• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.139-142
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a system of clinical application of reconstructed dose that includes dose reconstruction, reconstructed dose registration between fractions of treatment, and dose-volume-histogram generation and to demonstrate the system on a deformable prostate phantom. To achieve this purpose, a deformable prostate phantom was embedded into a 20 cm-deep and 40 cm-wide water phantom. The phantom was CT scanned and the anatomical models of prostate, seminal vesicles, and rectum were contoured. A coplanar 4-field intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan was used for this study. Organ deformation was simulated by inserting a "transrectal" balloon containing 20 ml of water. A new CT scan was obtained and the deformed structures were contoured. Dose responses in phantoms and electronic portal imaging device (EPID) were calculated by using the XVMC Monte Carlo code. The IMRT plan was delivered to the two phantoms and integrated EPID images were respectively acquired. Dose reconstruction was performed on these images using the calculated responses. The deformed phantom was registered to the original phantom using an in-house developed software based on the Demons algorithm. The transfer matrix for each voxel was obtained and used to correlate the two sets of the reconstructed dose to generate a cumulative reconstructed dose on the original phantom. Forwardly calculated planning dose in the original phantom was compared to the cumulative reconstructed dose from EPID in the original phantom. The prescribed 200 cGy isodose lines showed little difference with respect to the "prostate" and "seminal vesicles", but appreciable difference (3%) was observed at the dose level greater than 210 cGy. In the rectum, the reconstructed dose showed lower volume coverage by a few percent than the plan dose in the dose range of 150 to 200 cGy. Through this study, the system of clinical application of reconstructed dose was successfully developed and demonstrated. The organ deformation simulated in this study resulted in small but observable dose changes in the target and critical structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.80-81
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• 2012

Recently, one of the critical issues in the etching processes of the nanoscale devices is to achieve ultra-high aspect ratio contact (UHARC) profile without anomalous behaviors such as sidewall bowing, and twisting profile. To achieve this goal, the fluorocarbon plasmas with major advantage of the sidewall passivation have been used commonly with numerous additives to obtain the ideal etch profiles. However, they still suffer from formidable challenges such as tight limits of sidewall bowing and controlling the randomly distorted features in nanoscale etching profile. Furthermore, the absence of the available plasma simulation tools has made it difficult to develop revolutionary technologies to overcome these process limitations, including novel plasma chemistries, and plasma sources. As an effort to address these issues, we performed a fluorocarbon surface kinetic modeling based on the experimental plasma diagnostic data for silicon dioxide etching process under inductively coupled C4F6/Ar/O2 plasmas. For this work, the SiO2 etch rates were investigated with bulk plasma diagnostics tools such as Langmuir probe, cutoff probe and Quadruple Mass Spectrometer (QMS). The surface chemistries of the etched samples were measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer. To measure plasma parameters, the self-cleaned RF Langmuir probe was used for polymer deposition environment on the probe tip and double-checked by the cutoff probe which was known to be a precise plasma diagnostic tool for the electron density measurement. In addition, neutral and ion fluxes from bulk plasma were monitored with appearance methods using QMS signal. Based on these experimental data, we proposed a phenomenological, and realistic two-layer surface reaction model of SiO2 etch process under the overlying polymer passivation layer, considering material balance of deposition and etching through steady-state fluorocarbon layer. The predicted surface reaction modeling results showed good agreement with the experimental data. With the above studies of plasma surface reaction, we have developed a 3D topography simulator using the multi-layer level set algorithm and new memory saving technique, which is suitable in 3D UHARC etch simulation. Ballistic transports of neutral and ion species inside feature profile was considered by deterministic and Monte Carlo methods, respectively. In case of ultra-high aspect ratio contact hole etching, it is already well-known that the huge computational burden is required for realistic consideration of these ballistic transports. To address this issue, the related computational codes were efficiently parallelized for GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) computing, so that the total computation time could be improved more than few hundred times compared to the serial version. Finally, the 3D topography simulator was integrated with ballistic transport module and etch reaction model. Realistic etch-profile simulations with consideration of the sidewall polymer passivation layer were demonstrated.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 1996

This research was carried out to clarify effects of cultural condition on the content of Alisol B-monoacetate, whose function is antihypercolesterol in blood, and yield in Alisma Rhizomes. When the corm part of Alisma Rhizomes was extracted by shaking extraction at $25^{\circ}C$ and reflux extraction at $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ four times, the total content of Alisol B-monoacetate was 0. 402%, 0. 425% and 0. 402% at $25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. The recovery rate was 97% by three times extraction at $25^{\circ}C$, and 96% and 97% by three times extraction at $40^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. When the corm was harvested on Oct. 30, the content of Alisol B-monoacetate was 0. 46% but it was increased to 0. 71% on Nov. 30. In the case of Oct. 30, the corms of $S(4{\sim}14g\; FW)$ size were determined to contain the highest level of Alisol B-monoacetate (0. 53%), and the content was decreased as the corn size was increased. This tendency was also adopted on Nov. 30. On the other hand, the content of crude protein and starch was changed rarely by the period of harvest. When the planting depth was $0{\sim}1cm$, the yield was the highest as 206kg/10a, and the yield was decreased as the planting depth was deep. The variation of the content of Alisol B-monoacetate was small as 0. 33% to 0. 39% by planting depth. From the above results it could be concluded that the optimum time for harvest of Alisma Rhizomes is Nov. 30 and the optimum planting depth is $0{\sim}1cm$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 1996

