The characteristics of the external radiation on the surface of the casks for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) storage by dry method are investigated for the case when the spatial distribution of SNF in the basket changes due to the destruction of the fuel rod claddings. The surface areas are determined, where the changes in fluxes of neutrons, produced by 244Cm actinide, and γ-quanta, produced by long-lived isotopes, are maximum in the result of the decrease in the height of the SNF area. Concrete (VSC-24) and metal (SC-21) casks are considered as examples. The procedure of periodic measurement of the dose rate of neutrons or γ-quanta at the specified points of the cask surface is proposed for identifying the fuel rod cladding destruction. Under normal operation, the decrease in the dose rate produced by neutrons as the function of SNF storage duration is determined by the half-life of 244Cm, and for γ-quanta - by the half-lives of long-lived SNF isotopes. Consequently, a stepwise change in the dose rate of neutrons or γ-quanta, detected by the measurements, as compared to the previous one, would indicate the destruction of the fuel rod claddings.
Although studies on Hepatitis A virus (HAV) were crucial in the establishment of the HAV infection prevention programs, no systematic investigation into HAV has been conducted since 1999. We retrospectively analyzed the data between January 2010 to December 2018 from all the patients who underwent HAV antibody tests at the Dankook University Hospital Health Care Center. Data were collected from 56,204 individuals. Overall, 34,834 (62.0%) individuals from this cohort were positive for HAV antibodies and the annual rate of anti-HAV antibody positivity was highest in 2010 (68.5%) and lowest in 2013 (54.8%). The average decline in the antibody positivity rate was 0.62% per year, showing a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). In the over 40s age group, anti-HAV antibody positivity rates decreased from 89% in 2010 to 64% in 2018 (p < 0.001), with an annual decrease of 3.1%. In the over 30s age group, it decreased from 48.2% in 2010 to 34.7% in 2018 (p < 0.001), with an annual decrease of 1.82%. This study shows that the antibody positivity rate is decreasing across age groups but given that HAV infection poses more significant risks in older patients it is important to expand the evaluations of the current and future antibody positivity rates for HAV in various age groups.
Bolus intravenous injection of adenosine resulted the temporal decrease of systemic blood pressure and heart rate in the anesthetized rats. Adenosine also resulted the persistent decrease of contractility and heart rate in the isolated spontaneously beating rat right atria. Both of the above inhibition effets of adenosine were increased by the pretreatment of NBI (nitrobenzylthioinosine), whitch is an adenosine transport inhibitor, but decreased by the pretreatment of 8- phenyltheophy1line, which is an adenosine antagonist. In isolated thoracic aorta ring segment of normotensive rats, intact rings were relaxed by adenosine ($42.3{\pm}8.7%$) and ATP ($85.9{\pm}15.8%$) in the concentration of $10^{-4}M$, but rubbed rings were relaxed by adenosine ($35.2{\pm}1.9%$) and ATP ($11.3{\pm}9.0%$) in $10^{-4}M$. After pretreatment of L-NAME (N-Nitro-Larginine methyl ester), which is an NO inhibitor, adenosine-induced relaxation was not affected, but ATP-induced relax ation was significantly inhibited (P<0.01). Meanwhile, adenosine resulted almost same as vasorelaxation in isolated thoracic aorta of SHR comparing to those of normotensive rats. But, vasodilation responses of ATP in intact rings of SHR are significantly inhibited comparing to those of normotensive rats. Adenosine-induced relaxation is attenuated after 8-phenyltheophylline pretreatment, but increased after NBI pretreatment. However, ATP-induced relaxations are not affected by 8-phenyltheophylline or NBI pretreatment. These results suggested that the hypotensive effects of adenosine was due to the decrease of contractile force and heart rate through the A1 receptor and vasodilation are mediated by A2 receptor of the vascular smooth muscle. And, the heart protective and vasodilation effects of adenosine might suggest that it would be useful in the acute treatment of coronary artery disease.
