• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

Korean ginseng is a medicinally important perennial herb from the family Araliaceae. It has been cultivated for its highly valued medicinal properties for over 1,000 years in east Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan. Due to its longtime cultivation in shady areas, ginseng is frequently exposed to pathogenic infections. Plants protect themselves from microbial pathogens using an array of defense mechanisms, some of which are constitutively active, while others are activated upon pathogen invasion. These induced defense responses, controlled by defense-related genes, require tradeoffs in terms of plant fitness. We hypothesize that ginseng, as with other plants, possesses regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the activation of attacker-specific defenses in order to minimize fitness costs while attaining optimal resistance. Several classes of defense-related genes are induced by infection, wounds, irradiation, and other abiotic stresses. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been shown to cause such responses, although their specific roles and interactions in signaling and development are not fully understood in ginseng. This review summarizes possible defense-related genes in ginseng based on their expression patterns against biotic and abiotic stresses and describes their functional roles.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권12호
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• pp.693-698
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• 2016

In this study, a tissue-specific GAL4/UAS activation tagging system was used for the characterization of genes which could induce lethality when ubiquitously expressed. A dominant mutant exhibiting stunted growth was isolated and named defective root development 1-D (drd1-D). The T-DNA tag was located within the promoter region of AtTX12, which is predicted to encode a truncated nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein, containing a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The transcript levels of AtTX12 and defense-related genes were elevated in drd1-D, and the misexpression of AtTX12 recapitulated the drd1-D phenotypes. In the presence of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), a key transducer of signals triggered by TIR-type NLRs, a low-level of AtTX12 misexpression induced strong defective phenotypes including seedling lethality whereas, in the absence of EDS1, a high-level of AtTX12 misexpression induced weak growth defects like dwarfism, suggesting that AtTX12 might function mainly in an EDS1-dependent and partially in an EDS1-independent manner.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1997

The features of seizure-related brain injuries in rats poisoned i.p. with diisopropylfiuorophosphate were investigated. Pyridostigmine bromide (0.1 mg/kg) and atropine methylnitrate (20 mg/kg), which are centrally inactive, were pretreated i.m. 30 min and 10 min, respectively. before diisopropylfluorophosphate (10 mg /kg, $2LD_50$) poisoning to reduce the mortality and eliminate peripheral signs. Diisopropylfluorophosphate induced severe limbic seizures, and early necrotic and delayed apoptotic brain injuries. The necrotic brain injury, which was closely related to seizure intensity, was exerted as early as 1 hr predominently in hippocampus and piriform cortex. showing spongiform change (malacia) of neurophils in severe cases, in contrast to a typical apoptotic (TUNEL-positive)pattern after 12 hr in thalamus, and a mixed type in amygdala. Nitric oxide content in cerebrospinal fiuid significantly increased after 2 hr, reaching a maximal level at 6 hr. Pretreatment with $_L-N^G$-nitroarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, reduced nitric oxide content and attenuated only apoptotic brain injury in all four brain regions examined without affecting seizure intensity and necrotic injury. Taken together, early necrotic and delayed apoptotic brain injuries induced by diisopropylfiuorophosphate poisoning in rats may be related to seizure intensity and nitric oxide production, respectively.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.109-125
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• 2020

군(軍)에서 방위력개선사업(이하 방위사업)은 매우 투명하고 효율적으로 이루어져야 함에도, 방위사업 관련 법 및 규정의 과도한 다양화로 많은 실무자들이 원활한 방위사업 추진에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 한편, 방위사업 관련 실무자들이 각종 문서에서 다루는 법령 문장은 문장 내에서 표현 하나만 잘못되더라도 심각한 문제를 유발하는 특징을 가지고 있으나, 이를 실시간으로 바로잡기 위한 문장 비교 시스템 구축에 대한 노력은 미미했다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 Siamese Network 기반의 자연어 처리(NLP) 분야 인공 신경망 모델을 이용하여 군(軍)의 방위사업 관련 문서에서 등장할 가능성이 높은 문장과 이와 관련된 법령 조항의 유사도를 비교하여 위법 위험 여부를 판단·분류하고, 그 결과를 사용자에게 인지시켜 주는 '군(軍) 보고서 등장 문장과 관련 법령 간 비교 시스템' 구축 방안을 제안하려고 한다. 직접 제작한 데이터 셋인 모(母)문장(실제 법령에 등장하는 문장)과 자(子)문장(모(母)문장에서 파생시킨 변형 문장) 3,442쌍을 사용하여 다양한 인공 신경망 모델(Bi-LSTM, Self-Attention, D_Bi-LSTM)을 학습시켰으며 1 : 1 문장 유사도 비교 실험을 통해 성능 평가를 수행한 결과, 상당히 높은 정확도로 자(子)문장의 모(母)문장 대비 위법 위험 여부를 분류할 수 있었다. 또한, 모델 학습에 사용한 자(子)문장 데이터는 법령 문장을 일정 규칙에 따라 변형한 형태이기 때문에 모(母)·자(子)문장 데이터만으로 학습시킨 모델이 실제 군(軍) 보고서에 등장하는 문장을 효과적으로 분류한다고 판단하기에는 제한된다는 단점을 보완하기 위해, 실제 군(軍) 보고서에 등장하는 형태에 보다 더 가깝고 모(母)문장과 연관된 새로운 문장 120문장을 추가로 작성하여 모델의 성능을 평가해본 결과, 모(母)·자(子)문장 데이터만으로 학습시킨 모델로도 일정 수준 이상의 성능을 확인 할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 본 연구를 통해 방위사업 관련 군(軍) 보고서에서 등장하는 여러 특정 문장들이 각각 어느 관련 법령의 어느 조항과 가장 유사한지 살펴보고, 해당 조항과의 유사도 비교를 통해 위법 위험 여부를 판단하는 '실시간 군(軍) 문서와 관련 법령 간 자동화 비교 시스템'의 구축 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2022

