• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.668-674
• /
• 2002

Structural integrity assessment is indispensable for preventing catastrophic failure of industrial structures/components/facilities. This diagnosis of operating components should be done periodically for safe maintenance and economical repair. However, conventional standard methods for mechanical properties have the problems of bulky specimen, destructive and complex procedure of specimen sampling. Especially, the mechanical properties at welded zone including weldment and heat affected zone could not be evaluated individually due to their size requirement problem. So, an advanced indentation technique has been developed as a potential method for non-destructive testing of in-field structures. This technique measures indentation load-depth curve during indentation and analyzes the mechanical properties related to deformation such as yield strength, tensile strength and work-hardening index. Also indentation technique can evaluate a residual stress based on the concept that indentation load-depth curves were shifted with the direction and the magnitude of residual stress applied to materials. In this study, we characterized the tensile properties and welding residual stress of various industrial facilities through the new techniques, and the results are introduced and discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.33-36
• /
• 2000

The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of medium carbon steels (SCM 440 and POSMA45) was studied with torsion test in the temperature range of $900-1100^{\circ}C$ and the strain rate range of $5.0x10^{-2}\;-\;5.0x10^0/sec$. To establish the quantitative equations for DRX, the evolution of flow stress curve with strain was analyzed. The critical strain (${\varepsilon}_c$) and strain for maximum softening rate ( ${\varepsilon}^{*}$) could be confirmed by the analysis of work hardening rate ($d{\sigma}/d{\varepsilon}\;=\; \theta$). The volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization ($X_{DRX}$) as a function of processing variables, such as strain rate ( $\dot{\varepsilon}$ ), temperature (T), and strain ( $\varepsilon$ ) were established using the ${\varepsilon}_c$ and ${\varepsilon}^{*}$. For the exact prediction, the ${\varepsilon}_c$, ${\varepsilon}^{*}$ and Avrami' exponent (m') were quantitatively expressed by dimensionless parameter, Z/A respectively. The transformation-effective strain-temperature curve for DRX could be composed. It was found that the calculated results were agreed with the experimental data for the steels at any deformation conditions.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.71-96
• /
• 2011

Existing reinforced concrete (RC) beams can be strengthened with externally bolted steel plates to the sides of beams. The effectiveness of this type of bolted side-plate (BSP) beam can however be affected by partial interaction between the steel plates and RC beams due to the mechanical slip of bolts. To avoid over-estimation of the flexural strength and ensure accurate prediction of the load-deformation response of the beams, the effect of partial interaction has to be properly considered. In this paper, a special non-linear macro-finite-element model that takes into account the effects of partial interaction is proposed. The RC beam and the steel plates are modelled as two different elements, interacting through discrete groups of bolts. A layered method is adopted for the formulation of the RC beam and steel plate elements, while a special non-linear model based on a kinematic hardening assumption for the bolts is used to simulate the bolt group effect. The computer program SiBAN was developed based on the proposed approach. Comparison with the available experimental results shows that SiBAN can accurately predict the partial interaction behaviour of the BSP beams. Further numerical simulations show that the interaction between the RC beam and the steel plates is greatly reduced by the formation of plastic hinges and should be considered in analyses of the strengthened beams.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.375-396
• /
• 2009

In the present work, the elasto-viscoplastic behavior, interactions between grains, and the texture evolution in polycrystalline materials subjected to finite deformations are modeled using a multiscale analysis procedure within a finite element framework. Computational homogenization is used to relate the grain (meso) scale to the macroscale. Specifically, a polycrystal is modeled by a material representative volume element (RVE) consisting of an aggregate of grains, and a periodic distribution of such unit cells is considered to describe material behavior locally on the macroscale. The elastic behavior is defined by a hyperelastic potential, and the viscoplastic response is modeled by a simple power law complemented by a work hardening equation. The finite element framework is based on a Lagrangian formulation, where a kinematic split of the deformation gradient into volume preserving and volumetric parts together with a three-field form of the Hu-Washizu variational principle is adopted to create a stable finite element method. Examples involving simple deformations of an aluminum alloy are modeled to predict inhomogeneous fields on the grain scale, and the macroscopic effective stress-strain curve and texture evolution are compared to those obtained using both upper and lower bound models.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.973-986
• /
• 2018

The objective of this paper is to present abacuses obtained from a parametric study of deep-lined tunnels using a numerical finite element model. This numerical model was implemented in software GEOMEC91, which is a two-dimensional axisymmetric model that considers the progress of excavation and the placing of the lining through the activation and deactivation of elements. It is adopted a step of excavation constant (1/3 of radius), constant velocity and circular cross section along the tunnel axis. It is used for rock mass a viscoplastic constitutive law with von-Mises criterion of viscoplasticity without hardening whose deformation rate over time is given by the Bingham model. The lining uses a linear elastic constitutive law. In total are 1716 analysis presented in 60 abacuses that show the value of ultimate convergence ($U_{eq}$) due to tunneling speed. In addition, it is shown an example of the use of the abacuses to determine the ultimate convergence ($U_{eq}$) of the tunnel and pressure ($P_{eq}$) on the lining.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2001

