• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.317-330
• /
• 1999

한려해상국립공원의 통영지구와 욕지도에서 현존식생과 식생구조를 파악하기 위하여 1998년 7월에 37개의 조사구를 설치하여 조사하였다. 조사대상지의 식생은 지리적 격리와 인위적 교란에 의해 지역간 식생구조가 상이하였다. 대상지의 식생은 곰솔림, 곰솔 - 소나무와 낙엽활엽수가 경쟁하는 혼효림, 낙엽활엽수림, 곰솔 - 소나무와 상록활엽수가 경쟁하는 혼효림, 상록활엽수림으로 총 5개 그룹으로 대별되었다. 조사대상지 대부분의 현존 식생은 곰솔림으로 이루어졌으며, 상록활엽수림은 추봉도, 용초도, 비진도, 욕지도, 유재도에 작은 면적으로 분포하였다. 통영지구와 욕지도의 식생구조는 소나무, 곰솔, 낙엽활엽수에서 구실잣밤나무 등을 거쳐 참식나무, 후박나무, 생달나무로 식생천이가 예상된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제97권1호
• /
• pp.83-87
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 침엽수림 지역과 활엽수림 지역에서 박새류의 인공새집 이용 특성을 파악하기 위해 각각 2006년과 2007년 3월에서 6월까지의 기간 동안 실시되었다. 두 지역에 생육하고 있는 수목의 종수, 종다양도지수, 흉고단면적은 침엽수림 지역에 비해 활엽수림 지역에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 엽층의 수직분포에 있어서도 지면에서 1m 이하의 엽층을 제외한 모든 엽층의 피도량이 활엽수림 지역에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2년에 걸쳐 두 지역에 설치한 인공새집에서는 곤줄박이, 쇠박새, 진박새, 박새가 번식을 한 것으로 나타났다. 침엽수림 지역보다 활엽수림 지역에서 번식쌍수가 더 높았다. 진박새의 경우, 한배산란수와 한배새끼수, 번식성공률이 침엽수림 지역에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 박새는 한배새끼수와 번식성공률이 활엽수림 지역에서 더 높았다. 서식 환경 구조 및 박새류의 종간 니치(niche)에 따라 선호하는 서식지가 다른 것으로 판단된다. 다양한 서식 환경에 설치한 인공새집이 조류 군집 및 생태에 미치는 영향을 지속적으로 파악해야 할 것이며, 이를 통해 장기적으로 인공새집을 설치 및 관리해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 2014

Little is known about how the increased porosity of a deciduous windbreak, which results from loss of leaves, influences wind speed reduction. We hypothesized that, with loss of foliage, the wind speed reduction effectiveness of a deciduous windbreak decreases on near leeward side but not on further leeward side and that wind speed recovers faster in the full foliage season than in other seasons. During summer, autumn, and winter (full, medium, and non-foliage season, respectively), we observed wind speed and direction around a deciduous windbreak in a traditional Korean village on windward and near and further leeward sides (at -8H, 2H, and 6H; H = 20 m, a windbreak height). We used a linear mixed effects model to determine that the relative wind speed reduction at 2H significantly decreased from 83% to 48% ($F_{2,111.97}=73.6$, P < 0.0001) with the loss of foliage. However, the relative wind speed reduction at 6H significantly increased from 26% to 43% ($F_{2,98.54}=18.5$, P < 0.0001). Consequently, wind speed recovery rate between 2H and 6H in summer was two times higher than in autumn and ten times higher than in winter ($F_{2,102.93}=223.1$, P < 0.0001). These results indicate that deciduous windbreaks with full foliage seem to induce large turbulence and increase wind speed recovery rate on leeward side. Our study suggests that further research is needed to find the optimal foliage density of a deciduous windbreak for maximizing windbreak effectiveness regardless of seasonal foliage changes.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.259-267
• /
• 2011