Studies on menstruation have focused only on menstruation itself and menstrual disorders. The menstruating girls or women have been neglected. So, the purpose of this study was to understand menstrual experience of adolescent girls in their perspective and build a theory on it, The specific purpose of this study were to find initial reaction of the girls, their strategies to adapt to menstruation. consequences of their efforts, influencing factor, and patterns of experience. The subjects of this study were eleven adolescent girls who experienced menarche three months to twenty-six months before the interview time. They were selected purposively. Their ages were in range of twelve and sixteen. One of them was a elementary school girl, three high school girls, and seven middle school girls. Two girls were handicapped because of cerebral palsy. All of them had some knowledge about menstrual physiology and hygiene during menstruation. Data were collected from September, 1994 to July, 1995. Data collection ＆ analysis were done according to the grounded theory methodology by Strauss ＆ Corbin(1990). Data collecting method was the long interviews and observation. Each interview took from 1 hour to 2 hours. Interview were tape-recorded and transcribed later by author. Data were analyzed immediately after interviews. Based on the results of previous interview, next interview were planned until gathered data reached the saturation point. Results were as follows. One hundred and six concepts were found. Those concepts were grouped into twenty eight categories and then fourteen higher categories. Twenty eight categories were as follows. “want to hide”, “bewildered”, “sense of burden”, “sense of heterogeneity”. “gladness”. “sense of superiority”, “negative empathy”, “positive empathy”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “lack of knowledge”, “lack of support”, “advance knowledge”, “informational support”, “emotional support”, “endurance”, “prayer”, “disclosing”, “avoidance”, “diversion”, “sense of powerlessness”, “discovery of sex identity”, “sense of maturation”, “sense of stability”, “acceptance of menstruation ”. fourteen higher categories were as follows. “negative feeling”, “posive feeling”, “exchange of feeling”, “limited hygenic control”, “sense of timing”, “accumulated experience”, “dysmenorrhea”, “level of knowledge”, “need for support”, “perceived support”, “sharing of feeling”, “self-control”, “passive acceptance”, “active acceptance”. The core category was “emotional shaking”, which consisted of “positive feeling” and “negative feeling”. “Emotional shaking”comes up to every adolescent girls experiencing menarche, independently of any contextual conditions, and its dimension has two directions : positive one and negative one. Its influencing factors were time of menarche, advance knowledge, support from the significant persons, expression and self-regulation. Even if they showed different process of adaptation to menstruation, general process of adaptation were as follows : 1. stage of emotional shaking 2. stage of acceptance 3. stage of internalization of the menstrual experience. Seven patterns existed on the process of adaptation to menstruation after menarche. Those are as follows. 1. If girls thought their menarche came too early and they had not much knowledge on menstruation, they had a kind of negative feeling. If they did not get enough support and dysmenorrhea superimposed, they came to accept menstruation passively. 2. If girls had menarche too early. they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge. But support helped them accept menstruation easily. 3. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. But by experiencing subsequent menstruations and disclosing feeling, they began to accept menstruation. 4. If girls had menarche too lately and they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. they had positive feeling. If dysmenorrhea superimposed later, their feeling turned in to negative one. But they came to accept menstruation positively by disclosing feeling and getting support. 5. If girls had menarche too early, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge on menstruation. In addition to this. if dysmenorrhes superimposed while they did not get enough support, they felt powerless and came to accept menstruation passively. 6. If girls had menarche too early and did not get enough advance knowledge, they had negative feeling. But disclosing feeling and support made them get sense of homogeneity and began to accept menstruation. 7. If girls had handicap, they had negative feeling, even though they had enough advance knowledge and menarche was late. But Menarche made them get feel sexual identity. Their limited hygenic control and negative empathy from their mothers made them accept menstruation passively. To let adolescent girls take their menstrual experience as a part of their lives forming a positive sense of feminine identity, it needs qualified teaching and, support and deep concern of the significant others. Nurses including school nurses should try to develop an educational program, which include menstrual physiology. hygiene during menstrual period, meaning of menstruation and impact of menstruation on the development of female sexual identity.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.4 s.100
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• pp.423-432
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations in water, protein, lipid, ascorbic acid, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents of 17 vegetables and 4 fruits that are available all the year round and frequently consumed by Koreans. The water contents of the fruits ranged from 83-89%, and the vegetables contained more water than the fruits. The apples and pears had more water in the spring and summer than in the fall and winter. The tangerines showed a high water content in the winter, whereas the strawberries contained more water in the fall. The vegetables also showed seasonal variations in water content. The protein contents of the fruits were lower than 1%; the cucumbers contained 0.1% protein, which was the lowest level, but spinach, lettuce, bean sprouts, sesame leaves, and mushrooms had more than 1% protein. The ascorbic acid and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents of the apples, pears, and tangerines were higher in the fall and winter than in the spring and summer. The vegetables, in general, contained more ascorbic acid than the fruits. The cabbage and radishes showed higher ascorbic acid contents in the fall and winter than in the spring and summer, indicating that vegetables as well as fruits are more nutritious during their harvest season. The zucchini, spinaches, and green peppers had higher ${\beta}-carotene$ contents in the winter than in the other seasons. The above results show that there were seasonal differences in the ascorbic acid and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents of the fruits and vegetables. In addition, the fruits and vegetables had a tendency to contain more ascorbic acid and ${\beta}-carotene$ in the season they were harvested. Therefore, we recommend the consumption of those fruits and vegetables during their harvest season.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

