• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3D
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• pp.263-270
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• 2010

This research has reviewed the ways to improve the benefits of shortening of transit hours among the benefit items in analysis of economic efficiency. The existing way of calculating the benefits of shortening the transit hours in analysis of economic efficiency has been using O/D in peak to multiply by 365. This method has a problem of not considering the change of traffic according to the month and the day of the week. To improve such problem, the volume of traffics at 361 regular research branches of the chronological statistics of traffic volume was used to analyze the pattern change of traffic volume per day of the week and per month by t-test and cluster analysis. The results show a difference in traffic volume according to the day of the week and the month. In the research example, a supposed O/D and network were used to apply weight per day of the week and per month to see a slight difference with the existing method of calculating benefits of shortening the transit hours. This signifies the necessity to study about the weight to consider the change pattern of traffic volume.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.422-431
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• 2012

The influence of a marketing mix on the consumer purchasing process is well documented in academic fields; however, studies of when consumers purchase fashion brands or products in terms of the day-of-the-week effect and 10-days-of-the-month effect on various channels to a given brand in practice are limited in the fashion industry. This study empirically describes the purchase timing behavior for athletic shoes using daily sales data from a domestic brand in Korea from January in 2006 to December in 2010. The results show that Saturday and Sunday have significantly higher sales than weekdays. In addition, the first and third 10-days-of-the-month yield a higher sales volume than the second 10-days-of-the-month. The department store's sales volume (compared with discount and franchised stores) was higher in the first 10-days-of-the-month; however, the discount and franchised stores have a higher sales volume in the second 10-days-of-the-month. Three store types have no significant differences in sales volume for the third 10-days-of-the-month. Based on the results, in practice, marketers for a specific domestic brand can develop a new marketing expenditure plan, store supply plan, and cash-in and cash-out plan to maximize profits. This research can introduce constructs such as purchase timing distribution, the day-of-the-week effect, and the ten-days-of-the-month effect for the fashion industry.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2022

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Phellinus linteus (PL) extract for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) a pilot clinical study was performed. Methods: There were 24 patients with KOA who enrolled in this double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. There were 3 groups: PL 1,000 mg/day (PL 1,000), PL 1,500 mg/day (PL 1,500), and dextrin 3,000 mg/day (placebo). Patients took capsules twice a day, 3 capsules at a time, over 8 weeks. Patients were monitored prior to treatment (Visit 1: Week 0), and followed up every 4 weeks (Visit 2: Week 4 and Visit 3: Week 8) where outcome measurements were taken. The primary outcome measure was the score from the Korean version of the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities from baseline to Week 8. The secondary outcomes were measurements from the visual analog scale, quality of life scale, erythrocyte sedimentation, and c-reactive protein. Adverse events were recorded at every visit. Results: The Korean version of the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities score showed the greatest improvement in symptoms of KOA in the PL 1,500 group compared with the placebo group. The erythrocyte sedimentation tended to decrease in the PL 1,500 group compared with the placebo group (which was within the normal range). The visual analog scale score decreased in all groups, with no significant differences between groups. No adverse events related to PL were reported. There were no abnormal hematological or physical findings. Conclusion: This pilot clinical trial was the first step to assess the efficacy and safety of PL used in the treatment of patients with KOA.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2024

