academic careers, the wights, coffee. The cigaret, e loving food of taste, showed corralation with the weight, stature, alcohole as the loving food of taste. On the basis of this result medical members of heal, who are related to the regular education, public education or development of this program, should be concerned to prevent orthris.
The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are
This survey was made for a month starting from November 15 to December 15, 1977 covering 711 students taking the junior. (3rd-yea.) and the senior. (4th-year) at nine college of nursing in Seoul concerning their perception and Attitude toward the profession of nursing, motive for the necessity of learning, environment of study, attitude of study and particulars relevant with study performance, particulars of library, references and reading, assignments and particulars of the degree of confidence for the learning achievement. Through the survey of the above Particulars, the following results were obtained by classifying all subject matters and by analysing motive of the selection of their course, awarding or not awarding of scholarships. 1. General characteristics: it was revealed that 406 students (57.1%) were attending at the junior. while 305 students (42.9%) were taking the senior. Thus, the total number was 711 and their average age was 21.4 years. Their dwelling category was; 73.9 percent of them resided at their parent's home, 214 students (30.1%) were awarded with scholarships. The reason to be attracted by nursing science was the possibility of continuing social life after graduation (43.5%). 2. Their perception and attitude toward the profession of nursing: According to the perception of profession by the students of each grade, students of the 4th grade showed comparatively strong conception. Also, students of the 4th grade showed more positive attitude in the purchase and reading of magazines relative with the science of nursing, in the reading of Code for Nurses and in their interest in the activity of nursing field. For the necessity of mission of nurse, 97.7 percent of the entire number of students covered responded to necessity. For the necessity of the particular humanity and particularity in the character of nurses, 95.8 percent of those students responded to necessity. By the each grade, students of the 4th grade showed more response. 3. As to professional field desired after completing the professional course: 57 percent of those students desired for clinician nurse while 55 percents desired for community health-nurse. 4. As to the environment of study: they were mostly satisfied with their present residential environment. However, they complained of inconvenience at their lecture-halls. Students of the 3rd grade showed more complain. As to their attitude toward the adjustment of environment of study, they showed a affirmative response. As to the opinion of factors which interfere with their study, comparatively strong response was showed in their scepticism in the science of nursing, insufficient comprehension in general learning, relation with professors n4 discrepancy in the method of study. According to opinions of students at each grade, students of the 4th grade showed more scepticism. 5. Particulars relative with their attitude and performance of study : As to their knowledge of the objectives of their study of subject, the majority was to study with a partial knowledge of the objectives of their study. As to the plan of study, a low percentage indicated management of routine life under regular scheduling. Students of the 4th grade responded to rather planned life. As to time spent in independent study, response to concentrated study when necessary was stronger than that to regular daily study. Students of the 4th grade showed stronger response to regular study than that of the 3rd grade. As to the contents of their note-taking, 67.4 percents of those students responded to such regulatory procedure performing in the lecture-hall as they listen to lectures. 17.3 percents of those students showed response to adding supplementary informations from references to what was entered in choir note-taking at their lecture-halls. 6. Particulars of library, references and reading books: As to receiving of instruction for the utilization of library and time of receiving such instruction 64.7 percents of those students had received such instruction. 66.7 percents of the those responded received such instruction at orientation conducted for freshmen. As to the convenience of the utilization of library, 49.9 percents of those students responded to convenience. However, students of the 3rd grade showed a much stronger response to inconvenience. As to the time of the utilization of library,92.5 percents of those students showed a response to occasional utilization for particular purpose than regular utilization. 53.2 percents of those students responded to ordinary in quantity that library have references. 34.2 percents of those students responded to insufficient. As to the particular relative with the method and field of reading: 53.5 percents of those students responded to intensive reading and was the majority. As to the reading field, fiction u as the majority. When read any books for their major, they usually rend Korean text-b, oks. 7. Particular relative with giving assignment: All respondents were well aware of the objectives of giving home tasks. As to the attitude toward assignments and performing home tasks, 54.8 percents of those students to making ostentatious study because of an excessive quantity of assignments imposed. For performing assignment, they showed comparatively positive response. Also, 52.2 percents of those students responded that they usually submitted complected assignment with references. 8. As to motive to realize the necessity of study : 55.6 percents of those students responded that they realized such necessity in communication with patients when they were engaged in clinical practice. Also, 8.6, the lowest percents of those students responded that they realized such necessity in the course of conversation with nurses when they were engaged in clinical practice. 9. As to the determination of their confidence in the performance of study relative with clinical experience: They showed a general inclination of having in nursing. The major response was that they came to well comprehend the patients families. the lowest response was that they could apply what was learned at lecture-hall to practice. This response incidentally showed the distance the lecture-hall and practical study. In general items, students of the 4th grade showed more favorable response than students of the 3rd grade and there was a significant difference. 10. As to the perception and attitude toward profession according to the motive of selecting the nursing science : Those who selected the nursing voluntarily showed stronger conception than those who selected the nursing through indirect influence. However, there was no significant difference on this point. Only there was a remarkable difference in the reading of Code for Nurses. 11. Those who showed a stronger conception in the profession of nursing according to the motives of attractive nursing science indicated a strong will and ability to manage stable life and comparatively strong response was shown in the management of good home life because of the good adaptability of the science to their character. This group showed a strong conception of the profession than those who responded that they prefer this profession out of a longing for the work of a hospital and for the easy obtaining of opportunity to immigrate to over seas and for economic cause and for high school grade. There was significant difference between these two groups, 12. As to the conception and attitude toward the profession of nursing according to benefits by scholarships, those who were benefitted by scholarship showed stronger conception of profession than those who did not receive scholarship and there was a remarkable difference between these two categories. However, there was no remarkable difference between these two categories in the extent of interest of the activities of nursing fields and in the reading of Code for Nurses. 13. As activation for study according to the benefits of scholarships, those who were benefitted by scholarships showed stronger response to the motive for study comparing with those who receive. 14. As to tile field of reading according to the benefits by scholarships, those who received scholarships tended to read autobiographies and essayers to a considerable extent. Those who did not receive scholarships tended to read novels. Those who received scholarships more read nursing boots than those who did not receive scholarships. 15. As to the attitude of study and doing of assignment according to benefits of scholarships, those who received scholarships managed a favorable life with schedules for study, More students of receiving scholarship showed a regular study for more than one hour per day. Also, in the method of doing home tasks, more students of receiving scholarship showed reference to relative books frequently for the submission of completed assignments.
본 연구는 목련에서 분리한 흰비단병균 Sclerotimu rolfsii Sacc.의 분화형을 밝히고 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 대한 영양생리를 구명코저 vitamin, 질소원, 탄소원의 효과를 검토했으며 또 본 균과 Penicillium sp.와의 생태적 관계를 해명하기 위한 기초적인 연구로서 본 균의 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 대한 Penicillium 배양여액의 촉진효과와 그 요인을 밝히려고 시도하였다. 본 연구결과를 종합해서 적요하면 다음과 같다. 1. 목연에서 분리한 흰비단병균 제1형, 축2형은 배지상의 성상이나 생리적 성질 펄 병원성이 상이하였다. 특히 목연 아카시아에 대한 병원성은 양자 동일하나 콩이나 오이에 대해서는 제2형균이 제1형균보다 더 강하였다. 2. 공시된 14종의 질소원중