• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 세계 도시지반공학 심포지엄
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• pp.815-826
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• 2009

The paper presents a case study addressing the design and construction aspects for DCM(Deep Cement Mixing) method employed as the foundation of a caisson type breakwater with heavy weight(10,700 ton/EA) and a high design wave height($H_{1/3}$=8.7m). The DCM was designed for the project(Ulsan New Port North Breakwater Phase 1) by optimizing the pattern of DCM columns with a combination of short and long columns (i.e., block type(upper 3m)+wall type(lower)) and considering overlapped section between columns as a critical section against shear force where the coefficient of effective width of treated column($\alpha$) was estimated with caution. It was shown that the value can be 0.9 under the condition with the overlapped width of 30cm. In addition to that, a field trial test was performed after improving conventional DCM equipment (e.g., mixing blades, cement paste supplying pipes, multi auger motor, etc.) to establish a standardized DCM construction cycle (withdrawal rate of mixing blades) which can provide the prescribed strength. The result of the field strength test for cored DCM specimens shows that the averaged strength is larger than the target strength and the distribution of the strength(with a defect rate of 7%) also satisfies with the quality control normal distribution curve which allows defect rate of 15.9%.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.583-592
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• 2011

The radiological characteristics for waste classification were assessed for neutron-activated decommissioning wastes from a CANDU reactor. The MCNP/ORIGEN2 code system was used for the source term analysis. The neutron flux and activation cross-section library for each structural component generated by MCNP simulation were used in the radionuclide buildup calculation in ORIGEN2. The specific activities of the relevant radionuclides in the activated metal waste were compared with the specified limits of the specific activities listed in the Korean standard and 10 CFR 61. The time-average full-core model of Wolsong Unit 1 was used as the neutron source for activation of in-core and ex-core structural components. The approximated levels of the neutron flux and cross-section, irradiated fuel composition, and a geometry simplification revealing good reliability in a previous study were used in the source term calculation as well. The results revealed the radioactivity, decay heat, hazard index, mass, and solid volume for the activated decommissioning waste to be $1.04{\times}10^{16}$ Bq, $2.09{\times}10^3$ W, $5.31{\times}10^{14}\;m^3$-water, $4.69{\times}10^5$ kg, and $7.38{\times}10^1\;m^3$, respectively. According to both Korean and US standards, the activated waste of the pressure tubes, calandria tubes, reactivity devices, and reactivity device supporters was greater than Class C, which should be disposed of in a deep geological disposal repository, whereas the side structural components were classified as low- and intermediate-level waste, which can be disposed of in a land disposal repository. Finally, this study confirmed that, regardless of the cooling time of the waste, 15% of the decommissioning waste cannot be disposed of in a land disposal repository. It is expected that the source terms and waste classification evaluated through this study can be widely used to establish a decommissioning/disposal strategy and fuel cycle analysis for CANDU reactors.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2014

As the interest on the air pollution is gradually risen up at home and abroad, their vehicle emission regulations have been reinforcing by steps. PM regulation was also reinforced 4times for the last 13years and has been applied to SI vehicles after EURO 5. Additionally, knowing that small particles of PM can easily penetrate deep into lungs PM number was added on the regulation from EURO5+ and is applied to CI vehicles. Also, PN regulation is going to be applied to SI vehicles. But, because the regulation is appled to only a general test mode of each countries that is performed at $25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, it is unclear whether the regulation can work on the other ambient temperature conditions or not. In this paper, to know that exhaust emission characteristics at the special conditions CI vehicles(CRDi w, w/o DPF) were tested using 5-cycle mode, NEDC mode at 5-ambient temperatures (35, 25, 0, -7 and -15) and the exhaust emission test results were discussed. The results show that the vehicle with DPF emits much low PM(and PM number) on all of the test mode. However, NOx of the other mode was emitted higher than regulation mode. Also. NOx was sharply increased according to decreasing Ambient Temperature.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1971

