• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.1056-1064
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• 2008

It is estimated that the running of locally-developed next generation High Speed Trains with maximum speed of 400km/h will help to deteriorate track components. It was presented rail defect coding system in UIC 712R includes the definitions of damage types of rail, maintenance procedures, and etc to detect and maintain. It is necessary to make a track maintenance manual determining track maintenance periods using the standardization of damage types of track components such as: sleeper, fastener, elastic pad. In this paper, the damage types of high speed track components are investigated by referring domestic and foreign literatures. And then the damage types of rail given in UIC 712R is reclassified more particularly and classified damage types of track components using internal high speed railway. In conclusion, this paper suggests standardization for damage types of track components on internal high speed railway.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.667-691
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• 2016

This study focuses on the damage detection of defect types in plate structures based on wavelet transform (WT) and curvelet transform (CT). In particular, for damage detection of structures these transforms have been developed since the last few years. In recent years, the CT approach has been also introduced in an attempt to overcome inherent limitations of traditional multi-scale representations such as wavelets. In this study, the performance of CT is compared with WT in order to demonstrate the capability of WT and CT in detection of defect types in plate structures. To achieve this purpose, the damage detection of defect types through defect shape in rectangular plate is investigated. By using the first mode shape of plate structure and the distribution of the coefficients of the transforms, the damage existence, the defect location and the approximate shape of defect are detected. Moreover, the accuracy and performance generality of the transforms are verified through using experimental modal data of a plate.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.299-324
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• 2013

The current research focuses on the seismic vulnerability assessment of typical Southern Europe buildings, based on processing of a large set of observational damage data. The presented study constitutes a sequel of a previous research. The damage statistics have been enriched and a wider damage database (178578 buildings) is created compared to the one of the first presented paper (73468 buildings) with Damage Probability Matrices (DPMs) after the elaboration of the results from post-earthquake surveys carried out in the area struck by the 7-9-1999 near field Athens earthquake. The dataset comprises buildings which developed damage in several degree, type and extent. Two different parameters are estimated for the description of the seismic demand. After the classification of damaged buildings into structural types they are further categorized according to the level of damage and macroseismic intensity. The relative and the cumulative frequencies of the different damage states, for each structural type and each intensity level, are computed and presented, in terms of damage ratio. Damage Probability Matrices (DPMs) are obtained for typical structural types and they are compared to existing matrices derived from regions with similar building stock and soil conditions. A procedure is presented for the classification of those buildings which initially could not be discriminated into structural types due to restricted information and hence they had been disregarded. New proportional DPMs are developed and a correlation analysis is fulfilled with the existing vulnerability relations.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.551-558
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• 2020

This study aims to increase the ability to adapt to the ecosystem and promote a sustainable use of the natural environment, by classifying the types of damaged lands according to various factors, such as the characteristics of the target area and form, cause, and impact of damage. Moreover, the study suggests the development of evaluation categories and criteria by each type. The results obtained are as follows: first, for the assessment of damaged lands, the changed areas were identified utilizing land cover maps. Video analysis was performed to increase the accuracy, and 88 sites were obtained. Second, the types of damage were classified into ecological infrastructure and ecological environment, and the sub-factors of the cause of damage were classified into 12 factors. Third, each evaluation system for the types of damage was composed of four steps, considering each type of damage and the level of evaluators being higher than paraprofessionals. To supplement this study, it will be necessary to utilize the database of damaged lands other than the Seoul Metropolitan Area and conduct an on-site survey for verification in the future.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.149-163
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the actual conditions of consumer damage occuring in the use of clothing products. The data used for analysis included 470 cases, which were deliberated by requesting consumer disputes deliberation at the consumer consultation room of Masan YWCA at the Kyeongsangnamdo Consumer Life Center belonging to the Kyeongnam provincial office. The disputes regarding the clothing products insisted that consumers suffered damage for the period from March, 2011 to June, 2013. The data processing was carried out by SPSS 14 and the statistics techniques used went through a cross tabulation analysis and ${\chi}^2$-test. The results are as follows. The difference in the analysis result of purchase path and material as to kinds of clothing products showed a significant difference. The damage types of clothing products were classified into five types: change of color, change of style, change of surface and touch, breakage of subsidiary materials, and others. The damaged clothing products showed a difference for damage frequency according to the items of clothing products; in particular, damage frequency for change of color appeared high. The damage contents of change of color were identified as metachromatism, discoloration and yellowing, stain occurrence, and decolorization. The damage responsibility for these clothing products appeared to be various as to clothing items, but was higher at dry cleaners and manufacturers.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.680-683
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• 2011

