• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.638-646
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• 2015

To increase the utility of seeds in plant resources, seeds of 6 Aster species(A. incisus, A. hayatae, A. koraiensis, A. scaber, A. spathulifolius, and A. yomena) were subjected to experiments to develop adequate methods for sprout production. To study optimum germination conditions, germination rates of the seeds were analyzed at different temperature (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$) and light conditions. A longitudinal growth experiment was performed in dark conditions for 10 days. Seedlings, with optimum germination rate and longitudinal growth, were placed in the light for 0-3 days to seek the adequate greening periods. Sprouts grown under optimum environmental conditions were placed in vessels with or without ventilation, and stored under $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ to examine storage environment and period. As a result of this analysis, seeds were selected that germinated over 50% within 12 days. Longitudinal growth was promoted at $20-25^{\circ}C$, and optimum growth was obtained with 7-9 days. As greening days increased longitudinal growth was retarded, but orbital growth of radicles and cotyledons was promoted. Considering all these factors, greening treatment of 2 days showed the best results. In a storage ability experiment, the best result was achieved by storage in vessels without ventilation under $4^{\circ}C$. Ventilation prevented rotting of sprouts, but reduced moisture contents of sprouts. Most sprouts were fresh at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3-6 days. In particular, sprouts of A. hayatae and A. yomena had high keeping quality, and remained fresh over 3 days even at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 1977

An expriment was conducted to determine the rate of germination under low temperature and effects of low temperature on seedling of varieties derived from the cross between Indica and Japonica type of rice. Total of 30 varieties including leading variety, Tongil, were germinated at the temperature of $10^{\circ}C$. and $15^{\circ}C$. to determine the rate of germination, and six varieties also including Tongil were planted in pot, and seedlings were exposed to the temperature of $5^{\circ}C$. and $1^{\circ}C$. for 15 days and damage of plant growth due to low temperature was observed. 1. Under the condition of $10^{\circ}C$., varieties such as Iri #323, Suwon #253, Iri #325, Milyang #22, Suwon #251, and Suwon #267 were showing over 70 percent of germination ratio, while varieties, Dodolokiwase, Milyang #23, Yusin, Iri #328, and Iri #329 were below 10 percent in germination ratio. 2. Under the condition of $15^{\circ}C$., variety Suwon #262 was shown 100 percent of germination and varieties such as Milyg an#22, Dodlokiwase, Tongil, Milyang #29, Suwon #258, Milyang #23, Milyang #24, Milyang #28 and Milyang #21 were over 90 percent in germination ratio. However, varieties such as Iri #328, Iri #329, Jinheung, and Minehikari were below 50 percent in germination rate. 3. Considering the germination rate and average days required to germination, Milyang #22 and Iri #323 were highly resistant varieties to low temperature. The rate of germination of varieties from the cross between Indica and Japonica under low temperature was not always lower than that of varieties from Japonica type of rice. 4. Most of the seedlings of varieties used were quite resistant to $1^{\circ}C$. at least for six hours. However, leaves of rice were exposed to the the temperature of $1^{\circ}C$. for 12 hours, and the withered leaves were recovered soon when put in under normal temperature. The degree of leaf withering under low temperature was lower in Milyang #15, Japonica type than in varietieties belonging to $Indica{\times}Japonica$ type of rice. 5. When the seedlings of varieties such as Josaengtongil, Tongil and Yusin were exposed to the temperature of $1^{\circ}C$. for 36 hours, 70 percent of leaves were withered and when the time of expose were doubled, the leaves were completely died. When the temperature was fluctuated, over 75 percent of leaves were died, while 65 percent of leaves of Milyang #15 were died when exposed to $1^{\circ}C$, for 72 hours. 6. Significant growth retardation was observed for all entries when exposed to $1^{\circ}C$. for 24 to 36 hours. The growth retardation was apparently increased as the time of expose was extended.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.317-320
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• 2001

Sweet com seeds deteriorate faster due to low starch content than field com seeds when stored for a long tenn. This study had been conducted to observe the seed deterioration of four different sweet corns in a long tenn storage conditions in room temperature. Four kinds of sweet com genes (sh2, bt, su, and se) were harvested from 15 days to 50 days after silking with 5-day intervals. These seeds were stored in the room temperature and tested for germination percentages from 3 months to 18 months period with 3-month interval. su seeds germinated better than other types of gene. Hybrid Mecca which is sh2 gene germinated better when stored for 3 months to 18 months. For all genes, mean regression equations in relation to storage periods showed linear responses. For regression equation, the slope of sh2 gene was lower than that of su gene. The highest slope value was observed in bt gene showing faster deterioration rate. The rate at which seed deteriorates seems to be affected by the date at which it was harvested. The seeds that were harvested at the optimum time deteriorated more slowly than those which were not.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 1996

