• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1132-1140
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• 2011

When the offshore wind power plant is planned to construct, it is important for the wind farm site to figure out the distribution of the weak soil layers that might cause subsidence by the impact of the external moment from the wind plant's load and an oscillating wind load. Coring test is the optimistic method to figure out weak soil layers, but this method have some problem such as condition of the in-situ or economical limitation. In order to make up for the weak points in coring test, the researches using the geostatistics methods is actually done. In this study, setting a fixed coastal area that offshore wind plants construct firstly and Estimation of distribution on the thickness of the weak soil layer through the geostatistic method is conducted. The weak soil layer is sorted by result of the Standard penetration test, geostatistic method is used to ordinary kring and sequential gaussian simulation and compared to both method's result. As a results of study, we found that both methods show similar estimations of deep weak soil layer and we could evaluate quantitatively the uncertainty of the result.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.26-34
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• 2014

A $1.5m(L){\times}1.0m(W){\times}1.1m(H)$ polypropylene (PP) field scale electroniketic system coupled with stainless steel electrodes was designed to examined metal removal performance applied 0.2-0.35 V/cm potential gradient and 0.05-0.5M lactic acid for 20 day. Electroosmosis permeabilities of $2.2{\times}10^{-5}cm^2/V-s$ to $4.8{\times}10^{-5}cm^2/V-s$ were observed and it increased with the potential gradient increased. The reservoir pH controlled at $7.0{\pm}1.0$ has been effectively diminished the clogging of most metal oxides. The best removal efficiency of Zn, Pb, and Ni was 78.4%, 84.3%, and 40.1%, respectively, in the field scale EK system applied 0.35 V/cm and 0.05M lactic acid for 20 days. Increasing potential gradient would more effectively enhance metal removal than increasing concentration of processing fluid. The reservoir and soil temperatures were majorly related to potential gradient and power consumptio. A $4-16^{\circ}C$ above room temperature was observed in the investigated system. It was found that the temperature increase in soil transported the pore water and metals from bottom to the topsoil. This vertical transport phenomenon is critical for the electrokinetic process to remediate in-situ deep pollution.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.19-27
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• 2001

In this seismic analyses of structures, it is well recognized that the effects of soil-structure interaction can not be ignored and seismic responses of a structure taking into account the stiffnesses of a foundation-soil system show the significant difference from those with a rigid base. However, current seismic analyses of apartment building structures were carried out with the rigid base ignoring the characteristics of the foundation and the properties of the underlying soil. In this study, seismic analyses of wall-slob type apartment buildings which have a particular structural type were carried out taking into account the soft soil layer comparing seismic response spectra of a flexible base with those of a rigid base and UBC-97. Low-rise or middle height wall-slab type apartment buildings built on the deep soft soil layer showed a rigid body motion with the reduced seismic responses due to the base isolation effect, indicating that it is considerably safe but uneconomical to utilize the design spectra of UB-97 for the seismic design of wall-slab type apartment buildings due to conservative design.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.381-387
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• 2003

Winter hairy vetch (HV) can be used as green manure with conventional tillage system (CT), in which chemical N fertilizer required for cultivation of sub-sequent com could be fully saved, or as cover crop with no-tillage system (NT) in which soil could be protected from erosion, control of weed, and the reduction of N fertilizer application. This experiment was carried out to compare the enrichment of soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) at corn root zone, and the changes of com growth and N uptake according to HV amounts (winter fallow, above-ground HV removed, intact HV, and HV added from aboveground HV removed) under two tillage systems in the upland field of National Crop Experiment Station, Suwon, Korea in 1996. HV cultivation during winter decreased SMN a little at com planting. HV incorporation with CT increased SMN rapidly during early growth stage according to rapid decomposition of Hv. SMN by HV cover with NT was increased slowly and its increase was higher in the surface soil (soil layer 0-7.5cm) compared to deep soil layer 7.5-22cm. Com growth and N status at corn silking stage, com yield and N uptake at harvest were increased in proportion to aboveground HV amounts regardless of tillage system. Average hairy vetch nitrogen (HV-N) uptake efficiency by com was 10% higher with CT than with NT in which average HV-N uptake efficiency was 43 %. Corn yields were not different between two tillage systems, but corn N uptake was increased by 33 kgN/ha more with CT than with NT due to the increase of corn N concentration. The increase of SMN and com N uptake from HV cover with NT could not be disregarded though those with CT were higher than with NT

