• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.215-235
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• 1996

본 연구에서 수행한 Model 시뮬레이션에 의한 열환경 분석 기법은 지역별로 다양한 기상여건 하에서 대상온실의 난방 및 냉방부하를 보다 합리적으로 예측할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 냉방이나 난방용 시스템의 결정을 비롯한 난방대책을 수립하고, 에너지 이용 전략의 수립이나 계절적인 작부계획 수립, 온실산업용 적지선정 등에 유익하게 활용될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 온실의 적극적인 환경조절 유형을 난방과 냉방의 두 가지로 대별하고, 난방 소요열량 산정을 비롯하여 야간의 보온 커튼효과, Heating Degree-Hour 산정 등 난방과 관련된 시뮬레이션은 동적 모형을 이용하여 시간별, 일별 및 월별로 검토하였으며, 환기를 비롯한 차광, 증발냉각시스템의 효과 분석은 정적모형을 이용하여 검토하였다. 특히 하절기 지하수와 같은 저온수를 직접 이용하거나 Heat Pump를 통하여 확보될 수 있는 저온수를 이용하여 온실의 피복면에 살수함으로서 확보할 수 있는 온실냉방효과를 검토하는 데는 1.2m$\times$2.4m 크기의 모형온실을 제작하여 기초실험을 수행함으로서 동절기의 수막시스템의 보온효과와 마찬가지로 하절기 냉방 효과를 거둘 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에 활용된 온실의 수치 환경모형 중 난방관련 시뮬레이션용 동적 수치모형은 소기의 목적을 달성하는데 충분히 응용될 수 있는 이론모형이다. 이 이론모형이 범용성이 높은 것은 온실 내ㆍ외의 미기상 변화, 특히 난방이나 냉방이 본격적으로 요구되는 기간동안에 온도, 습도, 일사, 풍속 등의 미기상 인자들을 면밀하게 관찰하여 실측된 자료를 바탕으로 개발되었고, 다양한 자료에 의해 충분히 검정되었기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 경남 진주지역의 어느 특정 기간(1987년)의 시간별 기상자료를 중심으로 온실의 열적 환경변화에 대한 수치모형 시뮬레이션을 실시하였으며, 아직 수치모형에 의한 시뮬레이션이 불가능한 일부 냉방효과를 검토하는 데는 모형 실험을 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 주간과 야간의 설정온도를 달리하고 다단계 변온조절방식으로 시뮬레이션을 행한 결과 난방 소요열량은 난방 설정온도에 따라 현저한 차이를 보였다. 특히 주간 설정온도에 비하여 야간 설정온도가 난방 소요열량에 예민하게 영향을 미치므로 야간의 설정온도 결정에 신중을 기해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 2. 기존의 Heating Degree-Hour 자료는 평균 외기온을 중심으로 임의의 설정온도에 대하여 산정된 값이므로 난방 소요열량에 대한 상대적인 비교수단은 되나 고려되는 기상인자의 제한과 설정온도의 임의성 때문에 실용성이 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시된 것처럼 온실 주변의 제반 미기상 인자나 경계조건이 반영됨은 물론 작물의 생육상태 및 구체적인 설정온도까지도 고려하는 동적 수치모형으로 시시각각으로 예측된 실내기온을 중심으로 재배기간 동안의 난방열량을 적산함이 합리적이라 판단된다. 기존의 MDH 자료로 난방 설계를 할 경우에는 지나치게 과잉설계 될 가능성이 있다. 3. 산정된 난방 소요열량은 물론 커튼의 보온성능도 월별 기상여건에 따라 현저한 차이를 보이며, 시뮬레이션에 이용된 커튼의 경우 높은 보온효과를 보임으로서 년 평균 50% 이상의 난방 에너지를 절감할 수 있으며, 동절기 3-4개월의 집중 난방기에 에너지가 크게 절감됨을 발견할 수 있다. 4. 고온기 환기성능은 온실의 구조, 기상조건, 작물의 생육상태 등에 따라 다소의 차이가 있으나 환기율에 의해 크게 좌우되며, 시뮬레이션에 이용된 두 가지 농가보급형 온실 모두 환기율의 증가에 따른 실내기온의 강하 효과가 환기율이 1회/min 정도를 넘어서면서 급격히 둔화되는 현상을 보인다. 이는 기존에 권장되고 있는 적정 환기율인 1회/min 전후의 환기 시스템을 갖추는 것이 합리적임을 확인해 준다. 5. 작물이 성숙된 유리온실에서 외기의 상대습도가 50%인 쾌청한 주간동안 연속적으로 1회/min로 환기를 시킬 경우 실내기온 36.5$^{\circ}C$의 대조구에 비한 온도강하는 50% 차광만 했을 시 2.6$^{\circ}C$이고 효율 80%의 Pad ＆ Fan 시스템만 작동시 6.1$^{\circ}C$ 정도이며, 차광과 냉각시스템을 동시에 작동시는 약 8.6$^{\circ}C$로서 외기온보다 3.3$^{\circ}C$가 낮은 28$^{\circ}C$까지 실내온도를 낮출 수 있으나, 동일 조건하에서 외기의 상대습도가 80%로 높은 경우에는 Pad ＆ Fan시스템에 의한 온도강하가 2.4$^{\circ}C$에 불과하여 50% 차광하에서도 외기온 이하로 실내온도를 낮출 수 없음을 알 수 있다. 6. 하절기 3개월(6/1-8/31)동안 Pad ＆ Fan 시스템의 냉방효과($\Delta$T)는 설정된 작동 온도에 따라 다소 차이를 보일 것으로 예상되나 본 시뮬레이션에서 설정한 시스템의 작동 온도 27$^{\circ}C$에서 상대습도와의 상관관계는 대략 다음과 같았다: $\Delta$T= -0.077RH＋7.7 7. 전형적인 하절기 주간기상 하에서 경시적 냉방효과를 분석한 결과 환기만으로는 실내기온을 외기온 보다 5$^{\circ}C$ 높게 유지하는 정도가 고작이고, 차광이나 증발식 냉방시스템 만으로는 작물이 성숙한 단계에서조차도 외기온 이하로 떨어뜨리기가 어려우나 차광과 아울러 증발식 냉방을 병행할 경우에는 작물상태에 따라 다소 차이는 있지만 실내기온을 외기온보다 2.0-2.3$^{\circ}C$ 낮게 유지할 수 있음을 발견할 수 있다. 8. 일사가 차단된 27.5-28.5$^{\circ}C$의 외기온하에서 6.5-8.5$^{\circ}C$의 냉수를 온실 바닥면적 1$m^2$당 1.3 liter/min의 유량으로 온실표면에 살수했을 때 실내기온을 외기온보다 1$0^{\circ}C$ 낮은 16.5-18.$0^{\circ}C$ 정도로 낮출 수 있었다. 앞으로 살수 수온(T$_{w}$ )이나 외기온(T$_{o}$ ) 뿐만아니라 살수율(Q)에 따라 온실기온 (T$_{g}$ )에 미치는 상관 관계 T$_{g}$ = f(T$_{w}$ , Q, T$_{o}$ )를 구명하여 지하수 자체 또는 Heat Pump를 이용한 지하수온 이하의 냉수로 온실냉방의 가능성을 구명하는 것이 앞으로의 과제이다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2008

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.77-96
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• 1997

