• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.167-181
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• 2007

Objectives: To evaluate expression of MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT-3, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, COX-2 and iNOS, MMP-9mRNA after injecting deer antler herbal acupuncture solution in a LPS rat model. Methods: The experiment was divided in category of the control group, RA group, and NA group. RA was induced in the mice via injecting 300ug/kg LPS. The deer antler herbal acupuncture solution 50ug/kg was applied on $ST_{35}$(犢鼻) and EX-LE201(內膝眼) for 19days from $3^{rd}$ day of RA inducement. Results: 1. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture solution treated RAW 264.7cell, the mRNA expression of cytokines, RA related inflammation factors, such as the MIF, COX- 2, iNOS, and MMP-g reduced concentration dependently. 2. In the deer antler herbal acupuncture treated mice's synovial membrane, decrease in the cell replication of synovial joint cells, regeneration of blood vessel, fibrosis and fibroblastic cells expansion were observed. 3. Positive reaction of RA-related cytokines MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-6R-{\alpha}$, STAT3, COX-2, iNOS, $NF-\;{\kappa}B$ p65, MMP-9 was reduced. Conclusion : On the basis of the results, it was concluded that deer antler herbal acupuncture extract has significant protecting ability against acute progressive RA by inhibiting the production of MIF, as a top in cytokines related to inflammation.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.148-160
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• 2005

Objective: We investigated the effects of deer antler extract (DAE) on the expression of the weight, leptin, and serum levels (lipid metabolism) of the obese SD rats induced by a $2\%$ cholesterol diet in vivo. Methods: In vivo, the weight, leptin and serum levels were measured after a period of 7 weeks for obese SD rats induced by a $2\%$ cholesterol diet and treated with DAE of three concentrations (0.938 g/kg/5ml, 1.875 g/kg/5ml, 3.75 g/kg/5ml). Results: 1. Body weight didn't change significantly. 2. Leptin levels significantly decreased (p<0.05). 3. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDH, sGOT & sGPT levels significantly decreased in the sample (p<0.05). 4. The HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased in the sample (p<0.05). 5. The average size of the epididymal fat cells significantly decreased as the concentration of deer antler extract increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Deer antler effects inhibition of obese rats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.429-438
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding CLA and coumarin on the changes of biochemical composition of velvet antler and blood serum in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). There were no significant differences between treatments in crude protein, crude fiber, and crude ash contents of velvet antler. The content of fatty acid did not differ between treatments, although there were significant differences (P<0.05) in C16:0 and C20:0. The content of collagen was significantly higher (P<0.05) in control than those in CLA and coumarin treatments. There were no significant differences between treatments in the contents of amino acids. Some constituents of blood showed much differences in comparison of pre and post-experiment for all treatments. Feeding of CLA and coumarin was not influential on the chemical composition of velvet antler and blood serum.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1718-1723
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• 2009

본 연구는 부위별 녹용 추출물이 PHZ 투여로 용혈성 빈혈을 유도한 흰쥐의 조혈작용에 대한 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 4주령의 암컷 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐에 PHZ 10 mg/kg을 4일간 미정맥 주사하여 용혈성 빈혈을 유발한 후 각 부위별 녹용 추출물 200 mg/kg을 일주일간 경구투여 하였다. 용혈성 빈혈 유발군인 PHZ군은 hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 적혈구수가 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였고, 망상적 혈구수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 반면, 녹용 추출물 군에서 는 hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 적혈구수가 PHZ 투여군보다 증가하였다. 특히 분골, 상대, 중대 추출물 투여 시 유의성있게 증가하였다. 상대 추출물 투여군에서는 망상적혈구수 증가가 유의적으로 억제되었다. PHZ 투여로 증가된 혈청 EPO 함량은 녹용 추출물 투여군에서 모두 정상적으로 회복 되었다. Hemoglobin 합성에 관여하는 $\delta$-ALAD 활성은 녹용 추출물 투여군에서 활성이 증가되는 결과를 보여주었다. 따라서 녹용 추출물은 PHZ으로 유도한 용혈성 빈혈에 대한 바람직한 조혈효과가 있는 기능성 물질로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate changes in blood enzyme parameters and to evaluate the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), antler growth and body weight during the antler growth of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Serum enzyme activity and IGF-1 concentrations were measured in blood samples collected from the jugular and femoral veins at regular intervals during the antler growth period. Blood samples were taken in the morning from fasted stags (n = 12) which were healthy and showed no clinical signs of disease. Alfalfa was available ad libitum and concentrates were given at 1% of body weight to all stags. The experimental diet was provided at 9 am with water available at all times. There were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase during antler growth, but alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased with antler growth progression, and the highest alkaline phosphatase concentration was obtained 55 days after antler casting. Serum IGF-1 concentrations measured from blood samples taken from the jugular vein during antler growth, determined that levels of IGF-1 was associated with body weight and antler growth patterns. Serum IGF-1 concentrations were higher at the antler cutting date than other sampling dates. Antler length increased significantly during antler growth (p<0.001), and there was a similar trend to between right and left beams. Body weight increased with antler growth but was not significant. Consequently it appeared that serum alkaline phosphatase concentration was related to antler growth and both antler growth and body weight were associated positively with IGF-1 concentrations during antler growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1546-1550
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• 2007

