• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.21-51
• /
• 2024

Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009, the importance of nonbank financial institutions in macroprudential management has increased significantly. Consequently, major countries and international financial institutions have been actively discussing and implementing macroprudential supervision and regulation for non-bank financial institutions (NBFI). In this context, this paper analyzes the systemic risk of both banks and non-bank sectors (securities firms and insurance companies) in South Korea over different time periods. Using the widely recognized ΔCoVaR methodology for measuring systemic risk, the analysis reveals that systemic risk increased substantially across all three sectors (banks, securities firms, and insurance companies) during the Global Financial Crisis, the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the banking sector exhibited relatively high systemic risk compared to the securities and insurance sectors, the relative differences in systemic risk varied across the different crisis periods. Notably, during the margin call crisis in March of 2020, the gap in systemic risk between the banking and securities sectors decreased significantly compared to that during both the Global Financial Crisis and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, indicating that securities firms had a more substantial impact on risk in the overall financial system during this period. Furthermore, I analyze the impact of the issuance of equity-linked securities (ELS) by financial institutions on systemic risk, as measured by ΔCoVaR, finding that an increase in the outstanding balance of ELS issuance by financial institutions had an impact on increasing ΔCoVaR during the three crisis periods. These findings underscore the growing importance of non-bank financial institutions in relation to South Korea's macroprudential management and supervision. To address this evolving landscape, enhanced monitoring and regulatory measures focusing on non-bank systemic risk are essential components of maintaining financial stability in the country.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.5829-5835
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 독특한 기업 지배구조 형태가 대리인비용을 완화시켜 차입비용을 감소시킬 수 있는지에 대해 실증 분석하였다. 지배대주주가 존재하는 가족기업은 그렇지 않은 기업에 비해 위험회피 경영과 기업의 성과와 명성 중시 및 기업의 장기 존속 등의 면에서 채권자들과 이해가 일치되어 부채의 대리인비용이 완화될 수 있다고 주장되었다. 본 연구에서 지배 대주주 지분율 및 외국인투자자 지분율 등 기업 지배구조와 차입비용 사이의 관계에 대한 실증 분석결과, 지배대주주 지분율과 외국인투자자 지분율은 차입비용에 대해 2008년 금융위기 이전에는 계수추정치가 유의적이지 못하였으나 2008년 금융위기 이후에는 계수추정치가 유의적으로 나타났다. 2008년 금융위기가 극복된 이후에, 지배대주주 지분율은 차입비용과 음의 유의적인 계수추정치를 보여 기업 지배구조에서 가족 지배대주주의 존재는 차입비용을 감소시키는데 크게 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 외국인투자자 지분율은 차입비용과 양의 유의적인 계수추정치를 보여, 오히려 차입비용을 증가시키고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해, 지배대주주 지분율이나 외국인투자자 지분율 같은 기업의 지배구조 형태가 기업의 차입비용과 신용위험에 미치는 영향은 체계적이며 계량적으로 유의적으로 나타나고 있으며, 취약한 지배구조는 주주들에게 부정적인 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라, 기업의 경제적 가치를 하락시켜 채권자들에게도 불리한 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것이 확인된 것이다.

• 한국경영과학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.35-48
• /
• 2015

We analyze the systemic risk based on the information flows using the variance decomposition, DebtRank methods, and the Industry Sector Indices during 2001. 01 to 2015. 08. Using the KOSPI stock market as our setting, we find that (i) the systemic risk calculated by information flows of variance decompositions method shows strong positive relations with the market volatility, (ii) the magnitude of systemic risk measured from the information flows network by DebtRank method increases after the subprime financial crisis.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제23권7호
• /
• pp.113-127
• /
• 2019

Purpose - This paper investigates whether financial crises could be the indicators of capital outflow waves or vice versa in Korea. Korea has experienced two severe financial crises, which are the Asian Crisis and the global financial crisis. Although there were many variables associated with these two remarkable events, one notable variable was gross capital outflows, which had significantly increased around them. Motivated by existing literature which built theoretical frameworks explaining the relationship between capital flight and financial crises, we examine the empirical evidence for this relationship. Design/methodology - We use panel data from 61 countries including Korea from 1980 to 2009 to study the associations between capital flight and diverse financial crises such as banking, currency, debt, and inflation crises. To be specific, we use the complementary log-log model to see whether capital outflow waves are reliable indicators for domestic financial crises. Findings - The results show, first, that banking, currency, and inflation crises are associated with capital flight. Second, debt crises are also associated with capital flight, but the result is not robust to different specifications. And, third, the positive associations between capital flight and crises are mainly driven by banking flows rather than FDI and portfolio flows. Originality/value - This paper is one of a few studies that investigates domestic (not foreign) investors' behavior during financial turmoil. Furthermore, theoretical studies which provide contradictory explanations on the movements of gross capital outflows during financial crises emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence in this paper.

• 재무관리연구
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.63-91
• /
• 2009

This paper tests the validity of pecking order theory by Myers(1977) and Myers and Majluf(1984) on Korean manufacturing firms listed in the KRX for the years of 1994 to 2003. We also want to see if there is any difference in financing behavior between chaebol affiliated firms and non-chaebol affiliated firms. We develop testable hypotheses from the idea that established relationship between bank and firm mitigates the problem of information asymmetry (Kang and Lim, 2001), and thus makes it easier for firms to raise funds through banks. The test result of the first stage shows that firms prefer cash reserves to debt financing, and prefer debt to equity. Chaebol affiliated firms are found to behave as if they already exploit internal capital markets. The second stage of the test carried out by dividing debt capital into bank loans and corporate bonds also shows a consistent pattern of financing behavior. Firms are testified to prefer cash to bank loans, bank loans to corporate bonds, and corporate bonds to equity. In this case chaebol affiliation seems to make firms behave as if they already establish internal capital markets. Further analysis shows that some, though not in every case, difference of ordering around the occasion of Korean financial crisis exists. It may be from the change of attitude of Korean firms to risk, or from weakened influence of internal capital market along with strengthened market power in the post-crisis period.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권9호
• /
• pp.3827-3833
• /
• 2011