The duty shifts of hospital nurses not only affect nurses' physical and mental health but also present various personnel management problems which often result in high turnover rates. In this context a study was carried out from October to November 1995 for a period of two months to find out the status of hospital nurses' duty shift patterns, and preferred duty hours and fixed duty shifts. The study population was 867 RNs working in five general hospitals located in Seoul and its vicinity. The questionnaire developed by the writer was used for data collection. The response rate was 85.9 percent or 745 returns. The SAS program was used for data analysis with the computation of frequencies, percentages and Chi square test. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. General characteristics of the study population: 56 percent of respondents was (25 years group and 76.5 percent were "single": the predominant proportion of respondents was junior nursing college graduates(92.2%) and have less than 5 years nursing experience in hospitals(65.5%). For their future working plan in nursing profession, nearly 50% responded as uncertain The reasons given for their career plan was predominantly 'personal growth and development' rather than financial reasons. 2. The interval for rotations of duty stations was found to be mostly irregular(56.4%) while others reported as weekly(16.1%), monthly(12.9%), and fixed terms(4.6%). 3. The main problems related to duty shifts particularly the evening and night duty nurses reported were "not enough time for the family, " "afraid of security problems after the work when returning home late at night." and "lack of leisure time". "problems in physical and physiological adjustment." "problems in family life." "lack of time for interactions with fellow nurses" etc. 4. The forty percent of respondents reported to have '1-2 times' of duty shift rotations while all others reported that '0 time'. '2-3 times'. 'more than 3 times' etc. which suggest the irregularity in duty shift rotations. 5. The majority(62.8%) of study population found to favor the rotating system of duty stations. The reasons for favoring the rotation system were: the opportunity for "learning new things and personal development." "better human relations are possible. "better understanding in various duty stations." "changes in monotonous routine job" etc. The proportion of those disfavor the rotating 'system was 34.7 percent. giving the reasons of"it impedes development of specialization." "poor job performances." "stress factors" etc. Furthermore. respondents made the following comments in relation to the rotation of duty stations: the nurses should be given the opportunity to participate in the. decision making process: personal interest and aptitudes should be considered: regular intervals for the rotations or it should be planned in advance. etc. 6. For the future career plan. the older. married group with longer nursing experiences appeared to think the nursing as their lifetime career more likely than the younger. single group with shorter nursing experiences ($x^2=61.19.{\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=41.55.{\;}p=.000$). The reason given for their future career plan regardless of length of future service, was predominantly "personal growth and development" rather than financial reasons. For further analysis, the group those with the shorter career plan appeared to claim "financial reasons" for their future career more readily than the group who consider the nursing job as their lifetime career$(x^2$= 11.73, p=.003) did. This finding suggests the need for careful .considerations in personnel management of nursing administration particularly when dealing with the nurses' career development. The majority of respondents preferred the fixed day shift. However, further analysis of those preferred evening shift by age and civil status, "< 25 years group"(15.1%) and "single group"(13.2) were more likely to favor the fixed evening shift than > 25 years(6.4%) and married(4.8%)groups. This differences were statistically significant ($x^2=14.54, {\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=8.75, {\;}p=.003$). 7. A great majority of respondents(86.9% or n=647) found to prefer the day shifts. When the four different types of duty shifts(Types A. B. C, D) were presented, 55.0 percent of total respondents preferred the A type or the existing one followed by D type(22.7%). B type(12.4%) and C type(8.2%). 