A pollen analytical study of sediment sequences collected from Yongneup moor (sampling point: $38^{\circ}$12'57.4" N, $120^{\circ}$7'30.2" E) was conducted to understand the vegetation history in the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula. Carbon dating was carried out to measure five successive samples obtained from the bottom at a depth of 180 cm to the surface. The Yongneup moor sediment revealed four main local pollen zones; that is, four past vegetation phases as follows: Local pollen zone I: Quercus-Pinus zone; estimated age, 5,900-4,800 calibrated years (cal) before present (BP); vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone II: Pinus-Abies-Quercus zone; estimated age, 4,800-3,400 cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate northern/alti-montane mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone III: Quercus-Pinus-Abies zone; estimated age, 3,400-400 cal BP; vegetation type: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest. Local pollen zone IV: Pinus-Quercus zone; estimated age, 400-present cal BP; vegetation type, cool-temperate central/montane mixed deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forest. It was confirmed that subalpine coniferous forests had expanded to the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula during the period from 4,800-3,400 cal BP and thereafter deciduous forests dominated by Q. mongolica were established. Notably, secondary forests dominated by P. densiflora developed in the lower part of the mountainous region of the central Korean peninsula about 400 cal BP due to human interference.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.411-423
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to quantify soil $CO_2$ efflux using the continuous measurement method and to examine the applicability of an automatic continuous measurement system in a Korean deciduous broad-leaved forest. Soil respiration rate (Rs) was assessed through continuous measurements during the 2004-2005 full growing seasons using an automatic opening/closing chamber system in sections of a Gwangneung temperate deciduous forest, Korea. The study site was an old-growth natural mixed deciduous forest approximately 80 years old. For each full growth season, the annual Rs, which had a gap that was filled with data using an exponential function derived from soil temperature (Ts) at 5-cm depth, and Rs values collected in each season were 2,738.1 g $CO_2$ $m^{-2}y^{-1}$ in 2004 and 3,355.1 g $CO_2$ $m^{-2}y^{-1}$ in 2005. However, the diurnal variation in Rs showed stronger correlations with Ts (r = 0.91, P < 0.001 in 2004, r = 0.87, P < 0.001 in 2005) and air temperature (Ta) (r = 0.84, P < 0.001 in 2004, r = 0.79, P < 0.001 in 2005) than with deep Ts during the spring season. However, the temperature functions derived from the Ts at various depths of 0, -2, -5, -10, and -20 cm revealed that the correlation coefficient decreased with increasing soil depth in the spring season, whereas it increased in the summer. Rs showed a weak correlation with precipitation (r = 0.25, P < 0.01) and soil water content (r = 0.28, P < 0.05). Additionally, the diurnal change in Rs revealed a higher correlation with Ta than that of Ts. The $Q_{10}$ values from spring to winter were calculated from each season's dataset and were 3.2, 1.5, 7.4, and 2.7 in 2004 and 6.0, 3.1, 3.0, and 2.6 in 2005; thus, showing high fluctuation within each season. The applicability of an automatic continuous system was demonstrated for collecting a high resolution soil $CO_2$ efflux dataset under various environmental conditions.

• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 광릉 지역의 활엽수 천연림과 도로 주변에서 서식지 구조와 조류군집의 특성을 파악하기 위해 2005년 10월부터 2006년 8월 사이의 기간 동안 수행되었다. 활엽수 천연림과 도로 지역의 서식지 환경은 매우 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 활엽수 천연림은 대경목의 비율이 높고 상층 임관이 잘 발달해 있는 반면, 도로에서는 소경목이 대부분을 차지하였으며, 상층임관의 발달이 적은 반면 하층식생의 피도가 높았다. 계절별 조사 결과 활엽수 천연림에서는 모두 37종의 조류가 관찰되었으며, 도로에서는 20종이 기록되었다. 4계절에 있어서도 활엽수 천연림 이 도로보다 관찰 종수, 개체수 및 종다양도에 있어서 모두 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 길드 구조에 있어서도 활엽수 천연림 지역에서는 수관층 및 수동(나무구멍)에서 먹이와 둥지를 얻는 조류들이 많이 관찰되었으며, 도로에서는 관목이나 지면을 이용하는 조류가 많이 기록되었다. 두 지 역은 인접해 있음에도 불구하고 조류 군집의 특성에 있어서 큰 차이를 보였다. 이러한 차이는 두 지 역 간 서식환경의 차이와 깊은 연관이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제101권2호
• /
• pp.286-290
• /
• 2012