This study deals with damage detection in beam structure by using modal strain energy-based technique with three different sensor types: accelerometer, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric sensor and electrical strain gage. First, the use of direct piezoelectric effect of PZT sensor for dynamic strain response are presented. Next, a modal strain energy-based damage detection method is outlined. For validation, forced vibration tests are carried out on lab-scale aluminum cantilever beam. The dynamic responses are measured for several damage scenarios. Based on damage localization results, the performance of three different sensor types is evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2019

This study is to derive the types of displacement and damage that occur in wooden architecture cultural assets. Although the wooden architectural cultural assets are being repaired through continuous maintenance, secondary problems frequently occur. This is because the root cause of the problem has yet to be solved. The types of displacement and damage that occur in the wooden architecture cultural asset are classified into three parts: the foundation section, the gagu section, and the roof section. In turn, the three main factors that lead to displacement and damages are the structures' load impact, the durability deterioration, and the imbalance. Load impact is a phenomenon in which the member is subjected to a load that causes deformation or cracks. Durability decline is a natural phenomenon that reduces the performance of lumber as a result of check shake, termite damage, and decay. The imbalance is a condition in which the lumber is twisted and the force balance is lost, due to either drying shrinkage or displacement of the gagu section.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 2013

Base on insurance vehicle collision and bodily injury claim reports, 23,655 cases of vehicle to vehicle accidents occurred in Korea 2010 are investigated in order to understand vehicle damage severities, repair costs and occupant injury types. The results of our statistical analysis reveal that minor damages with small dent or scratches on vehicle body panels which is assumed to imply during very low speed crashes are major portion of accident severities types. The most vulnerable body regions due to the real-world accident are neck. The 86.3% of total injured driver in minor rear damaged vehicles has reported neck pains and they are followed by whole bodies and head but with much lower occurrence rates.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.795-812
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• 2011

Estimation of damage probability of buildings under a future earthquake is an essential issue to ensure the seismic reliability. Fragility curves are useful tools for showing the probability of structural damage due to earthquakes as a function of ground motion indices. The purpose of this study is to compare the damage probability of R/C buildings with low and high level of strength and ductility through fragility analysis. Two different types of sample buildings have been considered which represent the building types mentioned above. The first one was designed according to TEC-2007 and the latter was designed according to TEC-1975. The pushover curves of sample buildings were obtained via pushover analyses. Using 60 ground motion records, nonlinear time-history analyses of equivalent single degree of freedom systems were performed using bilinear hysteretic model and peak-oriented hysteretic model with stiffness - strength deterioration for each scaled elastic spectral displacement. The damage measure is maximum inter-story drift ratio and each performance level considered in this study has an assumed limit value of damage measure. Discrete damage probabilities were calculated using statistical methods for each considered performance level and elastic spectral displacement. Consequently, continuous fragility curves have been constructed based on the lognormal distribution assumption. Furthermore, the effect of hysteresis model parameters on the damage probability is investigated.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2018

Stone pagoda structures have continued to be aged due to the combination of various damage factors. However, some studies on nonstructural damage have been carried out, but assessment studies on structural damage have not been done in various ways. Therefore, in this study, structural and nonstructural influencing factors according to the damage types are classified and the damage assessment according to the structural influencing factors affecting the behavior of the stone pagoda structure is performed. In addition, the damage rating classification criteria for each type of structural damages or damage locations are presented, and the damage index is calculated by providing the criteria for the classification of damage according to the degree of damage to which the damage is caused. Therefore, this study can evaluate quantitatively the damage status of stone pagoda structures.