8. When the condition of monetary incentives for the evening(20% of salary) and night shifts(40% of. salary) of the existing duty type was presented. again the day shift appeared to be the most preferred one although the rate was slightly lower(66.4% against 86.9%). In the case of evening shift, with the same incentive, the preference rates for evening and night shifts increased from 11.0 to 22.4 percent and from 0.5 to 3.0 percent respectively. When the age variable was controlled. < 25 yrs group showed higher rates(31.6%. 4.8%) than those of > 25 yrs group(15.5%. 1.3%) respectively preferring the evening and night shifts(p=.000). The civil status also seemed to operate on the preferences of the duty shifts as the single group showed lower rate(69.0%) for day duty against 83. 6% of the married group. and higher rates for evening and night duties(27.2%. 15.1%) respectively against those of the married group(3.8%. 1.8%) while a higher proportion of the married group(83. 6%) preferred the day duties than the single group(69.0%). These differences were found to be statistically all significant(p=.001). 9. The findings on preferences of three different types of fixed duty hours namely, B, C. and D(with additional monetary incentives) are as follows in order of preference: B type(12hrs a day, 3days a wk): day shift(64.1%), evening shift(26.1%). night shift(6.5%) C type(12hrs a day. 4days a wk) : evening shift(49.2%). day shift(32.8%), night shift(11.5%) D type(10hrs a day. 4days a wk): showed the similar trend as B type. The findings of higher preferences on the evening and night duties when the incentives are given. as shown above, suggest the need for the introductions of different patterns of duty hours and incentive measures in order to overcome the difficulties in rostering the nursing duties. However, the interpretation of the above data, particularly the C type, needs cautions as the total number of respondents is very small(n=61). It requires further in-depth study. In conclusion. it seemed to suggest that the patterns of nurses duty hours and shifts in the most hospitals in the country have neither been tried for different duty types nor been flexible. The stereotype rostering system of three shifts and insensitiveness for personal life aspect of nurses seemed to be prevailing. This study seems to support that irregular and frequent rotations of duty shifts may be contributing factors for most nurses' maladjustment problems in physical and mental health. personal and family life which eventually may result in high turnover rates. In order to overcome the increasing problems in personnel management of hospital nurses particularly in rostering of evening and night duty shifts, which may related to eventual high turnover rates, the findings of this study strongly suggest the need for an introduction of new rostering systems including fixed duties and appropriate incentive measures for evenings and nights which the most nurses want to avoid, In considering the nursing care of inpatients is the round-the clock business. the practice of the nursing duty shift system is inevitable. In this context, based on the findings of this study. the following are recommended: 1. The further in-depth studies on duty shifts and hours need to be undertaken for the development of appropriate and effective rostering systems for hospital nurses. 2. An introduction of appropriate incentive measures for evening and night duty shifts along with organizational considerations such as the trials for preferred duty time bands, duty hours, and fixed duty shifts should be considered if good quality of care for the patients be maintained for the round the clock. This may require an initiation of systematic research and development activities in the field of hospital nursing administration as a part of permanent system in the hospital. 3. Planned and regular intervals, orientation and training, and professional and personal growth should be considered for the rotation of different duty stations or units. 4. In considering the higher degree of preferences in the duty type of "10hours a day, 4days a week" shown in this study, it would be worthwhile to undertake the R&D type studies in large hospital settings.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.453-473