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1998

During an earthquake, there are three main components of excitation : horizontal excitation of the ground, vertical excitation of the pile due to superstructure feedback produced by vertical excitation of the ground, and the seawater excitation induced by the vertical ground shaking, that is, "the seaquake." These excitations could have effects on the soil plugs in open-ended pie piles installed at offshore sites. In this study, seaquake excitation induced by the vertical ground shaking was simulated by pulsing the water pressure at the seabed. During a seaquake, due to the induced excess porewater pressure and pressure gradients in the soil, the capacity of open-ended pipe piles installed in a simulated sea depth of greate than 220 m was reduced serevely and the soil plugging resistance was degraded by more than 80% The soil plug was failed because of eh upward seepage forces that developed in the soil plug due to excess pore water pressure produced in the bottom of the soil plug during the seaquake, The compressive capacity of ar open-ended pile in a simulated sea depth of less than 220 m was reduced only by about 10% and the soil plug resistance was degraded by less than 5%.s than 5%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.385-396
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• 2022

The accurate determination of the subgrade reaction modulus (K_s) of soil is an important factor for geotechnical engineers. This study estimated the K_s of soft soil improved with floating deep cement mixing (DCM) columns. A novel prediction model was developed that emphasizes the accuracy of identifying the most significant parameters of K_s. Several multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models that were trained using the Levenberg Marquardt (LM) backpropagation method were developed to estimate K_s. The models were trained using a reliable database containing the results of 36 physical modelling tests. The input parameters were the undrained shear strength of the DCM columns, undrained shear strength of soft soil, area improvement ratio and length-to-diameter ratio of the DCM columns. Grey wolf optimization (GWO) was coupled with the MLPs to improve the performance indices of the MLPs. Sensitivity tests were carried out to determine the importance of the input parameters for prediction of K_s. The results showed that both the MLP-LM and MLP-GWO methods showed high ability to predict K_s. However, it was shown that MLP-GWO (R = 0.9917, MSE = 0.28 (MN/m²/m)) performed better than MLP-LM (R =0.9126, MSE =6.1916 (MN/m²/m)). This proves the greater reliability of the proposed hybrid model of MLP-GWO in approximating the subgrade reaction modulus of soft soil improved with floating DCM columns. The results revealed that the undrained shear strength of the soil was the most effective factor for estimation of K_s.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.3
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• pp.83-87
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• 1965

This experiment was done to observe the morphological change of plant under the cultivation of deep ploughing and heavy fertilization with paddy rice 1963 at Seoul. A seedling of 35 days old was transplanted June 1st, in a galvanized iron pot with botton 20 cm in diameter, which was painted white inside and filled with sand mixed with fertilizers. The treatments were 15cm soil depth of normal fertilization, 30cm of fertilization twice and 45cm of fertilization thrice. Replications were three. The plant was observed on main stem Aug. 6 before heading, Sep. 12 after heading and Oct. 17 at the time of harvest at the same pot. The results are as follows. The length and the width of leaf blades of the upper part on main stem have the tendency to be big and vigorous with the deep ploughing and heavy fertilizations(Fig 1, 2, 3 and 4). The number and the size of vascular bundles of main stem is to increase when the paddy is cultivated with the method of deep ploughing and heavy fertilizations(Fig 5). The number and the weight of roots of main stem increases with deep ploughing and heavy fertilizations(Fig 6).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

Recently, a deep mixture method as a soil improvement method of marine soft ground, which causes less noise and vibration than other methods, are widely used. In this study, for DCM(Deep Cement Mixing) method, one of the deep mixture method, optimum mixing ratio of clay-cement was suggested using uniaxial compression tests on specimens with various mixing ratio of claycement. In addition, the stability of a caisson on tangent circle-type and wall-type DCM treated ground was evaluated using centrifuge tests. As a result, optimum mixing ratio of clay-cement was 28.5% and the stability of the caisson on DCM treated ground was confirmed. However, the lateral displacement of the caisson on the wall-type DCM treated ground was 7% less and the settlement of that was 39% less than the case of the tangent-circle-type DCM method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.450-450
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• 2021

