• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.40-50
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to suggest basic data for establishing future urban agriculture vitalization policies, by analyzing the preference of urban agriculture types in accordance with lifestyle as the standard of living for urban residents is improved. A survey was conducted targeting residents of nine autonomous regions that have established grounds for supporting the urban agriculture vitalization by enacting an urban agriculture ordinance, among 25 autonomous regions of Seoul. It aimed to verify a causal relationship between lifestyle and preferred activity of urban agriculture. In the results of the study first, a 'Health pursuit-type' was significant within the 'urban type' urban agriculture. These urban residents, pursuing safe food and health, actively participated in urban agriculture educational programs, and also preferred urban agricultural activities such as planting plants, landscape crops for the improvement of natural scenery in the downtown, and also participating in urban agriculture fairs. Second, 'Leisure activity-type' was significant with the 'House advantage type' urban agriculture. Urban residents mostly emphasizing hobby and leisure activities preferred the 'House advantage type' urban agricultural activities such as tending a vegetable garden in indoor life or using the veranda space of an apartment. Third, 'Health pursuit-type' was significant with the 'Schooling type' urban agriculture and 'Farm and Park type' urban agriculture. Urban residents pursuing health preferred tending an educational-type vegetable garden and educational farm connected to schools, running private farms outside of the downtown, and actively participating in urban agriculture park. Fourth, 'The neighborhood type' was significant with the 'Schooling type' urban agriculture. 'The neighborhood type' urban residents preferred actively participating in diverse urban agriculture education activities. The significance of this study is to examine the tendency and preferred activities of end users of urban agriculture by suggesting the necessity of viewing urban agriculture from the aspect of a consumer, and then examining the influential relationship between lifestyle and preference of urban agriculture-types.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2008

Purpose: Oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy to the head and neck area, is a common acute complication and is considered as the most severe symptom for cancer patients in the early stages of treatment. This study was proposed to establish the oral mucositis mouse model induced by a single dose of radiation for the facility of testing therapeutic candidates which can be used for the oral mucositis treatments. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control, 16 Gy, 18 Gy, and 20 Gy. Oral mucositis was induced by a single dose of radiation to the head and neck using 6 MV x-Ray from linear accelerator. After irradiation, body weight and physical abnormalities were checked daily. Tongue tissues from all groups were taken on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 14, respectively and H&E staining was conducted to examine morphological changes. Results: Body weight dramatically decreased after day 5 in all irradiated mice. In the 16 Gy treatment group, body weight was recovered on day 14. The histology data showed that the thickness of the epithelial cell layer was decreased by the accumulated time after radiation treatment, up to day 9. Severe ulceration was revealed on day 9. Conclusion: A single dose of 16 Gy is sufficient dose to induce oral mucositis in Balb/C mice. Significant changes were observed in the Balb/C mice on days 7 and 9 after radiation. It is suggested that this mouse model might be a useful standard tool for studying oral mucositis induced by radiation.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine that we can estimate land use by land values in 5 great cities. For this purpose, I calculated the percentage that each lot value makes up of the highest land values in the city as a indicator. I think this rate is very useful in the comparative study about many cities. At first, I set up four hypotheses based on my preceding studies. Hypothesis 1, the range of CBD can be estimated as having about 10% of the peak land values. Hypothesis 2, when the peak rate of concentric circle of land values seperated from CBD circle is about 30% of the peak land values, that is sub-CBD. Hypothesis 3, generally, a lot of having about 5% of the peak land values represents residential land commercial land use. Hypothesis 4, a lot of having about 3% of the peak land values represents only residential land use. The data on land values in five great cities were got from public notification on land values(1999) of the Ministry of Construction & Transportation. I selected highest lot values from many standard lot value in each Tong(the minimum administrative unit) in each cities. And I drew land values isopleth. Through that isopleth, I identified CBD cmd sub-CBD. Through the book of public notification on land values, I identified what land use are lots of having over 10%, about 5%, below 3% of the peak land values. As a result, we identified land use can be estimated by the percentage that each lot value makes up of the highest land values in the city. The bigger urban size becomes and the more stable land use becomes, the higher fitness of hypotheses becomes. The lowest degree of fitness about 4 hypotheses among 5 great cities showed in Inchon. Because Inchon lies adjacent to the greatest Seoul. The percentage that showed the lowest degree of fitness is 5% of the highest land values. The land use on lots of having about 5% of the peak land values is different from each other according to regional character in city.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 1991