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• 1992

연구배경 : 전국 실태조사를 통하여 현재까지 확진된 전국의 유육종증 발생현황을 파악하고 이를 분석하고 외국의 보고와 비교하여 일반 개업의 및 내과 전문개업의 진료활동에 도움이 되도록 하고자 하였다. 방법 : 조사와 분석기간은 1991년 1월부터 1992년 12월까지 2년간으로 정하였으며 자료수집방법은 후향적 방법으로 입원실이 100병상 이상인 213개 종합병원의 내과, 안과, 피부과, 신경내과에 서신을 통한 경험증례를 수집 하였으며 확진예나 의심예가 있었던 경우에 유육종증 증례 기록지를 보내어 정확한 임상 및 검사정보를 수집하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 제 1 차 설문엽서 발송은 입원실이 100병상 이상인 213개 종합병원의 내과, 안과, 피부과, 신경내과의 523개과 과장 및 호흡기 내과를 담당하는 전문의에게 발송하였다. 내과가 213개과로 41%, 피부과가 1087개과로 20%, 안과가 104개과로 20%, 신경과가 100개과로 19%를 차지하였다. 2) 제 1 차 설문조사에 대한 답신은 241개과에서 연락이 있었다(48% 회신율). 3) 확진예 및 의심예는 총 50개과 113예 및 10예가 있다고 보고되었으며 내과가 92예로 81%, 피부과 15예로 13%, 안과, 신경과가 각 3예로 3%를 차지하였다. 자료분석은 총 78예에서 시행되었고 내과 72예로 92%, 피부과 4예로 5%, 신경과 2예로 3%를 차지하였다. 4) 1980년 1에보고 이후 증례가 많은 수로 증가하여 1989년 13예, 19901건 17예, 1991년 18예가 보고되었다. 5) 진단 당시의 연령은 20대, 30대, 40대가 84.4%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었다. 6) 남녀비는 1 : 1.5의 비율로 여자 환자가 많았다. 7) 진단을 받게된 동기로 주소의 빈도로는 호흡기 증상이 48%로 가장 많았고, 피부의 병변, 전신증상, 시각장애, 관절통, 복통, 연하곤란의 순서이었고 무증상이 12예(16%)이었다. 8) 초증상에서 확진을 받을때까지 중앙치는 2개월이었다. 9) 증상의 반도로는 호흡기 증상, 전신증상, 피부증상, 눈 증상, 말초림프구 종창, 신경계증상, 심장증상의 순이었다. 10) 말초혈액검사 소견상 혈색소, 혈구용적치 및 혈소판수는 대부분 정상범위를 나타냈다. 58%의 증례에서 30%미만의 림프구 감소증을 나타냈으며, 임파구 아형으로 T4/T8비는 1.73{\pm}1.16$(0.43~4.62)였다. 43%에서 혈침속도가 상승하였다. 11) 혈청 생화학검사는 대부분 정상범위를 이었다. 혈청 ACE 농도의 평균치는 $66.8{\pm}58.6$(8.8~265) U/L로서 46.2%에서 증가되었다. 42.9%에서 하루 150 mg 이상의 단백뇨 소견을 나타냈고, 36.8%가 하루 300 mg이상의 단백뇨 소견을 나타냈다. 12) 면역학적 검사상 혈청 IgG는 43.5%, IgA는 45.5%, lgM은 59.1%, IgE는 46.7%에서 상승되었고, C3 및 C4는 대부분 정상범위 였으며, ANA는 11%에서 양성을 보였다. Kveim test는 시행된 3예에서 모두 양성을 나타냈다. 13) 폐기능검사중 FVC는 80% 미만인 경우가 17.3%, FEV1은 70% 미만인 경우가 11.5% FEV1/FVC는 70% 미만인 경우가 10%, TLC는 80% 미만인 경우가 15.2%, DLCO는 100% 미만인 경우가 64.7%이었다. 14) 동맥혈가스 분석소견은 PaO2가 90mmHg 미만인 경우가 48.6%, PaCO2는 평균 45mmHg보다 증가된 경우보다 5.7%이었다. 15) 기관지 폐포세척액 검사상 대식세포의 평균 백분율은 $51.4{\pm}19.2%$였고, 임파구의 평균 백분율은 $44.4{\pm}21.1$이였다. 임파구아형은 T4/T8 ratio는 $3.41{\pm}2.07$이였다. 16) 전 검사항목에 대한 남녀 성별간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 17) 흉부방사선의 분석에서 폐문 임파절 비대를 보인례는 87.9%였고, 78.8%에서는 양측성병변을 9.1%에 일측성 병변을 보였다. 18) Siltzbach의 분류에 의한 병기 구분시 stage 0 : 5%, stage 1 : 58.3%, stage 2 : 28.3%, stage 3 : 8.3%의 분포를 보였다. 19) 흉부 CT를 시행한 54예에서 폐문임파절비대는 50예(92.6%)에서 보였고 이들 중 47예는 양측성 비대였다. 20) 고해상도 CT는 16예에서 시행하였는데, 2예에서는 병변이 없었으며, 폐실질의 병변은 결정성 병변, 소엽간 중격비후, 반점상 국소 폐음영의 순으로 나타났다. 21) 부수적으로 시행한 방사선학적 검사에서 골병변은 1예에서 수근골의 병변을 보였고, 초음파검사에서 2에에서 비장비대의 소견을 보였다. 22) 갈륨스캔은 12에에서 시행하여 폐문 및 종격동 임파절의 흡수증가 소견이 8예에서 보였고, 폐장의 흡수증가는 2예에서 보였다. 23) 조직검사상 가장 많이 시행한 진단방법은 경기관지 폐생검 47.3%이었고, 피부와 종격동 임파절 생검은 각각 34.5%, 말초임파절생검 23.6%, 개흉 폐생검 18.2%, 기관지생검이 16.2%이었다. 2가지 이상의 부위에서 조직검사를 시행한 경우는 52.7%이었다. 한 부위에서만 조직검사를 시행한 26예중 종격동 임파절 생검은 10예, 피부생검 6예, 말초임파절 생검 5예, 개흉폐생검 3예 그리고 경기관지 폐생검 2예이었다. 24) 병리소견상 비건락성 육아종은 100% 모두에서 관찰되었며, 다핵거대 세포는 47.3%, 봉입체는 10.9%, 초자질 섬유화는 34.5%, 괴사 9.1%, reticulin fibrils network 20%, lymphangitic distribution of granuloma 1.8%에서 관찰되었다. 결론 : 유육종 전국 실태조사에 따른 영상소견, 검사실소견, 방사선소견, 병리소견을 분석해 본 결과, 우리나라 유육종 환자들도 다소 차이는 있었지만 외국의 보고들과 유사한 소견들을 나타냈으며, 향후로는 이들에 대한 결과들을 추가분석하여, 유육종 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있고, 임상적 지표로 이용될 수 있는 검사항목을 찾아내는 것이 과제라 할 수 있겠다. 유육종증에 대한 자료는 대한 결핵 맺 호흡기학회에 보관이 되어 있음을 알려드립니다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-158
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• 1994