According to analyses of high-resolution seismic profiles (air gun, sparker, and SBP) and a deep-drill core(YSDP 105) in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea, stratigraphic and geoacoustic models have been established and seismo-acoustic modeling has been fulfilled using ray tracing of finite element method. Stratigraphic model reflects seismo-, litho-, and chrono-stratigraphic sequences formed under a significant influence of Quaternary glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Each sequence consists of terrestrial to very-shallow-marine coarse-grained lowstand systems tract and tidal fine-grained transgressive to highstand systems tract. Based on mean grain-size data (121 samples) of the drill core, bulk density and P-wave velocity of depositional units have been inferred and extrapolated down to a depth of the recovery using the Hamilton's regression equations. As goo-acoustic parameters, the 121 pairs of bulk density and P-wave velocity have been averaged on each unit of the stratigraphic model. As a result of computer ray-tracing simulation of the subsurface strata, we have found that there are complex ray paths and many acoustic-shadow zones owing to the presence of irregular layer boundaries and low-velocity layers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.131-155
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• 1983

Though it has been widely known the nitrogen effects are influenced by soils, varieties, and mineral nutrients in the rice culture, few analyses in relation to the factors increasing nitrogen effect have been studied in Korea. The effects of potassium and silica on the factors increasing nitrogen effects in paddy soils were investigated in accordance with soil improvement practices and nitrogen application methods for the cultivated varieties. The results obtained are as follows. 1. For 413 paddy fields, the yield from soils without nitrogen application ranged from 200 to 850kg/10a and that from nitrogen application did 350 to 1,051kg/10a. The yield increament by nitrogen application varied 50 to 650kg/10a depending on soils. 2. Soil chemical characteristics for high yield were different between with nitrogen and without nitrogen application. In the without nitrogen application, however, contents of organic matter, phosphorous, potassium and calcium of high yield soils were lower than those of low yield, while the available silica content was higher in the former. 3. The yield increased with nitrogen application up to 22.4kg/10a and thereafter it decreased. These phenomena were supposed to be not be decrease of nitrogen uptake but by lowered silica uptake. 4. Clay soil incorporation, deep plough, and inorganic constituents control such as Ca, Mg, and $Sio_2$ were effective as soil improvement praitices. It was appeared that increases of silica content and Ca/Mg ratio were important to increase nitrogen effects. 5. For the correlation between yield and yield components, it was high between yield and panicle in low nitrogen level and so was it between grain yield and ripening rate in high nitrogen. 6. In the urea and super granule urea application plot, recovery rate of nitrogen by plant and soil was high and yield was remarkable high. 7. Regardless of fertilizer types such as ammonium sulfate and urea, the residual nitrogen was about 4kg/10a in both plots of 5.8 and 11.6kg/10a. N applied. 8. The potassium application to soil enhanced the nitrogen efficiency. It was more effective in low potassium soil. 9. Optimum pH value for gel formation in the 4% sodium silicate solution was approximately 6.6. 10. It was suggested that silica could affect to rice plant growth as the inorganic and organic chemical components.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.152-155
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• 2014