이 논문은 정보비대칭이라는 상황에서 기업의 자본조달행태를 설명하는 자본조달순위이론의 타당성을 한국유가증권시장에 상장된 제조기업을 대상으로 실증적 검정을 하였다. 1981년부터 2010년까지 재무제표자료를 이용하여 회귀분석한 결과 자본조달순위이론이 지지되는 강력한 증거를 발견하였다. 부채의 변화량과 부족한 현금을 비롯한 통제변수들을 회귀분석한 결과 부족한 현금의 회귀계수가 유의미하게 거의 (+1)로 나타났는데 이는 바로 자본조달순위이론과 일치하는 결과로 해석되었다. 전체 표본기간을 외환위기를 기준으로 외환위기 이전, 외환위기 기간, 외환위기 이후의 3기간으로 구분하고, 연구모형도 2가지로 구분하여 분석한 결과 동일한 결과를 얻었다. 유형자산의 변화량은 대체로 정보비대칭을 감소시키는 역할보다 담보로서의 기능을 수행하는 것으로 해석되었으나, 기업규모가 감소할수록 부채의 사용이 증가하였으며 수익성이 높아질수록 부채사용이 감소하여 정보비대칭이론이 제시하는 것과 같은 결과를 얻었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 2017

This study develops an early warning system (EWS) to prevent the banking crisis. The proposed system incorporates both the perspective of crises and fundamental characteristics of the banking system in each economy. A fuzzy logic method with data from 1990-2009 is employed to construct the EWS of banking crisis based on 21 pre-determined variables from the aspect of total economy, financial and banking sectors. Our results show: Firstly, South Korea recorded higher probability to have a banking crisis in 1997 as there was large foreign debt in dollars. Secondly, China, Australia and New Zealand banking systems appear to be vulnerable to the crisis in 2007. The surge of China export, FDIs and booming stock market were signs of a heated economy. Australia with high commodity prices was also vulnerable to crisis. Thirdly, Australia, China, Japan and New Zealand banking systems appear to be exposed to the higher chance of a crisis in 2010. Japan with deflation coupled with expensive yen did not augur well for its export. Overall, the findings show that in Asian Financial Crisis 1997/98 and Global Financial Crisis 2008/09, many economies are exposed to a higher probability of having the crisis and this shows an urgent need of having surveillance in these economies.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.89-105
• /
• 2016

2008 began with the American financial crisis which gave way to the liquidity crisis (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) situation in which 'the withdrawal of investment initiated from the insufficiency of the U.S. subprime mortgage loan companies', 'the large size loss situation of the financial company (Bear Stearns) due to the American structured bond insufficiency' and the second half opening part national debt mortgage company. Within the American financial crisis was propagated the crisis of international derivatives. Due to this, the withdrawal of foreign investment progressed in the interior of a country with the considerable. By the end of 2007, the exchange rate fluctuation was absorbed in the domestic financial circle on the belief the potentiality of the domestic financial market had been growing drastically through the expansion of the foreign currency debt according to this and it came to the defence but while the exchange rate jumped up to the dollar shortage according to the international crisis, the small and medium companies making the banks and exchange rate-related derivatives contract were going bankrupt due to the derivatives loss. The small and medium factories establish the bank exchange rate-related derivatives has nose (KIKO), pivot (PIVOT), and snowball (Snowball) etc. at that time and the damage which it is the KIKO grasped at 6 end of the months in 2008 caused by reaches to 1 thousand billion 4 thousand hundred million dollars. Small and medium companies in which the dollar which it has to denounce among small and medium companies bearing the KIKO contract in fact with the Knock-In generation city bank exceeds the amount of sales were known to be 68 enterprises among 480 enterprises. This paper departs in this awareness of a problem and tries to look into the risk factor of the derivatives, including nose and study the essential ring risk management plan of small and medium manufacturer.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate empirically interaction among the financing decision, investment decision, and profitability by using 41 fisheries corporations in Korea, and to suggest implications of the empirical results for government's financial policy for fisheries corporations. Sample period is 19 years from 1982 till 2000. This analysis method employs the two stage least squares(2SLS) estimation method. From the results of regression analysis by 2SLS estimation method, the adjusted $R^2$ values were high and the overall F values indicated significant. The empirical results of this study are as follows; (1) determinant factors of capital structure model for fisheries are profitability, firm-size, fisheries investment of total asset, and business risk. As pecking order theory explains, the higher is profitability the lower is debt ratio. The larger firm-size, the higher is debt ratio. The higher is fisheries investment of total asset and business risk, the higher is debt ratio. (2) determinant factors of investment model for fisheries are the change of sales, business risk, and debt ratio. These factors have positive relation to fisheries investment of total asset (3) determinant factors of profitability model for fisheries are fisheries investment of total asset and debt ratio. These factors have negative relation to profitability. On the basis of analysis results, on the government's financial policy for fisheries corporations, I suggests that with interest rate reduction, the government should lend more funds to solve the crisis in the financial structure of the fisheries firms

• East Asian Economic Review
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.361-383
• /
• 2013

We find that institutional quality of an individual country was highly and significantly correlated with its economic performance in the euro area. We argue that governance reforms proposed at present do not suffice to resolving the fundamental problems of the EMU governance system unless disparities of institutional quality in member states are dissolved. Regarding regional integration, East Asia is far behind the Eurozone not only in institutional elements of the governance system but also in institutional quality at the level of individual nations.