Background: Standing frames are a common intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP), yet there is a lack of standardized dosing recommendations, impeding the enhancement of treatment outcomes in this population. Objects: This paper aims to optimize dosing strategies for standing frame programs in children with CP. It evaluates effective durations and frequencies for using standing frames to improve gait, hip joint integrity, functional activities, joint range of motion, and muscle tone. The goal is to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations to guide practitioners in treating pediatric CP patients. Methods: A comprehensive research was conducted across seven databases, yielding 23 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Strength of evidence was assessed using established tools. Clinical recommendations were formulated based on the amalgamation of existing evidence. Results: The paucity of evidence-based dosing recommendations for children with CP supported standing device is highlighted in this review. Key findings suggest that standing frames implemented 5 days per week demonstrate positive effects on gait (45 minutes/day, 3 times/week), hip joint integrity (60 minutes/day), functional activities (60 minutes/day in 30° to 60° of bilateral hip abduction), joint range of motion (60 minutes/day), and muscle tone (30 minutes/day). Conclusion: This systematic review of the treatment regimens for children with CP is providing useful insights to the dosing strategies of standing frames. The evidence supports a 30-60 minutes per day and 3-5 days a week intervention with specified durations for optimal outcomes. In enhancing the effectiveness of standing frames, as well as promoting evidence-based practices in the management of children with CP, these clinical recommendations offer guidance for practitioners.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.302-307
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• 2010

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal factors on body weight at hatching (day-old) and at six weeks of age in a commercial broiler line. A total of 6,765 records on body weight at day-old (BWTDO) and 115,421 records on body weight at six weeks of age (BWT6W), originated from a commercial broiler line during 14 generations, were used to estimate genetic parameters related to the effects of maternal traits on body weight of chicks immediately after hatch or six weeks thereafter. The data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood procedure (REML) and an animal model with DFREML software. Direct heritability ($h^{2}{_a}$), maternal heritability ($h^{2}{_m}$), and maternal environmental variance as the proportions of phenotypic variance ($c^{2}$) for body weight at day-old were estimated to be 0.050, 0.351, and 0.173, respectively. The respective estimated values for body weight at six weeks of age were 0.340, 0.022, and 0.030. The correlation coefficient between direct and maternal genetic effects for six-week-old body weight was found to be -0.335. Covariance components and genetic correlations were estimated using a bivariate analysis based on the best model determined by a univariate analysis. Between weights at hatching and at six week-old, the values of -0.07, 0.53 and 0.47 were found for the direct additive genetic variance, maternal additive genetic variance and permanent maternal environmental variance, respectively. The estimated correlation between direct additive genetic effect influencing weight at hatch and direct additive maternal effect affecting weight at six weeks of age was -0.21, whereas the correlation value of 0.15 was estimated between direct additive maternal effect influencing weight at hatch and direct additive genetic effect affecting weight at six-week-old. From the present findings, it can be concluded that the maternal additive genetic effect observed for weight at six weeks of age might be a factor transferred from genes influencing weight at hatch to weight at six-week-old.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.366-374
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• 2013

Anti-diabetic activities of cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum are being evaluated in this study. The OGTT and 4-weeks of repeated oral efficacy tests are conducted in mice at the doses of 0 (vehicle treatment), 25, 75 and 225 mg/kg/day, respectively. In human study, the test article was administered orally every day for 8-week at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg, tid and placebo group. The blood glucose levels (BGL) at 0.5 hour after treatment are significant decreased in all treatment groups of OGTT test. In the 4-week test, BGL of 75 and 225 mg/kg/day group is continuously decreased during all treatment periods and the BGL of 25 mg/kg/day group show decreasing trends at the final week, the pancreas weight of all treatment groups are being increased, and the Langerhans-islet numbers were increased at all treatment groups with a dose-response manner. There are no test article-related abnormal signs and the fasted blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPG) and HbA1c are decreased significantly after 8-week treatments. These results that the cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum could decrease BGL by protecting the degeneration of Langerhans islets.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2001