The objectives of this study was to check up the effect of celecoxib, COX-2 inhibitor, on the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. After mefenamic acid, aspirin and celecoxib, COX-2 inhibitor, were inoculated to HN 22 cell line, the following results were obtained through tumor cell viability by wortmannin, growth curve of tumor cell line, apoptotic index, PGE2 synthesis, total RNA extraction, RT-PCR analysis and TEM features. 1. When wortmannin and celecoxib were given together, the survival rate of tumor cells was lowest about 47 %. So wortmannin had an effect on the decrease of survival rate of tumor cells. 2. In growth curve, the slowest growth was observed in celecoxib inoculated group. 3. The synthesis of PGE2 was decreased in all group and the obvious suppression and highest apoptotic index was observed in celecoxib inoculated group. 4. Suppression of expression of COX-2 mRNA was evident in celecoxib inoculated group. But that of COX-1,2 mRNA was observed in mefenamic acid inoculated group and aspirin inoculated group. 5. In celecoxib inoculated group, mRNA expression of AKT1 was decreased and that of PTEN & expression of caspase 3 and 9 was evidently increased. Depending on above results, when celecoxib was inoculated to oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, an increase of mRNA expression of caspase 3,9 and PTEN is related to a decrease of mRNA expression of AKT1. Wortmannin had an effect on the decrease of survival rate of tumor cells. Celecoxib might induce apoptosis of tumor cell by suppression of AKT1 pathway and COX-2 inhibition. This results suggested that COX-2 inhibitor might be significantly effective in chemoprevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
The dyeability and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with lavender extract were analyzed. The results obtained are as follows. The surface color of all the dyed fabrics was tinged with green or yellow of a slight red tint. In the test results of dyeing colorfastness, the colorfastness to sunlight of the dyed fabrics which is both not treated with a mordant and treated with a K2Cr2O7 mordant was excellent with 4th grade of colorfastness. The others showed below 2nd grade. The colorfastness to laundry showed, as most of dyed fabrics were 4th-5th grade, relatively excellent results. The colorfastness to perspiration showed different results respectively according to the kind of both dyed fabrics and mordants. The colorfastness to crocking of the dyed both cotton and silk fabrics showed the excellent result of 4th-5th grade. The colorfastness to dry cleaning of all the dyed fabrics was excellent with 4th-5th grade. In the test results of antibiosis, the dyed fabrics of both cotton and silk didn't show the significant decrease rate for the fungus called Klebsiella pneumoniae. For the fungus called Staphylococcus aureus, the dyed cotton fabric showed the decrease rate of $98\%$ and the dyed silk fabric showed the decrease rate of $50\%$. For the fungus called Chaetomium globosum, the dyed fabric of cotton didn't show the significant antibacterial efficacy, but the dyed fabric of silk showed the significant antibacterial efficacy for the mold fungus called Aspergillus niger.
Background: The purpose of this study was designed to find out the effectiveness of reposition sense, muscle fatigue response on lumbar spine after apply lumbosacral stabilization exercise program to 4 patients with chronic low back pain and for 12 weeks. Method: In this study the reposition sense was measured in 3 angle(60, 30, 12) of the lumbar spine motion with blind by MedX test machine and the difference of instability to lumbar vertebra segments in flexion, extension test of standing position and spinal load test Mattress Test by Spinal Mouse. The stabilization exercise program was applied 2 times a week for 12 weeks in hospital and 2 times a day for 20 minutes at home. Result: The results of the present study were that the repositioning sense was appeared the most error in 12 angles of lumbar flexion and Men was appeared to decrease an error more than female in average value of 4 angles after 12 weeks. And average error of male was decrease more than female. Thus the effects of lumbosacral stabilization exercise was improved repositioning sense of prorioceptor. Fatigue response test(FRT) results, in male, was raised muscle fatigue rate during increase weight, on the other hand female appeared lower than male. Conclusion: As a results, lumbosacral stabilization exercise was aided to improvement of lumbar spine repositioning sense and vertebra segments stabilization. It was showed the rate of decrease in typically 12 degree angle point of each 3 angle(60, 36, 12). Especially, that spine instability patients will have a risk when in lifting a load or working with slight flexion posture around 12 degree during the daily of living life and it is probably to increase recurrence rate. Thus, not only lumbar extension muscle strength but also stability of vertebra segments in lumbar spine may be very important.
