• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.612-620
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• 2006

Purpose. Smoking is the leading cause of death and smoking initiation rarely occurs after adolescence. Thus research on adolescent smoking is crucial. A consistent definition of smoking is important because inconsistent definitions make comparisons across studies an arduous task. Thus, the aim of the study was to suggest future research directions for smoking definitions after examining pitfalls in the literature. Methods. In this study the literature on adolescent smoking in the U.S. and South Korea was examined, and three types of smoking definitions were identified. Limitations in the studies are identified and future research directions are suggested. Results. In the U.S. literature, smoking definitions can be categorized into three groups: definitions based on stage models, smoking trajectories, and definitions derived from specific data. In the South Korean literature, various levels of smoking have not been differentiated. Conclusions. While the literature does not provide a definitive answer regarding the definition of smoking, it suggests three issues to consider for future research. First, multiple measures of smoking are more desirable than a one-time measure. Second, theory- or trajectory-based smoking definitions are more desirable than definitions derived from available data. Finally, regularity and amount of cigarette use should be incorporated in defining smoking behavior.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.317-321
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• 1993

Two patients with maxillary developmental deficiency who have previously undergone cheiloplasty and palatoplasty were operated on by simultaneous two jaw surgery and maxillary advancement surgery respectively. And the following results were obtained. 1. After the operation, maxilla shifted superiorly, and then inferiorly without noticible posterior relapse. 2. Postoperative mandibular relapse to the anterior direction was evident in both cases. 3. It is highly suggested that definitive measures to enhance postoperative stability in orthognathic surgery on the cleft lip and palate patients be developed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.75 no.3
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• pp.295-309
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• 2020

The construction of Reinforced Concrete (R/C) buildings with unreinforced masonry infills is part of the traditional building practice in many countries with regions of high seismicity throughout the world. When these buildings are subjected to seismic motions the presence of masonry infills and especially their configuration can highly influence the seismic damage state. The capability to avoid configurations of masonry infills prone to seismic damage at the stage of initial architectural concept would be significantly definitive in the context of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. Along these lines, the present paper investigates the potential of instant prediction of the damage response of R/C buildings with various configurations of masonry infills utilizing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). To this end, Multilayer Feedforward Perceptron networks are utilized and the problem is formulated as pattern recognition problem. The ANNs' training data-set is created by means of Nonlinear Time History Analyses of 5 R/C buildings with a large number of different masonry infills' distributions, which are subjected to 65 earthquakes. The structural damage is expressed in terms of the Maximum Interstorey Drift Ratio. The most significant conclusion which is extracted is that the ANNs can reliably estimate the influence of masonry infills' configurations on the seismic damage level of R/C buildings incorporating their optimum design.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to assimilate all data pertaining to the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists in in vitro fertilization cycles after ovulation trigger to reduce the symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify all studies performed on the use of a GnRH antagonist in IVF cycle post-ovulation trigger with patients at high risk for OHSS. Ten studies were identified and reviewed. Descriptions of the studies and their individual results are presented in the following manuscript. Due to significant heterogeneity among the studies, it was not possible to perform a group analysis. The use of GnRH antagonists post-ovulation trigger for treatment of OHSS has been considered for almost 20 years, though research into its use is sparse. Definitive conclusions and recommendations cannot be made at this time, though preliminary data from these trials demonstrate the potential for GnRH antagonists to play a role in the treatment of OHSS in certain patient populations.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1965-1969
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• 2015

Cancer prevalance and incidence is increasing with aging of populations and age is a critical factor in decision-making for anti-cancer treatment. However it is believed that chronological age is not enough to guide management in elderly cancer patients. Multidisciplinary evaluation and comprehensive geriatric assessment has gained importance regarding the treatment selection especially for definitive anti-cancer therapy recently. We here aimed to analyse the effect of the comprehensive geriatric assessment parameters on radiotherapy toxicity and tolerability in a series of geriatric cancer patients in Turkey.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.255-260
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• 1989

Unfavorable healing of maxillary fractures may impose functional and esthetic burdens upon the trauma victim. Malunited maxillary fractures are generally a result of treatment delay, incomplete or inaccurate immobilization of the fracture fragments, or infection. Dysfunctions of mastication, distortions in speech, gross defects in facial contour, and related psychic changes are problems which may require secondary correction. When it is necessary to delay definitive treatment or when inadequate maxillary fracture reduction is recognized within the first week following injury, the maxilla can be mobilized by heavy handed dental manipulation under anesthesia or by elastic traction to an external fixation appliance attached to the maxilla by arch bars or an acrylic splint. But malunited maxillary fracture that have progressed to bony malunion require osteotomy procedure in order to establish normal anatomic relationships. This report parents two cases of malunited unilateral maxillary fracture surgically corrected by unilateral Le Fort I osteotomy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.543-548
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• 2002

It is well known that FCM is an indispensible tool for fuzzy clustering. The problems of using FCM are 1) it is sensitive to the initial random membership functions and 2) FCM inherently requires the number of clusters. Hence we need to run FCM algorithms with an appropriate validity measure until we find a suitable number of clusters. In this paper, we suggest the Majority-Voting FCM with implied validity measure. With this algorithm, we can solve the aforementioned problems. The working simulation results are provided. The contributions are 1) MV-FCM algorithm and 2) its definitive capability of being an excellent validity measure.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.113-118
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• 2010

The present work describes myxozoan parasite found in the skin of cultured snakehead, Channa argus fingerings (total length, 5.5~7.2 cm) from Busan, Korea. Nature spores and plasmodia were found in the skin mucus of infected fishes. In fresh state, the total length of the spore was $27.96{\pm}2.50{\mu}m$. The size of spore body was $14.16{\pm}1.78{\mu}m{\times}4.88{\pm}0.61{\mu}m$. The polar capsules were pyriform and the size was $5.57{\pm}0.66{\mu}m{\times}1.36{\pm}0.33{\mu}m$. This is the first report of Henneguya sp. from cultured fish species in Korea, and further studies are necessary for definitive identification.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.323-327
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• 2016

A man with only yellowing of the skin and eye sclera was diagnosed with clonorchiasis, which rarely manifested jaundice as the initial symptom. However, because of a lack of evidence for a diagnostic gold standard, the time until definitive diagnosis was more than a week. The diagnostic process relied on inquiring about the patient's history, including the place of residence, dietary habits, and symptoms, as well as on serological findings, an imaging examination, and pathological findings. MRCP and CT results showed mild dilatation of intrahepatic ducts and increased periductal echogenicity. The eggs were ultimately found in stool by water sedimentation method after the negative report through direct smear. DNA sequencing of PCR production of the eggs demonstrated 98-100% homology with ITS2 of Clonorchis sinensis. After anti-parasite medical treatment, the patient's symptoms were gradually relieved. Throughout the diagnostic procedure, besides routine examinations, the sedimentation method or concentration method could be used as a sensitive way for both light and heavy C. sinensis infection in the definite diagnosis.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1993

A gobiid fish, Parioglossus dotui Tomiyama is described from 359 specimens collected at Cheju-do and Pusan, in August 1994 of 1986. This is the first definitive record of the species in the Korean waters. Parioglossus dotui having a small-sized body usually is found swimming in schools. The branchiostegals are 5 in number on each side. It grows up to 40mm in total length. Most of ventral fins are separated and connected with rudimentray membrane. In this species, the lateral line were indistincet or absent. The caudal fin slightly emarginates or truncates in both sexes, with a dark spot at the border of the base. It Inhabits inlet waters and estuaries of rivers. "Deungsul mang-dug" is proposed as Korean name of this species.