This study was conducted to explore the trajectory of fatigue and related factors on people with lung cancer during chemotherapy. A total of 23 patients with lung cancer participated in the beginning stage of the study. However, 11 dropped out because of death or discontinuity of the studys regimens. The data using the Pipers Fatigue Scale, were collected twice the first day of each treatment cycle and the last day of the completion of 6 cycles. Also, the scores of fatigue using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were measured on the same day of each week during chemotherapy to explain the trajectory of fatigue. The data obtained were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks tests and Kendalls tau b correlation coefficient. The score of fatigue increased in the first two weeks after the administration of chemotherapy, while decreasing after the second week. During the 1st, 5th, and 6th cycles, the scores of fatigue were greater than 5.5 out of 10. Overall, except for the 6th cycle, the score of fatigue was the highest in the first week. This could be accounted for there only being a small number of patients included in the 6th cycle. In conclusion, fatigue was severe at the end of the first week of chemotherapy, and then increased to reach a plateau in the fifth and sixth stages. The results of this study will help oncology nurses to understand the process of fatigue during chemotherapy. It will be useful to create various intervention programs to decrease fatigue in people with cancer especially in the first week of the chemotherapy.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.363-369
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• 1998

The effects of feeding frequency on growth and body composition of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were compared among five groups at different feeding frequencies : 4 times daily, 2 times daily, once a day, 4 times every other day, and 2 times every other day. The effects of 1~2 nonfeeding days per week were also examined. Growth rates, feed efficiencies, survival rates, and condition factors of fish fed twice and 4 times daily were higher than for the other groups, and were also higher for fish fed 6~7 days per week than those fed 5 days per week. Hepatocyte nuclei of fish were larger in the daily feeding groups than others, which suggested fish daily fed would have higher methabolic rate. Theses results suggested that captive juvenile chum salmon should be fed 2 or more times per day, and 6~7 days per week.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the common characteristics of eating behaviors of the long-lived elderly in order to offer the basic data for establishing dietary guidelines for a long and healthy life for the general population. The subjects were three-hundred elderly people over age 85 living in Kyungpook Sung-ju who have no problems in daily living. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge and attitudes, meal patterns, and food preferences of the subjects were surveyed by individual intervies. The levels of the nutrition knowledge of the subjects were very low(average score ; 4.3) and the correlation coefficient between their nutrition knowledge and attitude score was also low(r=0.323, p=0.000). Most of the subjects(93%) had a regular meal pattern consuming three meals a day. The major staple food was rice mixed with other grains(75%) and the number of side dishes was mostly under four(99%). A majority(73%) had no habit of overeating and 51% of the subjects were taking snacks besides regular meals. Thirty one percent of the subjects had drinking habits and 80% of the drinking subjects had over 40 years of drinking history. The most common frequencies for intakes of various food groups were ; more than once a day(95%) for vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(74%) for green and orange color vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2∼3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2-3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2-3 times a week(85%) for seaweeds and 2-3 times a week(81%) for foods cooked with oil. The most preferred foods by the subjects were white rice(staple foods), soybean paste soup(soups), beef and eggs(meats and eggs), yellow croaker and hair tail(fish and shellfish), yoghurt(milk and milk products), all vegetables except carrot(vegetables), and watermelon(fruits). The popular food preparation methods included mixing with seasonings and the most preferred taste was sweet. The results showed that the eating pattern of long-lived elderly was characterized by regularity, simplicity, and no overeating.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.687-694
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the laying performance of six strains of Korean domestic chickens (KDC 1A, 2A, 3A, 1B, 2B and 3B). A total of 288 20-week-old KDC hens were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 12 replicates per each strain (4 chickens per pen). The chickens were fed commercial diets (i.e., week 20 - 32, crude protein [CP] 18.0% and metabolizable energy [ME] 2,850 kcal/kg; week 32 - 40, CP 17.0% and ME 2,800 kcal/kg) ad libitum together with fresh water during the 20-week experiment. Body weight, age of sexual maturity, egg weight, hen-day egg production (HDP) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during the experiment period (week 20 - 40). Our results show that strain 3B had an improved (p < 0.05) HDP and FCR compared with the other strains on week 24 - 28. However, strain 3A had an improved (p < 0.05) HDP and FCR compared to the other strains on week 28 - 40. Similarly, strain 3A had a higher egg weight (p < 0.05) compared to the other strains on week 28, 32 and 40. In conclusion, the higher laying performance of strain 3A indicates its potential in the development of a KDC strain with improved commercial laying performance.