An 11-year-old castrated Schnauzer presented with paraplegia for the last two weeks, initially developed pelvic limb ataxia 6 months ago and left pelvic limb paresis 3 months ago. On neurological examination, paraplegia and postural reaction deficits were noted in the pelvic limbs with no deep pain sensation, and the dog showed exaggerated spinal reflexes and involuntary urination. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of thoracolumbar spinal cord were obtained with a 0.3 Tesla magnet. A mass with a broad base to the dorsal and left dural margins was identified at the level of L2, causing marked spinal cord compression. The mass showed isointensity to the spinal cord on T1-weighted (T1W) precontrast images, hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, marked homogeneous contrast enhancement with well-defined margins and the "dural tail" sign on T1W postcontrast images. An intradural-extramedullay tumor was considered, most likely, meningioma was highly suggestive. Left-sided hemilaminectomy and dorsal laminectomy were performed. An intradural mass partially adherent to dura mater was compressing the spinal cord, and the mass was completely removed with the attached dura mater. A histopathologic diagnosis of angiomatous subtype meningioma was made.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.95-109
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• 2013

The practices and processes of HRM (Human Resource Management) for university faculty in Korea depend heavily on assessment of research and teaching rather than the UIC (University-Industry Cooperation) performance. In this regard, HRM of Korean universities is said to be far distant from UIC. Although policy initiatives by the Korean government, notably the MoE (Ministry of Education) have implemented in most universities, the desirable level of UIC could not be achieved yet. Moreover, the very notion of 'university' in Korea is much more to do with 'pure' education and research institution than with 'applied' and 'vocational' purpose. Considering upon HRM practices and organizational culture, for enhancing UIC in Korea, the government's policy should be linked to alter deep-rooted university culture. So the aims of the research are to describe the current state of HRM in Korean and foreign universities; to find out the critical factors of UIC in Korean universities; to analyze the gaps between university research and industrial commercialization based on a conceptual framework, the 'valley of the death'; and to recommend HRM policies fostering UIC for the MoE. For achieving these objectives, we deploy multiple methodologies, namely, in-depth interview, literature survey, and statistical data analysis with regard to UIC. Analyzing the data we have collected, the present research sheds light on all aspects of HRM processes and UICs. And the main policy implication is restricted to the Korean universities, even if we have collected and analyzed foreign universities, notably universities in the USA. The research findings are mainly two folds. Firstly, the HRM practices among Korean universities are very similar due to the legally institutionalized framework and the government's regulations. Secondly, the difficulties of UIC can be explained by notion of the 'valley of death' ways in which both parties of university and industry are looking for different purposes and directions. In order to overcome the gap in the valley of death, the HRM policy is better to be considered as leverage. Finally, the policy recommendations are as follows. Firstly, various kinds of UIC programs are able to enhance the performances of not only UIC, but also education and research outcome. Secondly, fostering organizational climate and culture for UIC, employing various UIC programs, and hiring industry-experienced faculty are all very important for enhancing the high performance of university. We recommend the HRM policies fostering UIC by means of indirect way rather than funding directly for university. The HRM policy of indirect support is more likely to have long-term effectiveness while the government's direct intervention to UIC will have likely short-term effectiveness as the previous policy initiatives have shown. The MEST's policy means of indirect support might vary from financial incentives to the universities practicing HRM for UIC voluntarily, to information disclosure for UIC. The benefits of the present research can be found in suggesting HRM policy for UIC, highlighting the significance of industry-experienced faculty for UIC, and providing statistical analysis and evidences of UIC in Korean universities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.983-991
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• 2012

These days, agricultural products cultivated in facilities occupy the highest percentage of agricultural output price. Specifically cucumbers have been one of the crops that farmers prefer to growing, because their prices were high. However, cucumber crop is sensitive to the soil and environments and it requires the exact crop management. In order to establish cultivation techniques for cucumbers, the current situation of cucumber cultivation was surveyed from ten cucumber farmlands; five farmlands of cucumber cultivation in forcing and five of semi-forcing practicing systems, respectably. The soil conditions were alluvial or valley in soil topology, moderately or poorly drainage in soil drainage classes, coarse loamy in soil texture family. Soil was managed with deep plowing combined with application of basal fertilizers such as compost, rice straw, oil cake, wood chip and chemical fertilizer. The whole soil was prepared in uniformly with rotary. Three major nutrients ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$)of basal application were 815-464-529 kg $ha^{-1}$ in forcing and 197-135-151 kg $ha^{-1}$ in semi-forcing cultivation. Top dressing of fertilizer was supplied in fertigation system of macro and micro elements in 2~3 day interval with water irrigation. The average yields of cucumbers were $168t\;ha^{-1}$ with 381,000 thousand won $ha^{-1}$ in average gross profit (AGP) in forcing cultivation and $115t\;ha^{-1}$ with 177,000 thousand won $ha^{-1}$ in AGP in semi-forcing cultivation. Cucumber production during the winter season was considered to increase the gross profit because cucumber price tends to stay in high level during this time. The accumulation of soil chemicals like EC, available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable cations could be controlled by rice straw application. The rice straw application increased soil temperature during the winter season, in exchange of soil air, and in extension of plant roots. In addition, the rice straw application somewhat affected decrease of salts accumulation.