1969년 10월에 완성된 남강 다목점 댐과 방수로가 준공되어 1969년에 7회, 1970년에 3회 합계 10회에 걸쳐 1,359 $10^{6}$㎥ 이상의 담수를 진주만으로 방수하였다. 방수 속도는 최고 약 3,770㎥/sec 에 이르렀으며 1회 누적 방수량은 최고 4.50 $10^{6}$㎥ 이상에 달하였다. 이 결과 방수로 하류부와 연결되는 사천만 북부에서는 5kt 이상의 빠른 유속이 해저의 토사를 이동시켜 간석지와 해저의 지형을 변동시켰다. 양식장 시설물과 패류를 매몰, 유실 시키는 원인이 되었다. 하구 현상이 일어 났으며 2중조가 관측되었다. 어구의 파손, 발장의 도괴 및 어선의 조업 불능 등으로 피해가 막심하였다. 방수후 진주만의 염분은 급격히 하강하였으며 특히 사천만 에서는 밀물때에도 5 이하의 이상저염분수가 분포하였다. 현저한 조경이 이루어졌으며 반조석 주기에 4.6 에서 30 로 약 25 이상의 염분 급변이 있었다. 이와같은 염분의 저하와 급변은 동해역의 굴, 바지락 등 패류를 폐사시키고 멸치, 문어 등을 만외로 추방하는 원인이 되었으며, 내유 어군의 접근을 방해하였다. 염분의 저하는 해수의 밀도와 삼투압 환경을 급변 시키는 원인이 되었고, 투명도가 낮은 혼탁한 물덩이는 광선의 투입을 방해하여 광합성 작용을 억제할 것이다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.91-103
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• 1992

Eruptive mechanisms and processes at Udo tuff cone can be inferred from indicative characters of products, bedforms and lithofacies, and ring faults. In terms of bedforms and lithofa-cies in particular, massive lapilli tuff beds and chaotic lapilli tuff beds are derived from subaerial falls of aggregated tephra of wet tephra finger jets, occurring dominantly at the lower sequences of proximal part at the tuff cone. Crudely stratified lapilli tuff are derived from subaerial falls of slightly aggregated tephra of less wet tephra finger jets, whereas reversely graded lapilli tuff beds are from slightly disaggregated subaerial falls of continuous uprush. Both beds frequently occur in the middle sequences at proximal and near medial part of the tuff cone. Block and lapilli tephra lenses, ash-coated lapilli tephra beds(lenses) and thin-bedded tuff beds are derived from extremely disaggregated subaerial falls of dry tephra in the continuous uprush, frequently occurring at the upper sequences of medial part at the tuff cone. Udo tuff cone is a basaltic volcano emergent through the sea water surface while water could flood across or into the vent area. Emergence of the tuff cone was from the type-Surtseyan eruption characterized by earlier tephra finger jets and later continuous uprush columns of tephra with copious volumes of steam. Explosions began when boiling of wter produced a bubble column reducing the hydrostatic pres-sure, allowing exsolution of gases from the magma. This expansion of magma into a vesiculating froth fragmented the magma and permitted mixing of magma and water so that a more vigorous generation of steam could proceed. Tephra finger jetting explosions continued to build the crater rims, then remove water from the vent that their deposits flowed like slsurries until the continuous uprush explosion ensued. Continuous uprush explosions were associated with most rapid accumula-tion of tephra. The increasing volume rate led to partial removal of water from the vent area by the newly tephra ring so that more vigorous activity could be attended by a reducing water supply. This might restrain surplus of cold water entering the vent and thus enhance the vigour of the eruption by allowing optimal heat exchange. Eventually the crater became so deep and unsuported that piecemeal sliding, or massive subsidence on indipping ring faults, filled and closed the vent, and the cycle of explosions and collapse began anew.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2021

최근 빅데이터 분석, 인공지능, 기계학습 등의 발전으로 인해서 데이터를 과학적으로 분석하는 기술이 발전하고 있으며 이는 의사결정 문제를 최적으로 해결해주고 있다. 그러나 특정 분야의 경우에는 데이터의 양이 부족해서 과학적 방식에 적용하는 것이 어렵다. 예컨대 부동산과 같은 데이터는 데이터 발표 시점이 최근이거나 비 유동성 자산이다 보니 발표 주기가 긴 경우가 많다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이런 문제점을 극복하기 위해서 TimeGAN 모형을 통해 기존의 시계열의 확장 가능성에 대해서 연구하고자 한다. 이를 위해 부동산과 관련된 총 45개의 시계열을 데이터 셋에 맞게 2012년부터 2021년까지 주 단위로 데이터를 수집하고 시계열 간의 상관관계를 고려해서 총 15개의 최종 시계열을 선정한다. 15개의 시계열에 대해서 TimeGAN 모형을 통해 데이터 확장을한 결과, PCA 및 T-SNE 시각화 알고리즘을 통해 실제 데이터와 확장 데이터 간의 통계적 분포가 유사하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 논문을 통해서 데이터의 과적합 또는 과소적합이라는 한계점을 극복할 수 있는 다양한 실험이 연구되기를 기대한다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.11
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• 2021

