• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 2013

Yang deficiency pattern is a representative syndrome differentiation. This article is a study on to which categories of modern diseases yang deficiency is assigned by reference to modern clinical papers and the meaning of yang deficiency interpreted with a perspective of Korean Medicine and a modern perspective. Yang deficiency, yang qi deficiency, lack of yang qi and yang qi debilitation are the words found in "Nei Ching" and yang qi can be interpreted as something to warm, drive and arouse. Zhangzhongjing considered recovery or loss of Yang as the key to life in "Shanghanlun". Danxi proposed "Yang being liable to hyperactivity, Yin being insufficient" and emphasized pathological ministerial fire of Yang exuberance rather than physiological ministerial fire of Yang deficiency. Zhangjingyue proposed "Yang not being in excess, Yin being often deficient" and understood growth and decline of yin qi are all led by yang qi and put emphasis on true yin in addition to yang qi. Diseases of yang deficiency pattern are related with decline of metabolic level, hypofunction of internal secretion, disorder of immune function, disorder of automatic nerve system, sympathetic nerve inhibition, metabolic disorder of microelements, increase of cGMP, change of microcirculation, low speed of blood stream, kidney malfunction. Diseases related with kidney are sterility, polycystic ovary syndrome, spinal stenosis, edema, renal failure, IgA nephropathy, erectile dysfunction, nephritis, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, decrease of adrenal cortical hormone by nephrotic syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome. Disease related with heart are heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary heart disease. Diseases related with spleen are irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis. Diseases related with liver are hypothyroidism, liver cirrhosis ascites, hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis, hepatic diabetes. Diseases related with lung are allergic rhinitis, cough variant asthma, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema. And diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aplastic anemia, headache, encephalatrophy, Alzheimer's disease are also related with yang deficiency.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was aim to investigate the relationship between NIHSS and distribution of pattern identification in stroke patients. Methods : 1471 participants from the patients hospitalized for stroke within 4 weeks from April 2007 to August 2009 were included. They were grouped according to the NIHSS score; group 1 for the participants whose NIHSS were less than six, group 2 for seven to fifteen, and group 3 for over than sixteen. And the patients were re-divided into two groups according to their post-onset interval. The difference of distribution of five pattern identification for each group were investigated. And five pattern identification were re-analyzed according to the deficiency-excess pattern identification. K-W test was used for statistical synthesis, and the result was regarded as significant one, if its p-value was below 0.05. Results : Dampness-phelegm pattern was the most frequent out of five patterns in total participants as well as all the subgroups. In group 3 with more serious neurological deficit, larger proportion of patients in early acute stage was diagnosed as excess pattern including Fire-Heat pattern. On the other side the proportion of Deficiency of Qi and Yin was larger in late convalescent stage of group 3 than in other groups. But nothing was statistically significant. Conclusions : Further study including patients with more variant classification with follow-up evaluation is needed to reflect the real characteristics of stroke population.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2018

Objectives : The climate changes in the natural realm displays pheonomena of excess and deficiency due to the principle of Yiyinyiyangzhiweidao. Here, overabundant qi arises due to the works of multiplication and insultation. When this overabundant qi is in force, the retaliating qi appears without fail to create a parallel. This is the Autonomous Equilibrium Mechanism found in the natural world. Studying this mechanism is deeply significant in understanding the mechanisms of diseases. Methods : The paper is written by reviewing the texts found in Huangdineijing's Chapters of Yunqi, which are $Q{\grave{i}}jiaobiandalun$, Wuchangzhengdalun, $Liuyuanzhengj{\grave{i}}dalun$, Zhizhenyaodalun, and Suwenliuqixuanzhumiyu. Results & Conclusions : The overabundance and retaliation in Five Circuits take the form of the restrained child of the Five Circuits takes revenge on the overabundant qi on behalf of his mother. The overabundance and retaliation in Six Qi take the form of rapid healing of Benqi which was in stagnation. Traditionally, overabundant qi is the only one in existence when the Five Circuits are in excess and the year of Hai yin wu wei you xu's regular transformation. During this time, retaliating qi does not exist. When Five Circuits are in deficiency and in the year of Si shen zi chou mao chen's pattern transformation, both the overabundant and deficiency qis exist. However, regardless of regular transformation or pattern transformation, overabundant qi and retaliating qi cannot exist at the same time. This seems to be the rational conclusion. There are some regulations that overabundance and retaliation follow. First, the strong and weak, and number of days coincide. Second, overabundance qi appear during the first half of the period when the qi of controling heaven is in place. During the later half of the period when the qi of terrestrial effect is in force, retaliation qi is the one that appears. Third, overabundance and retaliation does not end with one time. Rather, they will continue to repeat appearance and disappearance without any set pattern. Fourth, the overabundance and retaliation of the guest qi and dominant qi only has overabundance and no retaliation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.401-412
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of Ryodoraku and association of Ryodoraku with gastric dysmotility in functional dyspepsia(FD). Methods : Subjects were 154 patients with FD and 18 patients with asthma. We calculated the average Ryodoraku score(RS, ${\mu}A$) and each variation from physiologic range of 12 Ryodoraku points, and investigated the incidence when left and right points were simultaneously below(bilateral deficiency) or above(bilateral excess) physiologic range. Postprandial regularity of normal slow waves, power ratio, and postprandial % of bowel sound were obtained by electrogastrography and enterotachography, and were used as gastric dysmotility index. Results : 1. Bilateral excess of H4, H5, F1, and F4 and bilateral deficiency of H4, H5, and H6 were characteristic in FD compared with asthma patients. 2. Incidence of gastric dysmotility in bilateral deficiency of H4, H5, and H6 was 100%, and was higher than in total FD patients(88.3%). 3. There was a positive correlation between the variation of H6 and % postprandial bowel sound. 4. Deficient tendency of H4, H5, and H6 was more evident when RS was above $40{\mu}A$ in FD. Conclusions : These findings suggest that gastric dysmotility in FD can be diagnosed when a pattern of H4, H5, H6 bilateral deficiency and F1, F4 bilateral excess is shown at the same time. We think this phenomenon is related to low activity of the vagus nerve rather than meridian pathway with result based on positive correlation between variation of H6 and postprandial % of bowel sound.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 2017