This study is focusted to the national park of Korean typical mountain Chi-ri, its visual resources of forests, and practiced inspectind course by way of hypothesis and tests, to show visual resource management objectively, and that of quantitative basic data. spatial image structure measured by Semantic Differential(S.D.) Scale was shown through factor analysis algorithm for the analyzing psychological amount and examined the flowing out of decisive factor and the objective importance related mutual factors by appling the measurement of visual quality. Also, it has been investigated the differences between the degrees of expectation which is used before and of satisfaction which is used, by appling instrumental expectation theory. And showed patterns of investigation area through factor analyzing algorithm. As a national Park, visual factors that have natural landscape harmonized forest, sky, surface of the water, curious stones and rocks, temples should be escalate their values affirmatively so as to be the scenery of pointed direction and enjoyable, and it is needs the techniques visual resource management and its controlling technique to make artificial structures more intentional planning and systemical setting. Manmade distinctive quality in the spatials that affect complementally or harmonizingly, should be received considering relations between the distifution and joining which in line with various visual presenting massive factors. More than that, it is needed united basic standard to the beauty of arrangements which contain visual continuity considered balance between nature and human work, simplicity of structural types, assimilation, emphasis, unification of different factors and pro rata.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.193-222
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to review the rights and duties of cargo owners, the party to the contract of international carriage of goods by air under the Warsaw Convention System and the IATA conditions. It is generally known that air freight is the most-cost mode of transportation. However, should there be considerations of total distribution cost, the use of air freight leads exporters to be advantageous in physical distribution. The Warsaw Convention System defined and limited the rights and duties of cargo owners and air carriers paticipating in the international carriage of goods, but it does not regulate every aspect of air transportation. Therefore, the unregulated parts are governed by national laws and by individual contracts of carriage. The International Air Transport Association(lATA), a worldwide organization of airlines, has formulated model conditions of contract for the carriage of cargo. These models are not uniformly followed but they serve as a basis for many of the individual standard form of contracts prepared by air carriers. The contract of air carriage of goods is a contract of adhesion, 'the consignor recognizing and accepting the conditions laid down by the carrier'. There are consignors and carriers as the parties to the contract of international carriage of goods. In addition to his basic right, implied in Warsaw Convention Article 18 and 19, to require devery of the goods in good condition and at the date agreed upon, the consignor has the right to dispose the goods in the course of the journey up to the moment when the consignee is entitled to require delivery. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor, the carrier must so inform him forthwith. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Warsaw Convention Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive. The consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill. The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor, whether there is one air waybill or several, each must be made out in three original parts. The first is for the carrier, the second is for the consignee, and the the third is handed to the consignor when the shipment has been accepted. The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statement concerning the cargo appearing in the air waybill. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or consignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Hague Protocol set forth in Article 9 that nothing in this. Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill, but Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 deleted this article. All charges applicable to a shipment are payable in cash at the time of acceptance thereof by the carrier in case of a prepaid shipment or at the time of delivery thereof by the carrier in case of a collect shipment. The carrier shall have lien the cargo for unpaid charges and, in the event of non-payment thereof, shall have the right to dispose of the cargo at public or private sale and pay itself out of the proceeds of such sale any and all such amounts. In conclusion, the Warsaw Convention System has the character of ambiguity in various respects, not only in the part of the forms of documents but also in conditions of contract. Accordingly, the following propositions might be considered: (1) If the carrier does not obey the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without