For improvement germination rate of Cirsium setidens, wet seeds were storaged for 20 to 80 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and germinated at $18^{\circ}C$ in the dark or light condition. To assess the effects of shading and plant age on the growth, fresh yield and seed yield under rain shelter in highland at altitude of 800m above sea level, seeds were sown in an open field in late september,1990. In early May the next the seedlings were transplanted for vegetatable and seed production in the plastic houses for rain shelter. They were grown from 1991 to 1993 in the houses covered with the shading nets ranging from 0 to 70% for vegetable production and 0 to 50% for seed production. Germination rate inceased as the storage period lengthened, and the rate came to $60\sim80%$ at 60days after germination. It was more effective in lighting than in darkness. For vegetable production, the shading net treatments showed more values in almost the characters checked at the third year than the non-shading treatment. No. of stem, no, of leaves, stem length and degree of softening were no different between shading net treatments, but the other characters were significantly different. Ratio of survival, density of chlorophyll and ratio of dry matter of plants were highest in the plots of 50%, 70%, and 30% of shading, respectively. The highest fresh yield was recorded from 2-year plants, 70% of shading from them showed the greatest yield. The highest seed yields were produced 2-year-old plants of non-shading plot. For seed production, the non-shading treatment is best, and the highest seed yields were obtained in both the second and third years.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

This study is carried out to make the environmentally affinitive porous planting block for revegetation and to make a effective program for greening plans. The summary is shown below. 1. In order to get stronger intensity and distribute proper porosity in the block for planting, the cements mixed with fine soil were used and the finer in soil grains gives the stronger in intensity of the cements. Use of the furnace slag cements instead of the portland cements showed relatively stronger in intensity of the block. The intensity of the block became stronger when the mixed ratio of the cements to soil is 5 : 1, but the pore space ratio was lower. The percolate pH of the portland cements after one month of treatment was 13.1 but the percolate pH of the furnace slag cements was shown lower. To mold proper porous planting blocks, the proper combination of additives such as the dehydrating agent, elastic agent and adhesives into the mixture of cements and soil gives better effectives. 2. After molding the porous planting blocks, it gave a better result when the grains of the filler made of peat moss, upland soil and compound fertilizer were smaller than 2 mm in size. Shaking of the filling materials also gave the better result, but it took more time and cost much more. Therefore, it was better when the filling materials were mixed with water first then flew down for stuffing. 3. It was necessary to cover with soil after seeding or planting on the porous planting blocks. The proper thickness of the soil to help root development and keep moisture is about 3~5 cm. 4. The plants for planting on the porous planting block were required stronger in the growth condition of their roots and their environmental adaptability. The average germination percentage and rate of Platycodon grandiflorum on the porous planting block were 88.8% and 85% accordingly and their rate is very uniform. The germination rates of Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus and Taraxacum officinale were more than 50%. These grass species, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Lysimachia mauritiana and Scabiosa mansenensis were the suggested biennial grasses in the planting area where exchanging of the seedling or nursery plants was not necessary because their germination rates were 59.3, 45.6 and 40.3% accordingly. Viola kapsanensis, Chrysanthemum sp., Taraxacum sp. and Iris ensata var. spontanea are the grass species that could be used by seeding for greening. However, the germination rate of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Aster scaber and Lythrum anceps were lower than 10%. The coverage ratio of Ixeris stolonifera is more than 80% after 60 days seeding and the root length of most of species are more than 10 cm except Iris ensata var. spontanea and Platycodon grandiflorum because their root developed thicker than other species.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.130-133
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• 2006

This study was conducted to select Codonopsis lanceolata seed's new pelleting particulate materials and adhesives. Different adhesives (Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Xanthan gum (XG), Arabic gum (AG)) and particulate materials (Illite, Diatomite, Pyrophyllite + Illite + Diatomite (PID), Pyrophyllite + Illite + Talc (PIT), Bentonite + Talc (BT)) were tested for seed pelleting. PID for Codonopsis lanceolata seed pelleting appeared to be the best particulate material. Among the pelleting adhesives, PVP was the best adhesive for seed pelleting, and the optimum concentration for germination of pelleting seed was 1 %. Germination rate of the pelleted seeds treated with PID particulate material and PVP adhesive was higher (86.8%) than those of raw seeds (85.5%). $T_{50}$ and MDG of pelleted Codonopsis lanceolata seed required five and eight days at soil moisture content of 50%, respectively.