기후변화 보고서에 따르면 집중 호우의 강도 및 빈도 증가가 향후 몇 년동안 지속될 것이라 제시하였다. 이러한 집중호우가 빈번히 발생하게 된다면 강우 침식성이 증가하여 표토 침식에 더 취약하게 발생된다. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 입력 매개 변수 중 하나인 강우침식능인자는 토양 유실을 예측할때 강우 강도의 미치는 영향을 제시하는 인자이다. 선행 연구에서 USLE 방법을 사용하여 강우침식능인자를 산정하였지만, 60분 단위 강우자료를 이용하였기 때문에 정확한 30분 최대 강우강도 산정을 고려하지 못하는 한계점이 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 강우침식능인자를 이전의 진행된 방법보다 더 빠르고 정확하게 예측하는 머신러닝 모델을 개발하며, 총 월별 강우량, 최대 일 강우량 및 최대 시간별 강우량 데이터만 있어도 산정이 가능하도록 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 강우침식능인자의 산정 값의 정확도를 높이기 위해 1분 간격 강우 데이터를 사용하며, 최근 강우 패턴을 반영하기 위해서 2013-2019년 자료로 이용했다. 우선, 월별 특성을 파악하기 위해 USLE 계산 방법을 사용하여 월별 강우침식능인자를 산정하였고, 국내 50개 지점을 대상으로 계산된 월별 강우침식능인자를 실측 값으로 정하여, 머신러닝 모델을 통하여 강우침식능인자 예측하도록 학습시켜 분석하였다. 이 연구에 사용된 머신러닝 모델들은 Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, Gradient Boosting, eXtreme Gradient Boost 및 Deep Neural Network을 이용하였다. 또한, 교차 검증을 통해서 모델 중 Deep Neural Network이 강우침식능인자 예측 정확도가 가장 높게 산정하였다. Deep Neural Network은 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) 와 Coefficient of determination (R²)의 결과값이 0.87로서 모델의 예측성을 입증하였으며, 검증 모델을 테스트 하기 위해 국내 6개 지점을 무작위로 선별하여 강우침식능인자를 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과에서 나온 Deep Neural Network을 이용하면, 훨씬 적은 노력과 시간으로 원하는 지점에서 월별 강우침식능인자를 예측할 수 있으며, 한국 강우 패턴을 효율적으로 분석 할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 이를 통해 향후 토양 침식 위험을 지표화하는 것뿐만 아니라 토양 보전 계획을 수립할 수 있으며, 위험 지역을 우선적으로 선별하고 제시하는데 유용하게 사용 될 것이라 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2017

To avoid drought stress under rainfed upland conditions, it is important for rice to efficiently utilize water at shallow soil layers supplied by rainfall, and access to water retained in deer soil layers. The root developmental characteristics of rice, which play important role in the adaptability to drought conditions, vary depending on the variety. Moreover, water availability for plant differs depending on the soil types that have different physical properties such as water holding capacity, permeability, capillary force, penetration resistance, etc. In this study, we evaluated growth and yield responses of rice varieties to various soil water deficit conditions under three different soil types. The experiment was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Mwea from October 2016 to January 2017. Two upland varieties (NERICA 1 and 4) and one lowland variety (Komboka) were grown in handmade PVC pots (15.2 cm diameter and 85.0 cm height) filled with three different types of soil collected from major rice-growing areas of the country, namely black cotton (BC), red clay (RC), and sandy clay (SC). Three watering methods, 1) supplying water only from the soil surface (W1), 2) supplying water only from the bottom of the pots (W2), and 3) supplying water both from the soil surface and the bottom of pots (W3), were imposed from 40 days after sowing to maturity. Soil water content (SWC) at 20, 40, and 60 cm depths was measured regularly. At the harvesting stage, aboveground and root samples were collected to determine total dry weight (TDW), grain yield, and root length at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm soil layers. Irrespective of the watering methods, the greatest root development was obtained in RC, while that in BC was less than other two soils. In BC, the degree of yield reduction under W1 was less than that in RC and SC, which could be attributed to the higher water holding capacity of BC. In RC, the growth and yield reduction observed in all varieties under W1 was attributed to the severe drought stress. On the other hand, under W2, SWC at the shallow soil depth in RC was maintained because of its higher capillary force compared with BC and SC. As the result, growths and yields in RC were not suppressed under W2. In SC, deep root development was not promoted by W2 irrespective of the varieties, which resulted in significant yield losses. Under W1, the rice growth and yield in SC was decreased although shallow root development was enhanced, and the stomatal conductance was maintained higher than RC. It was suspected that W1 caused nutrients leaching in SC because of its higher permeability. Under rainfed conditions, growth and yield of rice can be strongly affected by soil types because dynamics of soil water conditions change according to soil physical properties.