• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.154-160
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• 2020

Objectives: It remains unclear whether methylphenidate (MPH) has yadverse effects on growth in children. This study aimed to investigate the association of MPH with serum biological markers of growth in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The present study included 103 children with ADHD (64 drug-naive children, 39 MPH-treated children) and 112 control subjects. Children with ADHD were diagnosed on the basis of a semi-structured interview. Levels of biochemical markers of growth, including insulin-like growth factor-I, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T₄, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and hematocrit were measured in these individuals. Results: Except in case of TSH, no intergroup differences were found in the levels of the growth markers. The levels of TSH were found to be lower in the MPH-treated boys with ADHD than in the drug-naive and control groups (p<0.05), although the levels of TSH in all the groups were within normal limits. Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, no significant association was found between MPH and growth markers. This calls for the need to carry out prospective longitudinal research studies in the future that investigate the effect of MPH on the growth trajectory in children.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 2022

Objective This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of Tuina therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through a randomized controlled clinical study in China. Methods We used the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as a resource and conducted a search using key words: 'ADHD', '推拿'. Six randomized control studies were identified and analyzed in this study. Results 1. The Tuina treatment group showed significant changes compared to the control group. 2. The most commonly used meridians were Spleen meridian (脾經穴), Liver meridian (肝經穴), Errenshangma (二人上馬穴), Xiaotianxin (小天心), Qinghetianshu (清河天水), Kidney meridian (腎經穴). Conclusions The results of this study showed that Tuina therapy is effective for ADHD patients with ADHD. It can be used for future research on Tuina therapy for ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.40-54
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• 1990

The author studied EEG differences among normal, children, children with emotional behavioral problems determined by Rutter's questionnaire and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder according to DSM-III-R. The results are as follows ; There were no differences in incidence and pattern of abnormal EEG between normal control children and children with emotional behavioral problems. But children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder tend to show lower average amplitude, and less wave percentage time of alpha wave in occipital area than normal did, furdermore wave percentage time of alpha wave appeared more in left occipital area than in right occipital area, These results demonstrated that emotional behavioral problems in elementary school children may not be related to EEG abnormality, Where as children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed underdeveloped alpha waves as compared with normal control children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2017

Objectives: The study compared the intelligence test profiles of Tourette's Disorder (TD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and TD with ADHD (TD+ADHD) groups. Methods: The Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-third edition (K-WISC-III) and Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition (K-WISC-IV) were administered to 13 children and adolescents with TD, 17 children and adolescents with ADHD, and 15 children and adolescents with TD+ADHD. Each parameter was compared among the groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The mean scores of the freedom from distractibility/working memory index (FD/WMI) and the digit span and arithmetic subtests of the TD+ADHD group were significantly lower than those of the TD group. Conclusion: According to the intelligence test results, the comorbid ADHD+TD group showed a significant decrease in working memory compared to the TD group. These findings are similar to those of previous research on cognitive functions and suggest that the TD+ADHD comorbid and TD alone groups exhibit different endophenotypes. The results also imply that WISC-III and WISC-IV, the most commonly used intelligence tests clinically, are effective in evaluating cognitive functions such as attention. Further research is required to confirm these results.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.179-189
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• 1996