정부는 보건진료원으로 하여금 지역주민들에게 보다 더 의욕적으로 양질의 보건의료서비스를 제공하도록 하기 위하여 1992년 4월 1일부터 보건진료원을 별정직 공무원으로 정규직화 하였다. 본 연구는 보건진료원의 정규직화가 보건진료원의 업무활동과 보건진료소의 관리운영체계에 미친 영향을 분석하기 위해 경상남도와 경상북도의 보건진료소 중 집락추출법과 단순확률추출법으로 50개소를 뽑아 보건진료원을 대상으로 직접 면담조사하고 제반기록 및 보고서에서 필요한 자료를 발췌하였다. 조사기간은 1992년 1월 1일에서 3월 31일까지(정규직화 이전)와 1993년 1월 1일에서 3월 31일까지(정규직화 이후)였다. 보건진료원들의 96%가 정규직화를 원했는데 그 이유는 신분보장과 보수가 좋아지리라는 것이었다. 정규직화 후 보건진료원직을 자랑스럽게 생각한다는 사람이 24%에서 46%로 증가하였다. 신분보장에 대해서는 항상 불안하다는 사람이 30%에서 10%로 감소하였다. 정규직화 후 월평균 급여액은 802,600원에서 1,076,000원으로 34% 증가했으며 90%가 만족한다고 했다. 업무 내용별 자율성 인지정도는 업무계획, 업무수행, 진료소관리(재정)운영, 업무평가 영역에 대한 자율성 인지도가 정규직화 후에 증가되었다. 보건진료원의 활동내용 중 지역사회 자원파악, 지도작성상태, 지역사회조직 활용정도, 인구구조 파악정도와 가정건강기록부 작성은 정규직화 후에 특별한 변화는 없었다. 또한 집단보건교육, 개인보건교육, 학교보건교육의 실시도 정규직화 후에 변화가 없었다. 그러나 가정방문 실시현황은 1인당 월평균 13.6%회에서 정규직화 후에는 27.5%회로 늘었다. 모성보건 및 가족계획 사업 그리고 예방접종도 정규직화 후에 타기관에 의뢰하는 것이 더 늘었다. 통상질병관리 가운데 성인병관리는 3개월 동안 1개 진료소당 평균 고혈압환자는 12.7%명에서 11.6명으로, 암환자는 1.5명에서 1.2명으로, 당뇨병환자가 4.3명에서 3.4명으로 줄었다. 각종 기록부 비치상황은 장비대장, 약품관리 대장, 환자진료기록부는 100% 비치되었으나 기타 기록부는 그렇지 않았고 정규직화 후에도 변화는 없었다. 보건진료소가 보건소로부터 지원을 받는 내용은 약품 14.0%에서 30%로, 소모품 22.0%에서 52.0%로, 건물유지 및 보수가 54.0%에서 68% 로, 보건교육 자료가 34.0%에서 44.0%로 증가하였고, 장비는 58.0%에서 54.0%로 감소했다. 보건진료소의 월평균 수입은 진료수입이 약 22,000원 증가했고, 국비 또는 지방비 보조금이 4,800원에서 38,508%원으로 증가했으나 회비 및 기부금은 줄어 총수입은 약 50,000원 증가했다. 지출총액은 큰 변동이 없었다. 보건소로부터 3개월 동안 받은 지도감독 중 지시공문을 받은 진료소가 20%에서 38%로 늘었고, 방문지도는 79%에서 62%, 회의소집은 88%에서 74%로 감소하였다. 전화지도는 보건진료소당 평균 1.8회에서 2.1회로 늘었다(p<0.01). 면보건요원과의 협력관계가 있다고 한 보건진료원은 42%에서 36%로 감소하였다. 보건소장과의 관계가 좋다는 보건진료원이 46%에서 24%로 감소하였고, 보건행정계장과 관계가 좋다는 사림이 56%에서 36%로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 보건진료소 운영협의회 회장과의 관계가 좋다는 사람은 62%에서 38%로 감소되었고 보건진료소 운영협의회가 보건진료소에 별로 도움이 안된다와 전혀 도움이 되지 않는다는 사람이 정규직화 전과 후에 각각 92.0%, 82.0%였다. 운영협의회가 필요 없다는 사람은 정규직화 전에 4%에서 16%로 증가되었다(p<0.05). 보건진료원제도 발전을 위해 제안된 사항은 보건교육중심의 활동, 보건진료소운영의 자율성 보장 보건소에 경험이 풍부한 보건진료원을 두어 지도감독하게 할 것과 사용하는 약품의 종류를 늘려 줄 것 등이었다. 이상의 결과로 보하 정규직화 후 보건진료원의 역할, 기능 등의 업무활동의 변화는 거의 없었으나 신분보장과 봉급에 대한 만족도는 향상이 되었고 또한 자율성도 증가하였다. 보건소의 지원은 약간 늘었으며, 지도감독체제에서 지시 공문의 증가로 사무보고 업무가 많아지고, 근무 확인을 위한 전화감독은 늘었으나 업무치진을 위한 행정직 지도 또한 기술적 지도는 거의 없었다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.157-175
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• 2007

본 연구는 농촌지역 주민들의 구취실태를 파악하고 구취에 관련된 요인을 알아봄으로써 구취예방 및 효율적인 구취제거 방안을 마련하는데 기초 자료를 제공하고자 일부 농촌지역의 주민 293명을 대상으로 2006년 1월 4일부터 1월 21일까지 면접설문조사(구강위생관리 행태, 구취관련 질병력, 구취실태), 구취측정, 구강검사, 치아우식활성검사(스나이더검사, 타액분비율검사, 타액완충능검사)를 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 잇솔질 횟수는 1일 2회가 46.1 %로 가장 많았고, 여자가 남자보다 잇솔질 횟수가 많았다. 매일 혀솔질을 하는 군은 25.6%이었고, 보조 구강위생용품을 사용하는 군은 9.2 %이었다. 2. 평상시 구취를 자각하고 있는 사람은 62.5 %이었고, 구취를 가장 심하게 자각하는 시기는 기상 후가 72.7 %, 구취를 자각하는 부위는 잇몸에서 23.0 %, 구취의 유형으로는 구린 냄새가 37.2 %로 높게 나타났다. 3. 구취측정 결과 OG는 50 ppm미만이 54.3 %, $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 41.6 %로 나타났고, $NH_3$는 $20{\sim}60ppm$ 범위에 52.6 %로 가장 높았다. 4. 구취관련 질병력별 OG는 치아우식증으로 인한 식편압입, 당뇨병과 구취에 대한 가족력군에서 $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 유의하게 높았으며, $NH_3$는 호흡기계 질환군에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 5 평상시 구취 자각정도별 OG는 '냄새가 나지 않는다'는 군과 '가끔 냄새가 난다'는 군에서 50 ppm 미만에 각각 55.9 %, 57.5 %로 나타났고, '본인이 느낄 정도로 항상 냄새가 난다'는 군과 '항상 심하게 냄새가 난다'는 군에서 $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 각각 52.0 %, 63.6 %로 높게 나타났으며, $NH_3$는 모두 $20{\sim}60ppm$ 범위에 높게 나타났다. 6. 구강검사별 OG는 치수노출치와 식편압입이 많을수록, 설태지수가 높아질수록 $50{\sim}100ppm$ 범위에 OG값이 증가되었고, $NH_3$는 보철치가 많을수록, 설태지수가 높아질수록 유의하게 증가되었으며, 하악 국소의치군에서 60 ppm 이상으로 유의하게 증가되었다. 7. 스나이더검사는 고도활성이 43.0 %로 가장 높았고, 산 생성균의 활성이 높을수록 OG값이 증가되었다. 자극성 타액분비율 검사는 8.0 ml 이하에서 62.5 %로 가장 높았고, 타액분비율이 많을수록 OG값이 감소된 분포를 보였으며, 타액완충능검사는 0.1N 유산용액의 방울 수가 $6{\sim}10$ 방울에서 58.7 %로 가장 높았고, 타액완충능이 증가될수록 OG값이 냄새를 느끼지 못하는 50 ppm 미만에서 증가되었다. 8. 구강환경과 구취와의 상관관계에서 OG는 타액분비율, 보철치와 음의 상관관계를, 치수노출치, 충전치, 현존치, 설태량, 식편압입과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, $NH_3$는 우식치와 음의 상관관계를, 보철치, 잇솔질 횟수와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 9. 