This study on "Wenbingtiaobian" covers identifying pattern of prescription, understanding system of multiple syndrome differentiations, characteristics of treatment and medicinal substances. The source books are "Korean translation of Wenbingtiaobian", "Modern Shanghanlun", "Jinkuiyaolueyishi", "Chinese Medicine Formulas". "Wenbingtiaobian" has system of multiple patterns including three energizer syndrome differentiation, classification of disease, six meridian syndrome differentiation and wei-qi-ying-xue syndrome differentiation. That describes cause, location, nature, power and transmutation of disease. Wei-qi-ying-xue pattern is meaningful to warm-heat disease and three energizer pattern is relevant to dampness-heat disease. The warm disease shows mostly yang brightness bowel syndrome and patterns of three yin viscera. In aspect of the heat disease, qi aspect pattern makes up the largest number of syndrome differentiation and have sometimes with bowel excess or fluid deficiency. And treatment for wei aspect pattern is primarily 'outthrust the pathogen with pungent-cool'. Deficiency cold pattern and cold pattern with dampness occupy most of cold patterns. And many dampness patterns are dampness-heat pattern in middle energizer and 'inhibited lung qi transforming' is major mechanism. Patterns with fluid deficiency in qi aspect syndrome appear mostly in upper or middle energizer and in xue aspect syndrome appear mostly in lower energizer and they form 20% of all syndrome differentiations. The treatment of clearing heat uses pungent-cool(cold) for upper energizer, sweet-cold for middle energizer, sweet(salty)-cold for lower energizer. The treatment of tonifying yin uses mostly salty-cold for middle or lower energizer. The treatment of outthrusting pathogen is applied to all the wei-qi-ying-xue aspect combined with other treatments by using pungent-cool(cold) and light herbs. Understanding diseases in the respect of syndrome differentiation can enhance understanding of modern diseases from a perspective of Korean Traditional Medicinal(KTM) and can make clinical application of KTM treatments easy. Data from this study are expected to be basic for standardization and systemization of KTM.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.25-43
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• 2021

Among the ancient ideas of East Asia, there is a myth about the symbol of the Four Gods who commands all directions in the east, south, west, and north, and this is also reflected in the medical field. However, although there is discussion about Qinglong Decoction (青龍湯), Baihu Decoction (白虎湯) and Xuanwu Decoction (玄武湯) in the 『Shanghan Lun (傷寒論)』, there is no content focusing on Zhuniao decoction (朱鳥湯). Considering the consistent perspective of 『Shanghan Lun』, which recognizes the disease-syndrome and seeks prescriptions based on yin and yang thinking, this is very unusual. Therefore, in this study, it was revealed that the concept of 'Sishen Decoction (四神湯)' itself was a concept that emerged when the authors of 『Shanghan Lun』 established the 'eight-principles syndrome differentiation (八綱辨證)' system in their recognition and response to diseases-syndromes. Based on this, I considered the following possibilities: They were able to present Qinglong decoction, Baihu Decoction and Xuanwu decoction, as appropriate prescriptions for 'exterior cold excess syndrome (表寒實證)', 'interior heat deficiency syndrome (裏熱虛證)', and 'interior cold deficiency syndrome (裏熱實證)'. However, it is possible that the name of the prescription 'Zhuniao decoction' was not intentionally used, because it was not possible to provide an appropriate prescription for 'exterior cold excess syndrome (表熱實證)'.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-78
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• 2023