산불은 전 세계적으로 다량의 온실가스를 배출하여 지구온난화에 기여한다. 본 연구에서는 산불로 인한 지표층 연료의 연소량과 이로 인한 온실가스 배출량을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 51개 산불을 대상으로 소나무림과 활엽수림으로 구분하고, 다시 지표화와 수관화 피해 지역으로 나누어 잔존 연료량을 채취하여, 미연소 지역의 연료량과 일원분산분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 활엽수 지표화 지역은 8,361 kg/ha, 소나무 지표화 지역은 8,055 kg/ha, 소나무 수관화 지역은 12,333 kg/ha이 연소되어, 수종별 산불행태별로 차이가 있었다. 이때의 연소율은 각각 78, 59, 90%이었다. 이산화탄소, 메탄, 아산화질소 등의 온실가스 배출량은 활엽수 지표화 연소지역 15,856 kg/ha, 소나무 지표화 연소지역 14,834 kg/ha, 소나무 수관화 연소지역은 약 22,709 kg/ha이었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.237-247
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) contents in different mixed stands of P. dens if/ora and deciduous oak species in Gwangneung, central Korea. Five mixed stands with different ratios of P. densiflora and deciduous oak species were chosen based on the basal area of all trees ${\geq}\;5cm$ DBH: pure P. densiflora (P100D0), 70% P. densiflora + 30% deciduous oak species (P70D30), 44% P. densiflora + 56% deciduous oak species (P50D50), 37% P. densiflora + 63% deciduous oak species (P40D60), and 10% P. densiflora + 90% deciduous oak species (P10D90). Total C contents in the overstory (aboveground and belowground) vegetation were higher in the mixed stands (P70D30, P50D50, P40D60) than in the pure stands (P100D0, P10D90). Moreover, except for P40D60, C contents of forest floor (litter and coarse woody debris) were larger in the mixed stands (P70D30, P50D50) than in the pure stands. However, total soil C contents up to 30cm depth were highest in the pure deciduous oak stand than in the pure P. densiflora stand and mixed stands. Total ecosystem C contents (Mg/ha) were 163.3 for P100D0, 152.3 for P70D30, 188.8 for P50D50, 160.2 for P40D60, and 150.4 for P10D90, respectively. These differences in total ecosystem C contents among the different mixed stands for P. densiflora and deciduous oak species within the study stands were attributed by the differences in vegetation development and forest management practices. Among the five study stands, the total ecosystem C contents were maximized in the 1:1 mixed ratio of P. densiflora and deciduous oak species (P50D50).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate climax index by eco-morphology for major 36 tree and sub-tree species in natural deciduous forests so as to interpret seral position of each species in the forest community. Fourteen eco-morphological characters which were considered to be associated with successional gradient in the forest were selected for the study. Four levels per character for each species were given on a standardized scale of increasing climax, and the index was computed by the proportion of the sum of total scores, expressed by percent values. With calculated mean value of 54.8 for all indices, Carpinus cordata had the highest index value of 90.5, and Populus davidiana recorded the lowest of 13.2. The most climax group, greater than 70 of the index, contained only 8 species, intermediate group, between 41 to 70 of the index, had 23 species, and the most pioneer group, less than 40 of the index comprised 5 species. The result has noticed that the large number of species would take advantage of most diverse resource and niche in the intermediate stage of the sere in the forest. By cluster analysis all 36 species were subjected to be classified into several species groups which had common similar eco-morphological characteristics. The indices were additionally plotted on the two dimensional graph to recognize the positions related to the light absorption factor and reproduction factor. The climax index of tree and sub-tree species developed by this study could be applied to understand the present status of successional stage on the basis of species composition by the method of summing up the indices. And comparison of forest successional stage among various forest communities could be done by summing up the climax indices of composed species in each community. However, this kind of applied methodology should be limited to the forest of similar species composition and site condition.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to classify forest vegetation effectively using Landsat Thematic Mapper data(June, 1994) in mountainous region. The research area was the Mt. Wolak Experimental Forest of Chungbuk National University, near Chungju and Jecheon city, Chungcheongbuk-do. To classify forest vegetation effectively, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) was used to reduce topographic effects. This NDVI was modified and transformed to the value of 0 to 255, and then the modified values were combined with other Landsat Thematic Mapper bands. To classify forest and land cover types, unsupervised classification method was used. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. Combinations of band "3, 5, NDVI" in Landsat Thematic Mapper data showed a good separation with high accuracy. The expected classification accuracy was 95.1% in Landsat Thematic Mapper data. 2. The Land Cover types were classified into six groups : coniferous forest, deciduous forest, mixed forest, paddy and grass, non-forest, and other undetectable areas. As these classified results were compared with the reconnaissance survey and aerial black and white infrared photographs, the overall classification accuracy was 76.5% in Landsat Thematic Mapper data. 3. The portion of non-forest in Mt. Wolak area was 1.9%. The percentages of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests were 30.9%, 35.7% and 26.4%, respectively. 4. As these classified results were compared with other reference data, the percentages of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests increased, but the portion of non-forest was exceedingly diminished. These differences are thought to be from the different research method and the different season of received Landsat Thematic Mapper data.