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2023

Grateloupia turuturu is a red alga with a flat but firm slippery thallus. Throughout its lifetime, this alga experiences a wide range of environmental stresses in the intertidal rocky shores. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of salinity and irradiance on the early developmental stages of G. turuturu tetrasporophytes. The released carpospores were cultivated at different salinities (S = 15, 25, and 35) and irradiances (50, 100, and 200 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1). Germination of carpospores and development of juvenile tetrasporophytes were observed every 5 days and recorded by a digital camera. Discoid crusts were formed at all conditions within 5 days. The discoid crusts at 200 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1 died within 20 days regardless the salinity. The discoid crusts at S = 35 also died at all irradiance conditions within 25 days. Except for those at S = 35 and 200 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1, the discoid crusts reached about 8,000-9,000 ㎛² by day 20. Regardless of irradiance, the upright thalli formation rate from discoid crusts was 85 and 10% at S = 15 and S = 25, respectively. These results suggest that salinity and irradiance are important factors influencing early developmental stages of G. turuturu.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2000

Effects of the heavy-ion ($^{14}$ N or $^{20}$ Ne) beam irradiation on the response of anthers, growth of calli, germination of seeds, and the early growth after the germination of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. BY-4) were investigated. Anthers precultured for 10 days before the irradiation became brown without callus or shoot induction over 20 Gy of $^{14}$ N and $^{20}$ Ne ion beam irradiation. Relative growth rate of the cultured calli was reduced by the irradiation and became brown significantly 2 weeks after the $^{14}$ N and $^{20}$ Ne ion beam irradiation over 50 Gy. The increased intensity of the heavy-ion ($^{14}$ N, $^{20}$ Ne) beam irradiation resulted in the delay of seed germination and the inhibition of the early growth both in water-treated and non-treated seeds before the irradiation. In addition, the heavy-ion beam irradiation to the imbibed seeds inhibited seed germination more than that to the non-imbibed seeds. The screening approach of non-imbibed seeds with heavy-ion beam irradiation using in vitro culture system was more useful than the filter-paper germination method in investigating the characteristics of heavy-ion beam-irradiated seed population and the screening of morphological variants at the early stage of the plant growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.505-513
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of chemical components in stagnant water under different mulching amount of barley straw after combine harvesting and the effect of stagnent water on the germinatidn and seedling elongation at early growth stage in rice. pH was lower in barley straw mulching than non-mulching and decreased with increasing of mulched barley straw but was not different among treatments in stagnant water at 15 days after flooding. Dissolved oxygen decreased with the increasing of mulched barley straw and increased with the passing of time, while saline content increased with the increasing of mulched barley straw, showing significant difference among treatments, was peaked at 15 days after flooding and thereafter, decreased. NH4-N was higher 5 days after flooding with thicker barley straw mulching but was not different at 10 days. N $O_3$-N increased up to 10 to 15 days after flooding and increased with thicker barley straw mulching. Water soluble phosphorus and cation content ( $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$)were higher in thicker barley straw mulching and peaked at 10 and 15 days after flooding. Germination rate was decreased by thicker straw mulching and was high in order of medium late, medium and early maturing rice variety. Keumobyeo, Gancheokbyeo, Ilpumbyeo, Dongjinbyeo and Gyehwabyeo showed higher germination rate. Seedling elongation at early growth stage was poorer with increasing of barley. straw mulching. Ilpumbyeo had good seedling elongation in one time amount of barley straw mulching and Shinunbongbyeo, Unjangbyeo, Nonganbyeo and Dongjinbyeo had poorer, in two times.mes.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.913-920
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• 2010

This study was conducted to improve the seed germination by low temperature and $GA_3$ in $Orostachys$ $japonicus$ A. Berger (Jirisan) and $O.$ $iwarenge$ (Mak.) Hara (Jejuyeonhwa), Korean native plants. Observation of the seeds using a stereo microscope showed that all seeds of the two species have wrinkled surface and oblong shape. Seed size ranged 0.77-1.00/0.25-0.37 mm (length/width), indicating that the seeds are minute seeds. When the seeds of two $Orostachsis$ species were sown into petri-dish and placed in a plant growth chamber of 10, 15, 20, or $25^{\circ}C$, 'Jirisan' showed seed germination below 20% at all temperatures and 'Jejuyeonhwa' 80% at only $10^{\circ}C$. Seed germination of 'Jirisan' increased up to 44% at $10^{\circ}C$ by low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) storage for 10 days, but decreased again at storage for more than 20 days. The seeds of 'Jejuyeonhwa' showed a large increase in seed germination by low temperature for 20-30 days, which was 95% at $10^{\circ}C$, but low temperature for more than 40 days significantly decreased seed germination. Dipping treatment in GA3 solution of $50-400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for different periods (3, 6, 12, and 24 hrs) remarkably improved germination rate and speed in both species, 80-100% in 'Jirisan' and 90-100% in 'Jejuyeonhwa' at all concentrations and dipping times used in this study.