Objectives : Based on the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng of Zhang Shanlei, this paper examines the tip/root division of the Zangfu, features of medicinal application according to deficiency/excess or cold/heat, and erroneous cases in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi of Zhang Jiegu. Methods : Categorization according to tip/root, cold/heat, deficiency/excess and respective medicinal applications in the Zangfuxushibiaobenyongyaoshi were organized, followed by thorough analysis based on the annotations in the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng. Results : First, in the treatment principle of the Zangfu diseases, each of their physiological function and pathological mechanism were analyzed so that the disease patterns are understood accurately and treated accordingly. Second, in categorizing treatment methods, terminology application was modified in overlapping or ambiguous cases so that they could be better distinguished. Third, medicinal categories that were designated to treat each Zangfu disease were explained well based on unique features. In cases where medicinals were falsely included, they were identified and corrected based on sound reasoning. Conclusions : The pattern diagnosis in the Zangfuyaoshibuzheng is clear, and medicinal application analysis is intelligible. As it thoroughly corrects and revises errors in Zhang Jiegu's theories, it could provide valuable assistance in selecting each medicinals when treating disease patterns of the Five Zang.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-44
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• 2023

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of childhood simple obesity and suggest clinical symptoms, treatment principles, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments for each type. Methods All kinds of literature published by the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to August 20, 2022 were analyzed. We extracted information about types of childhood simple obesity, relevant clinical symptoms, treatment principles and TCM treatments. Results 25 studies were included. Spleen deficiency with dampness obstruction, gastrointestinal dampness-heat, internal excess of phlegm-dampness were the most reported. Spleen deficiency with dampness obstruction has symptoms of powerless, heavy limbs, pale tongue, teeth-marked tongue, sunken and slippery pulse. As a treatment, herbal medicine (HM) like modified Banggihwanggitang and acupoint like Joksamri were mainly reported. Gastrointestinal dampness-heat has symptoms of thirst, constipation, edacity, rapid hungering, heavy limbs, red tongue, slippery and rapid pulse. HM like Modified Xiehuangsan to clear heat was mainly reported. Internal excess of phlegm-dampness has symptoms of heavy limbs, lack of strength, tongue with white slimy fur, slippery pulse. Modified Ijintang to dry dampness to resolve phlegm was mainly reported. Conclusions This study analyzed types of pattern, clinical symptoms, treatment principles, and TCM treatments of childhood simple obesity. Based on this study, it is necessary to derive a standardized dialectical information that reflects the domestic situation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.527-546
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between gastric emptying measured by ultrasonography and Korean medical instruments of diagnosis and assessment in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients. Among the subgroups of FD, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) is related to gastric motility disorder.Methods Ten patients with FD and particularly with PDS as well as 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study from September to November 2015. The gastric emptying shown as the half-life of gastric volume (T_1/2) was measured by ultrasonography. The severities of spleen qi deficiency and dyspepsia symptoms were assessed by a spleen qi deficiency questionnaire (SQDQ) and the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K), respectively. In addition, a food retention questionnaire (FRQ), a damum questionnaire (DQ), a cold and heat questionnaire (CHQ), a deficiency and excess questionnaire (DEQ), and a visual analogue scale (VAS) of distention and fullness were completed by every participant.Results In comparison with the control group, the FD group showed significantly higher scores for the SQDQ, NDI-K, FRQ, DQ, DEQ, and VAS of distention and fullness. T_1/2 was also significantly higher in the FD group than in the control group. There were significant correlations between T_1/2 and the SQDQ score. However, there were no significant correlations between T1/2 and other questionnaire scores except for one item of the NDI-K.Conclusions According to these findings, it was determined that measuring gastric emptying using ultrasonography could be a quantitative indicator to diagnose spleen qi deficiency in FD patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.274-279
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• 2021

This study was conducted to find objective diagnostic indicators for the Eight Principle Pattern Identification using a pulse wave analyzer. Typology Complexion Pulse and Symptom data from 500 women over the age of 18 were used. Five experts made a diagnosis of Eight Principle Pattern Identification and divided the subjects into 'Yin-Yang', 'Exterior-Interior', 'Cold-Heat', 'Deficiency-Excess' groups. Their pulse waves were measured in the left and right radial arteries, and it was investigated whether there was a significant difference between groups in the pulse wave parameter values. 'Yin' group showed a significantly lower value in the left radial artery for Ener, Emin, EIX, T4T, T4TT parameters and in the Right for T2, T2T, T5. The Vmag, As and Ad parameters were significantly different between the 'Exterior' and 'Interior' groups. 'Heat' group showed a significantly higher value in the right radial artery for RAI/t parameter. 'Deficiency' group showed a significantly higher value in the right radial artery for W, Angl parameters. Through this study, significant pulse wave parameters were found, and they can be used as objective diagnostic indicators for Eight Principle Pattern Identification.