다중회귀분석 결과에서 OG에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 여자, 치수노출치, 보철치, 식편압입, 타액분비율, 설태지수, 스나이 더검사의 고도활성이 선정되었고 이들의 설명력은 45.1 %이었으며, NH3에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 여자, 치수노출치, 설태지수, 보철치가 선정되었으며 이들의 설명력은 6.6 %이었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 조사대상 농촌지역 주민들의 구취실태는 구강환경 및 구취관련 요인, 치아우식활성검사의 스나이더 검사, 타액분비율검사와 밀접한 관련이 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 이들 주민들의 구취예방을 위해서는 식후에 올바른 잇솔질 방법 및 혀솔질과 더불어 보조 구강위생용품을 사용하여 식편압입과 설태제거를 해야 할 필요성이 강조된다. 구취의 원인과 그 성분은 매우 복잡하고 다양하므로 개인별 구취발생 요인을 정확하게 분석하기 위해서는 추후 계속적이고, 체계적인 연구가 필요하며, 보건(지)소의 치과위생사를 활용하여 지역사회 주민들에게 계속적인 구강보건교육 프로그램이 제공되어야 한다고 생각된다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.54-66
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• 1988

I. Introduction Since the 1970's drug abuse among young people has increasingly become a social problem in Korea. In the 1980's, drug abuse, especially glue sniffing, has become the cause of many unfortunated incidents resulting in harm to others as well as the abusers themselves. Taking into consideration of the seriousness of this problem, the Republic of Korea National Red Cross initiated a nation-wide research programme, to understand the present situation and to raise the level of public awareness. The goal of this research was to begin a nation - wide campaign against drug abuse. The research team was composed of the Advisary Committee members and the staff of the Youth Department of the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. The data were collected in February 1988 with the collaboration of the staff and volunteers in the local Chapters. The respondents were allocated nation-wide by the quota sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in three groups :2, 700 to junior and senior high school students, 605 to working youths, and 916 to delinquent youths. A total of 4, 221 questionnaires were collected. II. Characteristics of the Respondents The respondents in each group were selected evenly from rural and urban areas. The general characteristics of the respondents can be described as follow: in case of students, the proportions between male and female respondents, and between senior high school and junior high school students were almost evenly distributed. In case of working youths, the proportion of females (80.5%) was higher than those of the students and the delinquents groups. Delinquent youths were defined as those currently being under custody of the centers for juvenile delinquents. Of this number, 38.8% and 68.2% were junior and senior high school drop-outs respectively. The majority of them (92.6%) were male. As for the family background of the respondents, the proportion of those residing in poverty - stricken areas, and the proportion of those from broken families were higher in case of working youths and delinquent youths than those in case of students. III. Present Patterns of Drug Abuse The following summarizes the presents of drug abuse, as tabulated from the results of the survey. 1. Smoking The percentage of youths who smoke was 36% in the student group, 32% m the working youths group, and 94.4% in the delinquent youths group. 2. Alcohol 50.3% of students, 71.6% of working youths, and 93.3% of delinquent youths has experienced drinking alcohol beverages. 3. Tonic: non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages popular in Korea and Japan The percentage of those who have used tonic at least once was over 90% in all of the three groups. 4. Sedative About 70% of each group has used sedative with the proportion of working youths use higher than those in other groups. 5. Stimulants Those who have used stimulants comprised around 15% in each group. 6. Tranquilizers Somewhat less than 5% of students and working youths, and 28% of delinquent youths, have used tranquilizers. 7. Hypnotics The users of hypnotics amounted to 0.4% of students, 2.6% of working youths and 7.1% of delinquent youths. 8. Marihuana Those who have used marihuana indicated 0.7% of students, 0.8% of working youths, and 13% of delinquent youths. 