For blood cockle Tegillarca granosa acclimated to winter and summer seasons, survival, temperature tolerance and physiological changes at different individual size were investigated for their temperature tolerances by increasing and decreasing temperature at a rate of 1, 2 and $3^{\circ}C/day$. The survival rate of adults and juveniles T. granosa acclimated to winter temperatures began to decrease from $32^{\circ}C$ and all experimental animals died between $37-39^{\circ}C$. In the case of animals acclimated to summer temperatures, the survival rates of adults and juveniles began to decrease from $35^{\circ}C$, and all died at temperatures between $40-44^{\circ}C$. The upper $LT_{50}$ was $27.72^{\circ}C$ for adults and $28.36^{\circ}C$ for juveniles. On the other hand, when the temperature was decreased from $4^{\circ}C\;to\;0^{\circ}C$ in order to investigate lower temperature tolerances, the survival rate of T. granosa was more than $70\%\;at\;2^{\circ}C$ for 25 days. Lower L T 50 was $2.09^{\circ}C$ for adults and $2.34^{\circ}C$ for juveniles. There was no effective difference in temperature tolerance between adults and juveniles. Filtration and respiration rates of T. granosa showed a similar aspect with increase and decrease of temperature. Filtration and respiration rates exhibited irregular conditions of a broken biological rhythm as the group acclimated to winter $(10 ^{\circ}C)$ and summer $(25^{\circ}C)$. In the case of decreasing temperature, filtration and respiration rates of T. granosa reduced to a minimum below $6^{\circ}C$
Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
/
v.22
no.4
/
pp.489-498
/
1998
Among the heat/mass exchange units composing an absorption system, the absorber, where the refrigerant vapor is absorbed into the liquid solution is the one least understood. In the present study, the effects of non-absorbable gas on the absorption process of aqueous lithium bromide solution falling film inside a vertical tube were experimentally investigated. In the range of film Reynolds number of 30 ~ 195, heat and mass transfer characteristics were investigated as a function of non-absorbable gas volumetric concentration, 0.2 ~ 20%. An increase of non-absorbable gas volumetric concentration degraded the mass transfer rate dramatically in the absorption process. The reduction of mass transfer rate was significant for the addition of small amount of non-absorbable gas to the pure vapor. At film Reynolds number of 130, an increase of non-absorbable gas concentration from 0.2 to 6.0% resulted in the decrease of mass transfer rate by 36% and 20% of non-absorbable gas by 59%. However the decrease of film Nusselt number with the increase of volumetric concentration of non absorbable gas was relatively smaller than the decrease of Sherwood number. Critical film Reynolds number was identified to exist for the maximum heat and mass transfer regardless of the volumetric concentration of non-absorbable gases.
Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
/
v.10
no.6
/
pp.807-813
/
1986
The orthogonal cutting method of the nodular graphite cast iron in the lathe turning, whose matrix were formulated under two kinds of annealing conditions, has been experimentally studied and the results investigated. The various characteristics of machinabilities of the nodular cast iron, depending upon its matrix, have been obtained from the results as follows. (1) As depth of cut increases, the cutting ratio and the shear angles tend to slightly increase, and as the containing quantity of ferrite matrix increases, they slightly decrease. (2) As depth of cut increases, the cutting force increases in an approximate straight line, and as the containing quantity of ferrite matrix increases, they decreases and the decreasing rate is about 20-30%. (3) As the containing quantity of ferrite matrix increases, the friction force acting on the tool face decreases and the decreasing rate is about 34-40% in case of the lower depth of cut, but in case of the higher depth of cut the decreasing rate is very small. (4) Both shearing force and vertical force show a lineal increases, and according as ferrite matrix increases there is a decrease by 25% in shearing force and a 12-25% decrease in vertical force. (5) Shearing speed and chip flow speed keep almost a constant value irrespective of matrix.
This study is to analyse the timing of the structural change of price volatility and the asymmetry of price volatility during the period before and after the timing of the structural change of price volatility using Jeju Farming Olive Flounder's production area market price data from January 1, 2007 to June 30, 2013. The analysis methods of Quandt-Andrews break point test and Threshold GARCH model are employed. The empirical results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the result of Quandt-Andrews break point test shows that a single structural change in price volatility occurred on May 4, 2010 over the sample period. Second, during the period before structural change, daily price change rate has averagely positive value which means price increase, but during the period after structural change daily price change rate has averagely negative value which means price decrease. Also, daily volatility of price change rate during the period before structural change is higher than during the period after structural change. This indicates that price volatility decreases after structural change. Third, the estimation results of Threshold GARCH Model show that the volatility response against price increase is larger during the period after structural change than during the period before structural change. Also the result shows the volatility response against price decrease is larger during the period after structural change than during the period before structural change. And, irrespective of the timing of structural change, price increase has an larger effect on volatility than price decrease. This means volatility is asymmetric at price increase.
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