proper reasons, he will be liable strictly for any damage which may be caused thereby to the cargo owner. The special agreement and carrier's conditions of carriage which limit unreasonably the consignor's right of disposition of the goods will be nullified. (2) The instrument of the Warsaw Convention System which is not yet in force(Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4) would considerably simplfy the processing and keeping of computerized records of the carriage. Until this instrument enters into force, the airlines will be faced with practical problems preventing them to substitute computerized data processing techniques for the formal issuance of the documents. Accordingly, Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 should become effective as soon as posisble. From a practical point of view in the international trade, the issuance of negotiable air waybill should be permitted for the security of the bank.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 1987

The present study was attempted to obtain the basic data concerning a reasonable preparing method and the optimum fermentation conditions of Kochujang (Red pepper paste). To establish the standard qualify of Kochujang, changes of the chemical composition and the numbers of bacteria and feasts in Kochujang during fermentation were observed. Moisture, salts and crude ash contents of Kochujang were not changed significantly during fermentation. Titrable acidity and amino nitrogen gradually increased with the time-passed, whereas crude fat gradually decreased with the time-elapsed. And reducing sugar and total nitrogen increased until 40 days, but slightly decreased after this period. The numbers of bacteria and yeasts in the ingrients for the preparation of Kochujang were $3.9{\times}10^7/g$, $1.5{\times}10^3/g$ in red pepper powder, $7.6{\times}10^4/g$, $2.8{\times}10^2/g$ in salts. respectively, but those of sugar and malt were not more than 100/g. Microbial counts in Kochujang during fermentation increased until 40 days, but those are gradually decreased after that.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.440-451
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• 2000

This study was conducted in order to provide essential data and relevant management proposal to conserve and maintain big and old trees in a rational way. For the field survey, 77 big and old trees preserved by the laws in Chollabuk-do, Korea were investigated. The study results are summarized as follows : 1. To conserve and manage big and old trees, the valuable trees have been designated as natural monument trees and protection-needed trees. There are 141 individuals of 37 species designated as natural monuments and 10,049 individuals of 102 species designated as protection-needed trees. 2. Management budget for natural monument trees was devoted at 70% from the national expenditure, but that for protection-needed trees was devoted at 98% from the local expenditure. 3. Standardized sign boards and sign stones for natural monument trees were well placed and other protection facilities such as fences, branch supports and branch holdings were established. On the other hand, management of protection-needed trees was deficient overall. 4. Problems for designation process and management of protection-needed trees could include items such as insufficient management budget, various development activities, land ownership, misjudgement of tree age and species identification, unsatisfaction of sign board placement, insufficient surgery for damaged trees, pavement around tree root system and environmental pollution around the trees. 5. In order to improve the existing management methods of big and old trees, the following schemes were suggested : the development of practical criteria for natural monument and protection-needed trees, nationwide surveys of big and old tree resources, the security of national budget, securing sufficient spaces for the tree growth, specialization of management systems, extended practices of tree form management, establishment of permanent standard signs and consideration of opinions of village residents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.539-549
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• 2012

In order to acquire basic data on the development of squid processing food, we investigated changes in the composition of boiled squid upon heat treatment ($100^{\circ}C$), acid treatment (acetic acid, 0~5%), and pre-boiling ($55^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$). The proximate composition of squid was 73~78% moisture and 19~24% crude protein, treatment with acid solution had a significant effect on the proximate composition of boiled squid (p<0.05). The major free sugars were ribose and glucose in all treatment samples. The $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample had lower levels of glucose than the other samples. The total free sugar content of the non-peeled sample was the highest, followed by the $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample, whereas the sugar content in the $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample was very low. With regards to amino acid content, proline was the highest in all samples, followed by taurine and histidine. Treatment with acid solution had a significant effect on the total free amino content of boiled squid (p<0.05). The total free amino acid content of the $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample was the highest, followed by the $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample and non-peeled sample. Inosine and related compounds were not detected in any of the samples, and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was low. The hypoxanthine contents of the $55^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled samples were the highest, the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) contents were similar, and the IMP content of the non-peeled sample was higher than those of the peeled samples. The palmitic acid content was very high and constituted 40% of total saturated fatty acids. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents were also high and constituted 60% of total unsaturated fatty acids. Of these, DHA content was the highest, followed by palmitic acid and EPA, which accounted for about 85% of total fatty acids. No difference in fatty acid content was observed between acid treatment and pre-boiling. The mineral P content was the highest on average in all boiled squid samples, followed by K, Na, Mg, and Ca contents. In addition, the pre-boiling temperature and acid solution concentration had significant effects on the mineral content. Further, heavy metal, Cd, Pb, and As contents were detected only at trace amounts, and their levels were lower than standard and permissible amounts for food.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.376-381
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyse the color of natural deciduous teeth in Korean children and to compare with that of composite resin specimens. The subjects were 148 children (80 boys and 68 girls) with good general condition and normal teeth color, aged between 3 and 6 years. The color of middle third of maxillary central incisor in deciduous teeth was examined with shade guide and then measured by means of the colorimeter CV300 which can be measured by CIELAB system. The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS program. The results were summerized as follows; 1. Over 90% of the color for the deciduous anterior teeth was in A1, A2, B1, B2 and P shade. 2. The means of deciduous teeth color were $L^*=58.72,\;a^*=-1.18,\;b^*=-0.63$ by colorimeter CV300. 3. $L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*$ prices for A1, A2, B1, B2, P were $L^*=52.52,\;a^*=-1.90,\;b^*=1.18$ in A1 specimen, $L^*=54.90,\;a^*=-1.87,\;b^*=1.60$ in A2 specimen, $L^*=59.80,\;a^*=-2.70,\;b^*=-0.63$ in B1 specimen, $L^*=56.90,\;a^*=-1.70,\;b^*=1.63$ in B2 specimen, $L^*=52.93,\;a^*=-2.33,\;b^*=1.10$ in P specimen. The means of B1 color specimen were most similar to those of deciduous teeth color. The A1 color values were similar to the P color values. 4. The standard deviation of $L^*,\;a^*$ was small among colors, but that of $b^*$, in the yellowish color, was large.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.3 s.41
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• pp.61-79
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to evaluate concretely how the 7th Technology Home Economics(HE) curriculum was operated In school fields by using context evaluation, input evaluation using the CIPP model focusing HE. In this research. a questionnaire survey was done targeting HE teachers in charge of technology and home economics subject for the 7th curriculum implementation at 250 randomly selected middle schools in Gpoungsangnamdo, and 109 returned questionnaire papers were used for the final analysis. The frequency, percent, mean and standard deviation of these data were obtained by using the SPSS 10.0 for Windows Program. The results of this research were outlined below: First, with a regard to the context evaluation (evaluating educational contexts), the requirement degree of seeking for career appeared to be the highest at the requirement survey of the education goal and character of HE area, and the requirement degree of elevating understanding home living' were very low. Interest and concern of students towards these subject as well as the self-confidence of HE teachers in charge were low. Second, as for the input evaluation (evaluating education plans), time allocation, content level, and content amount were not regarded to be not proper, and the composition of HE educational curriculums and the class guideline of teachers also were not so faithful from the aspect of school level. Among surveyed items, establishing plans in school level towards evaluation was relatively sincere, but discussions about curriculums were not so faithful, suggesting various kinds of content are not fully discussed. As shown by the results above, it is difficult to say that the operation of the 7th HE educational curriculums has secured its position perfectly. It is necessary to examine systematically the educational goals. character of the 7th HE educational curriculum and the appropriateness of curriculum content, and to seek various methods to elevate the self confidence of teachers and the interests of students. Because how to operate national level educational curriculums in school levels with self-regulation and elasticity will be an important variable in realizing educational goals, teachers, the main body of educational curriculums and direct performers, should establish and perform educational plans in school levels to elevated the satisfaction of teachers and educational effects for normally operating educational curriculums. In addition, educational curriculums should be operated and evaluated mainly by teachers at school fields to make it possible to confirm and check the achievement of the goals of educational curriculums qualitatively.