This study aimed to provide basic information as the foundation for further studies on the assessment of velvet antler quality by investigating the changes in fatty acid, vitamin A and E, minerals and GAGs contents by development stage of antler in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Twelve stags (aged 4 to 5 years) were divided into two groups and velvet antler harvested 40 days (FDG) and 60 days (SDG) after casting of the buttons from the previous set. Total saturated fatty acid was lower in FDG than SDG (p<0.05). Total monounsaturated fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid (p<0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acid and ${\omega}$3 fatty acid were higher in FDG than SDG. The vitamin A content of FDG was higher than that of SDG, but the vitamin E content of FDG was lower than that of SDG (p<0.05). SDG had significantly higher calcium and phosphate content than FDG (p<0.05). The magnesium content showed a similar trend to the contents of calcium and phosphate, but there was no significant difference between SDG and FDG. Uronic acid content was higher in FDG than SDG but there was no significant difference. The contents of GAGs and sialic acid were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FDG than SDG. These results indicated that the longer stage of antler development had lower content of activating components and this lead to a decrease of antler quality.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

본 연구는 사슴뿔이 발생되지 않는 암사슴의 전두골의 뿔 발생예정지역의 좌우 양측골막에 $CaCl_2$ 용액의 주사로 인위적인 뿔 발생유도에 의한 뿔 발생유도율 및 뿔 생산량을 조사하고, 암사슴의 뿔 발생유도가 번식에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 엘크 암사슴 11두를 공시하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 엘크 암사슴에 $CaCl_2$ 처리 농도에 따른 뿔 발생유도는 $CaCl_2$ 30 및 50 % 처리구가 15 % 처리구보다 뿔 발생유도율이 높았으며, 뿔의 생산량에 있어서는 $CaCl_2$ 30 % 처리구가 15 및 50 % 처리구보다 많은 사슴뿔의 생산량을 보였고, $CaCl_2$ 30 % 처리구내 투여량에 있어서는 1.5 ml 및 2.0 ml 투여가 다른 투여수준에 비하여 뿔의 길이와 생산량이 우수 하였다. 암사슴 뿔의 발생유도 후에도 분만율은 75 ~ 100 % 로 번식에는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단되었으며, 암사슴의 재생뿔 발생율은 총 11두중 5두가 발생하여 45.0 %로 불규칙한 발생율을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 $CaCl_2$ 용액 처리에 의한 엘크 암사슴의 뿔 발생유도 및 뿔 생산량에 있어서는 $CaCl_2$ 용액의 농도는 30 %가 적절하고, 투여수준은 1.5 및 2.0 ml 주사시 뿔의 발생유도율 및 생산량을 증대시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각되며, 인위적인 암사슴 뿔의 유도시에도 번식에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1147-1153
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• 2004