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most frequent type of head and neck cancer that usually arises from the mucosal surfaces of several organs including nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx. The Wnt signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism for cellular maintenance and development. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this pathway correlates with oncogenesis in various tissues including breast, colon, pancreatic as well as head and neck cancers. The present study aims to assess the gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes so as to derive an association with HNSCC. Computational approaches have been utilized for the identification of gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes. Several databases such as cBioportal, STRING, and UALCAN were used for the purpose. The frequency of alteration was high in case of Wnt family member 11 (5%). Gene amplification, deep deletions, missense and truncating mutations were observed in HNSCC patients. There was a marked difference in the gene expression profile of WNT11 between grades as well as normal samples. The survival probability measured using the Kaplan-Meier curve also presented with a significant difference among male and female subjects experiencing a low/medium level expression. The female patients showed less survival probability when compared to the male subjects. This provides the prognostic significance of the WNT11 gene in HNSCC. Taken together, the present study provides clues on the possible association of WNT11 gene alterations with HNSCC, which has to be further validated using experimental approaches.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.535-546
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• 2019

Recently, there have been a lot of researches on the whole face replacement system, but it is not easy to obtain stable results due to various attitudes, angles and facial diversity. To produce a natural synthesis result when replacing the face shown in the video image, technologies such as face area detection, feature extraction, face alignment, face area segmentation, 3D attitude adjustment and facial transposition should all operate at a precise level. And each technology must be able to be interdependently combined. The results of our analysis show that the difficulty of implementing the technology and contribution to the system in facial replacement technology has increased in facial feature point extraction and facial alignment technology. On the other hand, the difficulty of the facial transposition technique and the three-dimensional posture adjustment technique were low, but showed the need for development. In this paper, we propose four facial replacement models such as 2-D Faceswap, OpenPose, Deekfake, and Cycle GAN, which are suitable for the Cox platform. These models have the following features; i.e. these models include a suitable model for front face pose image conversion, face pose image with active body movement, and face movement with right and left side by 15 degrees, Generative Adversarial Network.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.259-282
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• 2022

本文关注到与过去不同的新常态下 '新东北现象' 的复合特征,着重阐述最近 '新东北现象' 里的主要三个现象-经济现象, 人口现象, 财政现象。2014年以来东北地区经济增速减缓虽成大问题,同其间东北有关人口状况与财政支出结构变动也很突出。总之, 2014年以后在东北地区, 经济增长衰退, 人口减少与人才流失加剧, 老龄化提速, 财政收支缺口增加与社会保障支出激增, 这些现象都同时发生, 互相影响着产生恶性循环, 新常态下的 '新东北现象' 之难点就在这复合实质。那么, 新常态下的 '新东北现象' 之如此复合特征与难点给全中国何含意? 本文提出两点。第一, 基于近来中国一些有关状况变化趋势来看, 东北可以被视为中国的一个缩影, 新常态下的 '新东北现象' 不限于东北地区, 不久将来很可能扩散到中国其他区域, 会成为全中国现象。第二, 新常态下的 '新东北现象' 出现, 对于改革开发以来实行的西部大开发战略, 中部崛起战略, 东北振兴战略等一系列区域大开发战略的根本性效果, 要求深刻的反思且重新构想。这些区域发展战略, 虽有所成就, 中西部地区, 尤其是西部, 还仍然相对很落后, 中国区域差距一向没有缩小。振兴东北战略实行已有了20来年, 新常态下的 '新东北现象' 出现也显示长期以来困扰东北经济的深层次问题始终没有得到解决。近来习进平格外强调 '共同富裕', '新东北现象' 也成为本届中央政府最急切解决的问题之一, 如果成功了, 既能为重新构思和调整区域发展战略提出有效方向, 又能为对应未来中国经济社会变动成为一个重要标志。

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.465-469
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• 2003

Microlens arrays were fabricated using a novel fabrication technology based on the exposure of a PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) sheet to deep X-rays and subsequent thermal treatment. X-ray irradiation causes the decrease of molecular weight of PMMA, which in turn decreases the glass transition temperature and consequently causes a net volume increase during the thermal cycle resulting in a swollen microlens. A new physical modeling and analyses for microlens formation were presented according to experimental procedure. A simple analysis based on the new model is found to be capable of predicting the shapes of microlens which depend on the thermal treatment. For the replication of microlens arrays having various diameters with different foci on the same surface, the hot embossing and the microinjection molding processes has been successfully utilized with a mold insert that is fabricated by Ni-electroplating based on a PMMA microstructure of microlenses. Fabricated microlenses showed good surface roughness with the order of 1 nm.