Objective : This study was conducted to find out the electrophysiological abnormalities of the patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(abbr. ADHD) through identifying the profiles of the event-related potentials. Methods : Through measuring event-related potentials of 20 patients with ADHD and 16 normal control children using Oddball paradigm, we evaluated the latencies and amplitudes of each wave form. Results : In the group older than 9 years old, the latencies that reflect selective attention and discriminative capacity of the patients with ADHD were significantly longer than those of normal controls, which suggests that patients with ADHD be more distractible to non-significant stimuli and that they be in lark of sustained attention and discriminative ability. Conclusions : We concluded that the patients with ADHD are more distractible to trivial stimuli than normal children but they lack discriminative, sustained ability of attention.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to examine whether anxiety and depression of children and mothers were associated with the children's medically unexplained somatic symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods : 83 clinic-referred boys with ADHD and 52 boys without ADHD were included in this study. The frequency of the medically unexplained somatic symptoms, such as general-ache, headache, nausea, eye problems, skin problems, abdominal pain, vomiting was evaluated using the somatic symptom domain of the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL). Children's anxiety and depression were evaluated using Kovacs Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) for children. Maternal anxiety and depression were measured by Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Beck's Depression Inventory(BDI). Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to examine the hypothesis. Results : Score of maternal state anxiety affects the T score of the somatic symptom domain in CBCL significantly(adjusted $R^2$=0.057 ; p=0.026). Conclusion : The frequency of medically unexplained somatic symptom of children perceived by mothers was associated with the high level of maternal state anxiety in ADHD. Frequent maternal report of the children's somatic symptom may be a warrant for the evaluation and management of the maternal state anxiety in ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to develop the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-After School Checklist (ASK) to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms and self-management ability in children and adolescents in South Korea. Additionally, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the scale. Methods: We developed the ASK to evaluate the effect of ADHD psychopathologies on self-management and interpersonal impulsivity. We investigated the reliability and validity of the scale with 1349 parents (male 56.9%; 1202 parents of non-ADHD children, 147 parents of children with ADHD) in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Results: According to the construct validity test using principal constant analysis with the varimax rotation method, two factors explained 60.7% of the cumulative variance in ASK scores. Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was 0.71. There was no statistical difference between mean ASK scores at test and retest. Mean total ASK scores of the ADHD group were significantly higher than those of the non-ADHD group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The ASK can be used as a reliable and valid tool to evaluate not only self-management capability of children and adolescents with ADHD in their academic and everyday life, but also their impulsiveness in interpersonal relationships.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.150-160
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• 2018

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of social skills training (SST) on facial emotion recognition and discrimination in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Twenty-three children aged 7 to 10 years participated in our SST. They included 15 children diagnosed with ADHD and 8 with ASD. The participants' parents completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), the ADHD Rating Scale, and Conner's Scale at baseline and post-treatment. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (K-WISC-IV) and the Advanced Test of Attention at baseline and the Penn Emotion Recognition and Discrimination Task at baseline and post-treatment. Results: No significant changes in facial emotion recognition and discrimination occurred in either group before and after SST. However, when controlling for the processing speed of K-WISC and the social subscale of K-CBCL, the ADHD group showed more improvement in total (p=0.049), female (p=0.039), sad (p=0.002), mild (p=0.015), female extreme (p=0.005), male mild (p=0.038), and Caucasian (p=0.004) facial expressions than did the ASD group. Conclusion: SST improved facial expression recognition for children with ADHD more effectively than it did for children with ASD, in whom additional training to help emotion recognition and discrimination is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-After School Checklist (ASK) by comparing the results of the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Scale and then by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Methods: We performed correlation analyses on the ASK and CAT results and then the ASK and CGI-S results. We created a ROC curve and evaluated performance on the ASK as a diagnostic tool. We then analyzed the test results of 1348 subjects (male 56.8%), including 1201 subjects in the general population and 147 ADHD subjects, aged 6-15 years, from kindergarten to middle school in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Results: According to the correlation analyses, ASK scores and the Attention Quotient (AQ) of CAT scores showed a significant correlation of -0.20--0.29 (p<0.05). The t-test between ADHD scores and CGI-S also showed a significant correlation (t=-2.55, p<0.05). The area under the ROC curve was calculated as 0.81, indicating good efficacy of the ASK, and the cut-off score was calculated as 15.5. Conclusion: The ASK can be used as a valid tool not only to evaluate functional impairment of ADHD children and adolescents but also to screen ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2019

Objectives: Awareness of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults has significantly increased; however, clinical data specific to the Korean population are insufficient. Clinical experience of ADHD may differ based on whether psychiatrists have received pediatric psychiatry-specific training. In order to prepare a practice parameter for adult ADHD patients in Korea, we examined questionnaire data to observe how pediatric psychiatry training could affect clinical practice for adults with ADHD. Methods: A questionnaire about the diagnosis and treatment process was distributed to both general psychiatrists (GPsy) and child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAP) at the summer and winter workshop meetings of Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Results: In total, 142 psychiatrists participated in the survey (86 GPsy, 56 CAP). GPsy and CAP preferred pharmacotherapy (GPsy 82.40%, CAP 64.30%) as the primary treatment option and answered that the clinical psychiatric interview is the most necessary step in diagnostic assessment (GPsy 22.16%, CAP 19.00%). The GPsy responded with an optimal and average treatment duration that was shorter than that reported by CAP. Conclusion: Identification of the initial presenting symptom as the correct diagnosis and the optimal duration of pharmacotherapy differed between GPsy and CAP in practice, whereas concepts in diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults were similar for both groups. These results suggest the urgent need for the Continuing Medical Education program for psychiatrists treating adults with ADHD.