9. Glue-sniffing The percentage of glue-sniffing was 3.7%, 5% in the students group and in the youths group respectively, but the proportion was unusually high, at 40.7% in the delinquent youths group. From the results of the survey the present situation of drug abuse in Korea can be summarized as follows: 1. A high percentage of Korean youths have experienced smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages. 2. Tonics (non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages), antipyretic analgesics and stimulants quite regularly used. 3. Tranquilizers, hypnotics, marihuana and glue-sniffing are more widely used among delinquent youths than the other youths. From this fact, there exists a correlation between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. IV. Time-series Analysis of the First Experience of Drug Abuse and Deviant Behaviour The respoundents were asked when they were first exposed to drugs and when they committed deviant acts. By calculating the average age of each experience, the following pattern was found (See Figure 1). Youths are first exposed to drugs by abuse of tonic(non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages). At the age of 13, they amoke cigarettes, the use of antipyretic analgesics begins at 14 year old, while at the age of 15, they use tranquilizers, and at 16 hynotics. The period of drug abuse which starts from drinking caffeinated beverages and smoking cigarettes and ends in the use of hypnotics takes about three years. During this period, other delinquent behaviours begin to surface, that is, at the age of 13 when smoking cigarettes begins, the delinquent behaviour pattern starts with truancy. Next, they start taking money from others by using physical force. Prior to the age of 15, they are suspended from school, become hostile to adults, begin running away from home, and start using stimulants and alcohol. Soon they become involved even in glue-sniffing and in the use of marihuana. At the age of 15, they begin to see adult videos and carry weapons. Sexual promiscuity and usage of tranquilizers follows the viewing of adult videos. Consequently, by the time they reach the age of 16, they visit drinking establishments, and are picked up by police for committing delinquent acts. And finally, they come to use hypnotic - type drugs. From the above descriptions, drug abuse can be assumed to have a close correlation with delinquent behaviour. V. Social Factors Related to Drug Abuse As for the Korean youths, glue-sniffing is found to he related to aggressive delinquency, in such cases as run - aways, being picked up by the police, and taking money by force. Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol is found to be related to seeing adult videos and visiting drinking establishments. Hypnotics and marihuana were found to be representive of drugs which are related to degenerational delinquency, irrespective of social delinquency. The social factors connected with these drug abuse are as follows: 1. Individual factors Male students were more heavily involved in the usage of drug than females. Youths who do not attend church were more likely to be involved in drugs than those who attend. 2. Family factors The youths who were displeased with their mothers smoking and those who thought their parents did not love each other, or those whose parents had used drugs without prescription, were more likely to he drug users. 