• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.72-82
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate early establislment characteristics and germination pattern of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). Eight varieties of PR were evaluated in the study. An alternative environmental condition for a PR germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed daily for 30 days. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and final germination rate. Germination rates were variable among the varieties, being 66.00 to 93.75% at the end of study. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among PR varieties. The first germination in all entries tested was initiated from 3 to 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions, being 2 days in differences among the varieties. It was 4 to 7 DAS in days to the 50% germination, being 1 to 3 days later from the first germination and three days were variable among them. Days to the 75% germination were 5.93 to 10.50 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 4.57 days in variety differences. Pennant II and Brightstar II were the fastest varieties. The slowest ones were Revenge GLX and Brightstar SLT. Considering days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern etc, Pennant II and Brightstar II were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From tills study, information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with PR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-41
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• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated in the study. An alternative condition for a CB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination percentage. Germination rates were different among the treatments at the end of study. There were significantly considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among CB varieties. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions. Generally, the first germination percentage was 5 to 25%. However, such Penn-series varieties as Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were much more vigorous over others, resulting in 50 to 75% in the first germination percentage. It took 4 to 10 DAS in reaching to days to the 50% germination, being 5 days in difference among the varieties. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 5.85 days in variety difference. It means 1 to 2 days after days to 50% germination. Penn A-1 was the fastest variety, while T-1 the slowest one. Considering days to the first germination, days to 85% germination, and germination pattern etc, Penn A-1, Penn A-4, Penncross and L-93 were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with CB.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.157-160
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• 1998

To find out the effects of humidification and hardening of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Ilpumbyeo) seeds on the germination, both normal and artificially aged seeds with 60% germination rate were humidified at 40, 60, and 80% RHs and $25^{\circ}C$ for five weeks or hydrated for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ from one to five cycles for hardening. Relative humidity and duration of humidification did not affect the germination rate of normal seeds, while reduced the time to get 50% germination rate ($T_{50}$) by 1.0～1.6 days compared to that of normal seeds at $25^{\circ}C$. Aged seeds humidified at 40 and 60% RHs did not affect the germination rate and $T_{50}$ regardless of relative humidity and duration of treatment, while at 80% RH, the germination rate decreased and $T_{50}$ increased significantly with the duration of humidification. Hardening of normal seeds reduced $T_{50}$ by 0.7～1.1 days without changes in the germination rate. However, the germination rate and $T_{50}$ of aged seeds soaked in water for 6, 12, and 18 hours were similar regardless of soaking/drying cycles, while hardening of artificially aged seeds with 1～4 cycles in 24 hours soaking increased the germination rate by 11-16% and reduced $T_{50}$ by 1.4～2.0 days.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate early germination characteristics and germination pattern of new cultivars of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis pall/stris Huds.) under natural room temperature conditions and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions. Seven cultivars of CB were tested in the study. Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination rate among cultivars under different environments. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 days after seeding (DAS) under alternative conditions, while between 6 and 8 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 3 days later as compared with that of alternative conditions. As for the first germination percentage, it was generally 5 to 25% under alternative conditions. However, 'Penn A-1', 'Penncross', and 'Penn A-4' cultivars showed a vigorous germination, producing 50 to 70%. Under natural room temperature conditions, it was 5 to 10% for the most entries, except 'Penncross', 'L-93', and 'Penn A-4' cultivars which vigorously produced 20 to 50%. Days to the 50% germination in CB resulted in 4 to 10 DAS under alternative conditions, while 6 to 15 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 5 days later than under alternative conditions. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under alternative conditions and 7.95 to 12.50 DAS under natural conditions. 'Penn A-1' and 'L-93' were the fastest cultivars under alternative and natural conditions, respectively. Regardless of the temperature conditions, the longest cultivar in germination was 'T-1', being over 11 DAS. In-depth comparative data on germination characteristics and germination patterns among CB cultivars would be usefully applied for a practical CB turf establishment in golf course construction etc.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.370-378
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• 2015

Background : Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, functional wild vegetable, is perennial herb and young leaves with soft texture are generally used as edible food. So the demand for the vegetable has increased recently. This study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature and shading on germination characteristics of A. dioicus. Methods and Results : The experiment was performed by temperature and shading treatments. Seed pre-treatment before the germination experiment was carried out by the storage in low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) under wet condition (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days and shading treatment were 35%, 50%, and 75% under control, BA (6-benzyladenine) and $GA_3$ (gibberellic acid) condition for 24 hours. Increasing the length of the storage periods led to increases seed germination percent in low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) under wet condition (LTW), germination rate of A. dioicus seed was the highest at $15^{\circ}C$ with 60 days of seed pre-treatment. In the case of seeds pre-treatment with LTW, the more temperature went up, the more days to 50% of Germination of Final Germination Rate ($T_{50}$) went down. As a result of surveying shading treatment, germination rate was the highest in control of 35% shading and the next higher was in control of 50% shading. Conclusions : It is concluded that the temperature and shading are important factors to produce A. dioicus. Also, We suggest these results as basic data of A. dioicus for sexual propagation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2000

Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) used as a spice or fruit vegetable has been transplanted for cultivation to accompany the production of its seedlings in general. The experiment was done to measure the effect of its cultivars (Daemyng; Wanggochu), priming (chemicals; concentration; period), light quality (red; far-red; blue; dark) during priming, and germination temperature (25 or 15$^{\circ}C$ constant; 25/15$^{\circ}C$ alternating) on the rate of germination done under incandescent lamps until 9 days after sowing. Seed germination was better when primed with Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ than with KNO$_3$. Priming for 6 to 12 days using the former chemical enhanced the final germination rate and shortened the elapsed days to 50% germination, $T_{50}$, compared to no-priming. Under $25^{\circ}C$ constant germination temperature, primed seeds at darkness or far-red light showed the highest rate until 5 days after sowing or the lowest one since 7 days after sowing, respectively. The germination response at 25/15$^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature did not followed the lowest rate of 15$^{\circ}C$ constant germination temperature but inclined to that of $25^{\circ}C$ constant recorded the greatest one. Under 3 germination temperature red light treated during priming elevated the rate since 7 days after sowing compared to the other light treatments, and the germination rate of each cultivar was affected by no-priming or priming, light quality during priming. which imply their interaction to the seed germination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) under natural room temperature and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions for a practical application. Fifteen cultivars of KB were evaluated in the study. Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Differences were observed in germination percentage, germination pattern, days to the first germination and days to 75% germination. Germination percentage was variable with cultivars at the end of study. It was 75.75 to 90.25% under natural condition. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars according to germination conditions. The first germination in all entries tested was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) condition. But it was observed between 9 and 12 DAS under natural condition, being 3 to 5 days later as compared with ISTA condition. On the first date of a germinating process, the germination rate was 0.25% to 25.00% under ISTA condition, while 0.50% to 13.25% under natural condition. Days to the 75% germination were 15.08 to 28.80 DAS under ISTA condition and 17.78 to 28.75 DAS under natural condition. Midnight II, Excursion and Midnight were the fastest cultivars under ISTA condition, while Odyssey the fastest one under natural condition. Regardless of germination condition, the slowest cultivar was Voyager II, being over 4 weeks to 75% germination percentage. For the most cultivars, days to 75% germination under natural room temperature condition were 1 to 8 days slower than under ISTA condition. From this study information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern among cultivars would be usefully applied for KB establishment such as golf course construction. Prior to on-site seeding, a comprehensive germination test is practically recommended due to a possible decline in germination capability during domestic distribution and storage after import.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.700-705
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• 2013

This study was initiated to evaluate hydrophilic polymers (hydrogels) as a new solid matrix medium for seed-priming of Heteropappus arenarius Kitam. Solid matrix priming (SMP)-media were prepared with the combination of Na- and K-based hydrogels and hydrogels with three different dry levels (DC; 70%, 80%, and 90%). Priming was performed in the dark at 15 or $20^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, and all primed seeds were incubated at $20^{\circ}C$ in the dark for the germination test. Non-primed seeds and seeds primed with distilled water (DW) were also included. To reach the germination rate of 50% ($T_{50}$), it took 4.0 days for non-primed seeds, and 3.6 and 3.9 days for DW-primed seeds at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Na-based hydrogel-primed seeds with 70% DC (Na 70%) showed the fastest germination, which respectively took and 1.9 and 1.8 days at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ to $T_{50}$. K-based hydrogel-primed seeds with 70% DC showed the fastest germination among K-based hydrogels with various DC levels, but it took 0.6 days more to $T_{50}$ compared to Na 70%. The hydration rate (HR) of DW-primed seeds was 37% lower than that of Na 70%-primed seeds at $15^{\circ}C$ priming temperature, which indicates that Na 70% priming is the best solid matrix priming condition for promoting the germination of H. arenarius seeds.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1994

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of priming and preimbibition on gerraination of unscarified and KOH-scarified zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) seeds, respectively. Germi-nation percentages at 35˚C of seeds primed in $KNO_3$ and Ca($NO_3$)$_2$ were significantly higher than that of untreated seeds. The optimum conditions for priming unscarified seeds were in aerated $KNO_3$ solution at O4 M for 4 days at 20˚C. No additional benefit of $GA_3$ on increasing germination was not found in seed priming with solution of $KNO_3$ + $GA_3$ or in seeds preimbibed with $GA_3$ after priming. Scarified seeds preimbibed with distilled water(DW) for 4 days at 20˚C germinated higher and with fewer days to 50% of total germination(T 50) than untreated seeds. Preimbibition with $GA_3$ solution at 50 ppm for 4 days at 5, 10, 15 and 20˚C enabled up to 97% of seeds to germinate and reduced days to T 50 about 1.1 to 1.2 days at 35˚C Especially, seeds preimbibed with $GA^2$˚$_3_2_1$$\times$ had greatly higher germination and lower T 50 than untreated or DW-preimbibibed seeds at 30˚C, which is inadequate to germination in general. Preimbibed seed performance was unchanged after storage at room temperature for 50 days. Seeds preimbibed with GA $_3$ had higher rate of seedling emergence and faster growth of shoot than untreated seeds after sowing at 30˚C in growing medium in growth chamber.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2014

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.). Fifteen cultivars were evaluated under alternative conditions (8 hours light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16 hours dark at $15^{\circ}C$). Significant differences were observed in germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars. A final germination percentage differed in cultivars, being 75.25 to 89.50%. The first germination was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding). As for the first germination percentage, 'Brilliant' and 'Midnight II' produced 14.50% and 23.00%, respectively, while the others were most below 5%. Days to 75% germination were between 15.08 and 28.80 DAS. 'Excursion', 'Midnight II', 'Odyssey', 'Midnight' and 'Courtyard' were fastest. The slowest cultivar was 'Voyager II', being over 28 DAS, which were 13 to 14 days slower than the fastest ones. Considering the first germination percentage, days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern, 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Midnight' were regarded as excellent cultivars under alternative conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be practically useful for a golf course construction when established with KB.