3주 동안 매일 200 mL의 녹용추출물 보충이 제2형 당뇨환자의 혈당수치, 혈장 지질 수준 및 항산화 영양상태 등에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여, 당뇨환자군(10명)에게 중재연구를 수행하였다 3주 동안의 녹용추출물 섭취 후의 지질 수준을 섭취 전과 비교해 보면 당뇨환자군에게서 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤 및 HDL-콜레스테롤 수준은 녹용추출물 섭취 전후에 변화가 나타나지 않았으나 혈장 중성지방의 평균수준은 녹용섭 취 후에 다소 낮아지는 경 향을 보였다. 혈장 내 LDL의 산화정도에 영향을 미치는 혈장 평균 CD수준은 녹용 추출물 섭취 전 53.78kl.75 UmoyL에서 섭취 후 51.03$\pm$1.30 $\mu$mol/L로 약 5% 정도의 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 녹용추출물 섭취 후 대상자에게서 혈장 항산화 비타민농도, 총항산화능인 TRAP 수준 및 항산화 효소 활성도의 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 녹용추출물 섭취 전과 후에 환자군의 혈장 GOT와 GPT 수준은 변화가 없었다. 본 연구결과 녹용 섭취 후 당뇨환자의 혈장 CD값이 감소하였으므로 이런 결과가 당뇨환자의 항산화 상태의 개선과 관련이 있을 것으로 기대하였으나 항산화 상태의 향상이 나타나지 않은 것으로 보아 당뇨환자에게서 녹용추출물 섭취 후에 나타났던 CD 감소효과는 항산화와는 다른 기전이 관련되어 있는 것으로 보여진다. 최근 우리나라에도 당뇨병 환자가 증가하는 것과 더불어 건강기능식품에 대한 관심이 증대하고 있으므로 앞으로 당뇨환자의 LDL 산화 정도를 개선하는 영양중재 연구 및 건강기능식품에 관한 연구가 보다 폭 넓고 다양하게 이루어져야 하리라고 생각된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 1994

In this study, we examined gangliosides from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat brain. To obtain the diabetic rat brain, we sacrified the rat three days after injecting the streptozotocin into venus in tail. We measured blood glucose level according to Somogy-Nelson method and measured insulin level using $^{125}$ I-insulin RIA kit. The gangliosides were extracted according to Folch-Suzuki method from the rat brain. We also examined the effect of major lipid components extracted from deer antler on diabetic rat brain. The results showed that the major lipids components lowered both blood glucose and insulin level in normal rat. However only the blood glucose level in diabetic rat was lowered with major lipid components. In diabetic rat brain, gangliosides metabolism were changed. The amount of GMla was increased while GDla, GDlb, and GTlb were not synthesized. Furthermore, undefined ganglioside was found. In major lipid component-treated diabetic rat brain, the ganglioside metabolism proceeded as same as the normal rat. On the contrary, in bovine brain gangliosides-treated diabetic rat brain, the gangliosides metabolism was not recovered to normal one.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1367-1376
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• 2024

Objective: Parathyroid hormone like hormone (PTHLH), as an essential factor for bone growth, is involved in a variety of physiological processes. The aim of this study was to explore the role of PTHLH gene in the growth of antlers. Methods: The coding sequence (CDS) of PTHLH gene cDNA was obtained by cloning in sika deer (Cervus nippon), and the bioinformatics was analyzed. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the differences expression of PTHLH mRNA in different tissues of the antler tip at different growth periods (early period, EP; middle period, MP; late period, LP). Results: The CDS of PTHLH gene was 534 bp in length and encoded 177 amino acids. Predictive analysis results revealed that the PTHLH protein was a hydrophilic protein without transmembrane structure, with its secondary structure consisting mainly of random coil. The PTHLH protein of sika deer had the identity of 98.31%, 96.82%, 96.05%, and 94.92% with Cervus canadensis, Bos mutus, Oryx dammah and Budorcas taxicolor, which were highly conserved among the artiodactyls. The qRT-PCR results showed that PTHLH mRNA had a unique spatio-temporal expression pattern in antlers. In the dermis, precartilage, and cartilage tissues, the expression of PTHLH mRNA was extremely significantly higher in MP than in EP, LP (p<0.01). In the mesenchyme tissue, the expression of PTHLH mRNA in MP was significantly higher than that of EP (p<0.05), but extremely significantly lower than that of LP (p<0.01). The expression of PTHLH mRNA in antler tip tissues at all growth periods had approximately the same trend, that is, from distal to basal, it was first downregulated from the dermis to the mesenchyme and then continuously up-regulated to the cartilage tissue. Conclusion: PTHLH gene may promote the rapid growth of antler mainly through its extensive regulatory effect on the antler tip tissue.