The thermal problem of press work is classified into two cases. First, the temperature of forming die passively rises due to the heating effect of plastic deformation. The warm forming is the second case in which the external heating is applied to the die and blank holder. So, the purpose of this study is to provide database for the forming characteristics at various temperature conditions. In this study, the tensile test was carried out for the commercial steel sheets such as SCPI and SCP3C with the thickness of 0.7mm and 1.4mm respectively. The tensile strength, total elongation, Lankford value and the flow curve have been obtained at the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$, respectively. From the results, we can see that both the tensile strength and total elongation decrease as the temperature increases. In the light of anisotropy, the effect of thickness is dominant than the material specs. For the temperature dependency of flow curves, there are only small differences for the work-hardening exponent, and the strength intensity decreases monotonically as temperature increases. The present results we useful as input data for the analysis of sheet metal forming processes with the various temperature conditions.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.640-645
• /
• 2009

Recently, boss and rib test based on backward extrusion process was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial friction condition in bulk forming process. In this test, the tube-shaped punch with hole pressurizes the workpiece so that the boss and rib are formed along the hole and outer surface of the punch. It was experimentally and numerically revealed that the height of boss is higher than that of the rib under the severe friction condition. This work is focused on the effect of the punch design and flow stress on deformation pattern in boss and rib test. From the boss and rib test simulations, it was found that there is slight variation in both the heights of boss and rib according to the length of punch land, nose radius, and face angle. However the hole diameter of the punch and the clearance between the punch and die have a significant influence on the calibration curves showing the heights of the boss and rib. In addition, the effect of flow stress on the calibration curves was investigated through FE simulations. It was found that there is no effect of strength coefficient of the workpiece on the calibration curves for estimation of friction condition. On the other hand, the strain-hardening exponent of the workpiece has a significant influence on the calibration curve.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.945-950
• /
• 2001

Vacuum interrupters that is used in various switchgear components such as circuit breakers, distribution switches, contactors, etc. spreads the arc uniformly over the surface of the contacts. The electrode of vacuum interrupters is used sintered Cu-Cr material satisfied with good electrical and mechanical characteristics. Because the closing velocity is 1-3m/s, the deformation of the material of electrodes depends on the strain rate and the dynamic behavior of the sintered Cu-Cr material is a key to investigate the impact characteristics of the electrodes. The dynamic response of the material at the high strain-rate is obtained from the split Hopkinson pressure bar test using cylinder type specimens. Experimental results from both quasi-static and dynamic compressive tests with the split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus are interpolated to construct the Johnson-Cook equation as the constitutive relation that should be applied to simulation of the dynamic behavior of electrodes. To evaluate impact characteristic of a vacuum interrupter, simulation is carried out with five parameters such as initial velocity, added mass of a movable electrode, wipe spring constant, initial offset of a wipe spring and virtual fixed spring constant.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 2018

In this study, low cyclic fatigue test was carried out at room temperature condition for rolled STS304 steel. The results of this study show that rolled STS304 steel has excellent static tensile strength and fatigue characteristics. The relationship between plastic strain range and fatigue life was examined using the triangular wave in order to predict the low cycle fatigue life of rolled STS304 steel by Coffin-Manson equation. Cyclic behavior of rolled STS304 steel was characterized by cyclic hardening with increasing number of cycle through the Hysteresis loop analysis and cyclic response of maximum stress versus number of cycles. It is found that the plastic deformation energy consumed per cycle is reduced by calculating the area of the hysteresis loop.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.15 no.2 s.83
• /
• pp.118-125
• /
• 2006

API steel is used for line-pipe to transport the oil and natural gas. As the recent trends in the development of API steel are towards the use of larger diameter and thicker plate, many researches have been studied to achieve higher strength, higher toughness and lower yield ratio in API steel. However, the strength of API steel after pipe forming is changed depending on the competition of the Bauschinger effect and work hardening which are affected by the strain history during pipe forming process. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of microstructure on the Bauschinger effect for API steel. To change the microstructure of API steel we have changed the hot rolling condition and the amounts of V and Cu addition. The compression-tensile test and the microstructure observation by OM and TEM were conducted to investigate the yield strength drop and the correlation between the Bauschinger effect and microstructure of API steel. The experimental results show that the increase of polygonal ferrites volume fraction increases the Baushcinger effect due to the back stress which comes from the increase of mobile dislocation density at polygonal ferrite interior during the compressive deformation. The hot rolling condition was more effective on the Bauschinger effect in API steel than the small amount of V and Cu addition.