3. School factors Those youths who found school life boring, were unsuccessful in their studies, spend most of their time with friends, feel their teachers smoke too much, those who had a positive perception of their teachers smoking were likely to he drug users. To sum up, drug abusers depend on the influence of their parents, teachers and peers. IV. Reasons for Drug Abuse Korean students have mainly used drugs to release stress (42.8%), to stay awake (19.7%), and because of the easy accessibility of drugs( 16.6%). Other reasons are due to their ignorance of the side effects of the drugs (3.6%), natural curiosity (4.2%), and to increase strength(3.O%). From the above facts, the major reasons for drug abuse among Korean youths are to release stress and to stay awake in order to prepare exams. Furthermore, since drugs are readily available, we can conclude that drug abuse is caused by the school system(such as entrance exams) in Korea. VII. Conclusion Drug usage among Korean youths are relatively less common than those of western youths. In some cases, such as, glue-sniffing and use of stimulants, the pattern of drug abuse is found. Moreover, early drug abuse is evident, and it has a close connection with deviant behaviour, resulting in juvenile delinquency. Drug abuse cannot be attributed to any one social factor. Specifically, drug abuse depends on parents, peers, teachers and other members of the community, and also is influenced by social institutions such as the entrance exam system. Every person and organization concerned with youth must participate collectively in restraining drug abuse. Finally, it is suggested that social agencial working for youth welfare should make every effort to tackle this serious problem confronted by the Korean youths today.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.19-45
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• 2008

본 연구는 인터넷쇼핑몰 비주얼 머천다이징의 주요차원을 고객이 쇼핑몰에 진입한 후 정보탐색과 대안평가를 거치는 등의 쇼핑과정을 토대로 AIDA모형 관점에서 점포, 제품, 촉진에 초점을 맞추었다. VMD의 주요차원(primary dimensions)으로는 점포디자인, 머천다이징, 그리고 머천다이징단서로 구분하였다. 선행연구 결과를 토대로 점포다자인의 하위차원으로는 차별성, 간결성, 위치확인성을, 머천다이즈의 하위차원으로는 제품구색, 명성, 정보성을, 그리고 머천다이징단서의 하위차원으로는 제품추천 및 링크를 설정하여 VMD태도와의 관계를 탐색적으로 조사하였다. 연구결과 이들 세 차원은 종속변수에 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.100-108
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• 2010

목 적: 컴퓨터의 보급으로 인터넷 사용이 보편화되면서 인터넷 중독에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 인터넷 중독의 정확한 병태생리에 대한 이해와 진단 기준은 아직 확립되어 있지 않다. 청소년은 발달 과정 중에 있기 때문에 인터넷 중독에 더 취약할 가능성이 있으며, 우울감과 수면 문제에 대한 이해가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 청소년의 인터넷 중독, 수면 양상, 그리고 우울감의 특징과 그 연관성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법:서울 시내 일 중, 고등학교의 중학교 2학년(155명), 고등학교 1, 2학년 학생(644명)을 대상으로 하였고 그 중 696명의 설문지를 분석 대상으로 하였다. 설문지에는 Young 인터넷 중독 척도(Young's Internet Addiction Scale, YI-AS), 피츠버그 수면의 질 척도(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality In-dex, PSQI), 우울감 척도(The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), 그리고 인터넷 사용 패턴과 기본적인 인구학적 정보에 대한 질문들이 포함되었다. 연구 대상자들을 학년별, YIAS 점수에 따라 나누어 비교하였고, YIAS와 다른 변인과의 상관관계를 분석하였다(two-tailed, p<0.05). 결 과: 인터넷 중독군(internet-addicted, IA)은 14명(2.0%), 과사용군(over-using, ou)은 193명(27.7%), 비중독군(not-addicted, NA)군은 489명(70.3%) 이었으며, 전체 대상군의 평균 IAS 점수는 35.24점, PSQI 점수는 5.53점, CES-D 점수는 16.72점이었다. 평일 평균적인 수면 시간은 학년이 올라가면서 점점 감소하였다(F=51.909, p< 0.001). IA군, OU군, NA군으로 나누어 비교하였을 때 컴퓨터를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(96.36${\pm}$63.31분 vs. 134.92${\pm}$86.79분 vs. 213.57${\pm}$136.87분, F=34.287, p<0.001), 휴대용 전자기기를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(84.22${\pm}$79.11분 vs. 96.97${\pm}$91.89분 vs. 152.31${\pm}$93.64분, F=5.400, p=0.005)에 유의한 차이가 있었다. PSQI 총점(5.26${\pm}$2.97 vs. 6.08${\pm}$2.97 vs. 7.50${\pm}$4.41, F= 8.218, p<0.001)과 CES-D 점수(15.40${\pm}$8.08 vs. 19.05${\pm}$8.42 vs. 30.43${\pm}$13.69, F=32.692, p<0.001)에서도 유의한 차이가 있었다. YIAS 점수는 컴퓨터를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(r=0.356, p${\pm}$0.001), 휴대용 전자기기를 공부 이외의 목적으로 사용하는 시간(r=0.136, p<0.001)과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. YIAS 점수와 PSQI 점수(r= 0.131, p=0.001), YIAS 점수와 CES-D 점수(r=0.265, p< 0.001), PSQI 점수와 CES-D 점수(r=0.357, p<0.001)는 서로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론: 인터넷 중독은 행위 중독의 한 가지로 여러 정신병리와 관련이 있을 뿐만 아니라, 수면의 질을 결정하는 여러 가지 요인들, 우울감과도 밀접한 관련이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 청소년의 인터넷 중독을 평가할 때 동반될 우울감과 수면 양상에 대한 고려가 함께 이루어지는 통합적인 접근이 필요할 것이다.