본 연구는 포괄안보 관점의 국가위기관리와 국가방위요소간의 작동관계를 연구한 것이다. 국가방위요소는 통합방위법에서 제시하고 있다. 따라서 통합방위의 원칙과 문제, 그리고 대안을 제시하여 국가위기 시 국민의 생명과 재산을 지키고 국가안보를 굳건히 하기 위한 목적으로 연구하였다. 이론적 배경으로 '총체적 위기관리 모델'과 '국가위기관리기본지침'의 위기관리 4단계를 근거로 분석틀을 구상하였다. 이를 통해 국내외 4가지의 사례연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과 국가위기관리 단계별 국가방위요소가 잘 작동하기 위해서는 관련법규, 주관기관, 국민의식이 구비되어야 함을 확인할 수 있다. 국가위기관리의 완전성을 위해서 국가위기관리기본법 제정과 관련법률의 정비, 통합방위계획의 수립, 연계된 훈련, 소통을 위한 C4I구비, 지자체장 능력강화, 소방의 국가방위요소화가 필요함을 제시하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.21.1-21.12
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• 2020

The aim of this article was to review age-dependent clinical recommendations for appropriate root canal instrumentation techniques. A comprehensive narrative review of canal morphology, the structural characteristics of dentin, and endodontic outcomes at different ages was undertaken instead of a systematic review. An electronic literature search was carried out, including the Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, as follows: 'age-related root canal treatment,' 'age-related instrumentation,' 'age-related chemo-mechanical preparation,' 'age-related endodontic clinical recommendations,' 'root canal instrumentation at different ages,' 'geriatric root canal treatment,' and 'pediatric root canal treatment.' Due to the lack of literature with practical age-based clinical recommendations for an appropriate root canal instrumentation technique, a narrative review was conducted to suggest a clinical algorithm for choosing the most appropriate instrumentation technique during root canal treatment. Based on the evidence found through the narrative review, an age-related clinical algorithm for choosing appropriate instrumentation during root canal treatment was proposed. Age affects the morphology of the root canal system and the structural characteristics of dentin. The clinician's awareness of root canal morphology and dentin characteristics can influence the choice of instruments for root canal treatment.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2020

The well-known sentence, "You can't manage what you don't measure" suggests the importance of measurement. The Ministry of National Defense (MND) in Korea is measuring the effort of informatization for various dimensions such as validity, adequacy, and effectiveness using the MND evaluation system to obtain positive and significant effects from informatization. MND views the defense informatization domain as divided into the defense informatization policy, the defense informatization project, and the defense informatization level, which can measure the informatization capability of the MND and the armed forces or organizations. Furthermore, it feels there is some limitation, such as those related to ambiguity and reliability, present in the system. To overcome the limitations in the existing system to evaluate the defense informatization policy, this study proposes a revised evaluation framework for the policy of defense informatization, its indicators, and measurement methods.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2018

In this paper, we analyzed key keywords and research themes in the field of defense research using keyword network analysis and tried to grasp the whole knowledge structure. To do this, we extracted data from 2,165 research data from defense related research institutes from 2010 to 2017 and applied the Pareto rule to the number of abstracts of words and the number of links between words, We extracted a total of 2,303 words based on the criterion and extracted 204 final key words through component analysis. By analyzing the centrality and cohesiveness through these key words, we confirmed the concept of core research in the defense field and derived a total of 7 large groups and 16 small groups of each group in the knowledge structure of the defense area.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2019

방산기술이 복제되거나 방해기술이 발달되어 그 가치와 효용이 낮아지는 것을 방지하고 부적절한 수출을 방지하기 위한 보호가 필요하여 2015년도에 방위산업기술보호법이 제정되었다. 방산기술이란 방위산업과 관련된 국방과학기술 중에서 국가안보를 위하여 보호되어야 하는 기술을 의미한다. 그러나 현재 방산기술 보호체계 중에서 보호대상 기술의 식별 및 관리 체계의 기술식별 기준이 법규화 되어 있지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 델파이 설문을 통하여 141개 방산기술 중에서 고효율 내연기관 추진 기술과 관련 있는 디젤기관 요소기술 식별기준을 정립하고 방산기술 보호체계 중 보호대상 기술의 식별 및 관리 체계를 개선하였다. 연구결과로 디젤기관 요소기술 식별기준으로 작전 운용성, 내구성, 안전성, 계열화 및 모듈화 등을 정립하였다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2008

A configuration management system was implemented by applying PLM to the defense field. The PLM system has recently been incorporated in a wide range of industries, and it has allowed for improvements in work productivity and expansion of related services by comprehensively managing and securing connection regarding configuration information in the defense field. Implementations include acquisition of configuration related information and reinforcement of BOM-oriented configuration management function, securing compatibility among 3D drawings of different agencies, improvement of drawing and document management functions, comprehensive systematic configuration management focused on product structure, strengthened configuration control functions, a management system according to the work flow and life cycle functions, an integrated configuration management system of 3D model CAD resources and an enhanced management system. This paper covers a case study reviewing the implementation of a PLM-based configuration management information system and its results, so that the information can be made available to other agencies and companies seeking to apply PLM in their organizations.