• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.363-375
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• 2018

Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) utilizes electrophysiological techniques as a surrogate test and evaluation of nervous function while a patient is under general anesthesia. They are increasingly used for procedures, both surgical and endovascular, to avoid injury during an operation, examine neurological tissue to guide the surgery, or to test electrophysiological function to allow for more complete resection or corrections. The application of IOM during pediatric brain tumor resections encompasses a unique set of technical issues. First, obtaining stable and reliable responses in children of different ages requires detailed understanding of normal age-adjusted brain-spine development. Neurophysiology, anatomy, and anthropometry of children are different from those of adults. Second, monitoring of the brain may include risk to eloquent functions and cranial nerve functions that are difficult with the usual neurophysiological techniques. Third, interpretation of signal change requires unique sets of normative values specific for children of that age. Fourth, tumor resection involves multiple considerations including defining tumor type, size, location, pathophysiology that might require maximal removal of lesion or minimal intervention. IOM techniques can be divided into monitoring and mapping. Mapping involves identification of specific neural structures to avoid or minimize injury. Monitoring is continuous acquisition of neural signals to determine the integrity of the full longitudinal path of the neural system of interest. Motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials are representative methodologies for monitoring. Free-running electromyography is also used to monitor irritation or damage to the motor nerves in the lower motor neuron level : cranial nerves, roots, and peripheral nerves. For the surgery of infratentorial tumors, in addition to free-running electromyography of the bulbar muscles, brainstem auditory evoked potentials or corticobulbar motor evoked potentials could be combined to prevent injury of the cranial nerves or nucleus. IOM for cerebral tumors can adopt direct cortical stimulation or direct subcortical stimulation to map the corticospinal pathways in the vicinity of lesion. IOM is a diagnostic as well as interventional tool for neurosurgery. To prove clinical evidence of it is not simple. Randomized controlled prospective studies may not be possible due to ethical reasons. However, prospective longitudinal studies confirming prognostic value of IOM are available. Furthermore, oncological outcome has also been shown to be superior in some brain tumors, with IOM. New methodologies of IOM are being developed and clinically applied. This review establishes a composite view of techniques used today, noting differences between adult and pediatric monitoring.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2016

There are physical and chemical method for removement of a lacquered layer existing on the surface when gilding an iron Buddha, these caused environmental pollution by surface degradation and is very noxious for conservation scientist's health. Thus, on this study, we conducted a lacquered layer removement experiments using Nd:YAG Laser which is contactless and eco-friendly. Specimens were made by polishing $5{\times}5$ size of iron(99.9%) specimens surfaces evenly and by differing of number of coating of unrefined lacquer, so there were thickness differences of $10{\mu}m$, $20{\mu}m$, and $30{\mu}m$. The laser machine used in this study was Nd:YAG Laser, and we used two wavelength modes; 1064 nm(160~180 mJ) for infrared light region and 532 nm(50~350 mJ) for ultraviolet light region. The experiment done by investigating the transition of specimens' surfaces with laser wavelength, energy, and numbers of investigation. The remain amount of lacquered layer surfaces before/after laser irradiation was investigated by stereoscopic microscope, observation by SEM, Non-contact Surface Roughness Measurement Device, and FT-IR etc. As a result of each analysis, we could verify the thickness of $10{\mu}m$, $20{\mu}m$ of lacquered layer removed without surface degradation when using 1064 nm wavelength with $1.0J/cm^2$ density. We could find out that Nd:YAG Laser is effective for removing remained lacquered layers when gilding an iron Buddha. In the future, when not only the metal has made various studies also wood lacquered furniture or the like, it seems to be utilized to remove the lacquer without surface damage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.301-314
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• 2005

Objective: Rebamipide is a propionic acid derivative that has an action of the inhibition of superoxide production and removal of hydroxyl radical with the sperm incubation and cryopreservation. In the present study, to investigate whether rebamipide is useful to treat male infertility and sterility, the author observed the antioxidative effects in patient with male infertility and also examined its absorption and distribution in rat genital organ. Methods: To measure the distribution of rebamipide in reproductive organ in the rat, carbon indicated rebamipide, $^{14}C-OPC-12759$, was orally administered to 10 Spraque-Dawley rats and its organ concentration in serum, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, colon, urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, epididymis and testicle were measured each time after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours by using HPLC fluorescent method. The concentrations in semen were measured by HPLC fluorescent method in a sample of 50 infertile males who took 900 mg of rebamipide daily for 3 months. To measure the antioxidative effect and fertility rate for 3 months, each month before and after the treatment, sperm motility, vitality, the oxygen free radical formation, level of peroxidation, fetilizing capacity of semen sample which were obtained from infertile male patients by masturbation after at least 48 hours abstinence were analyzed by computer assisted semen analyzer, eosin-nigrosin stain, chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid method and hypo-osmotic swelling test. Simultaneously in a sample that wanted baby, both pregnancy and delivery were researched. Results: The $^{14}C-OPC-12759$ concentration in the body of white rats was highest in gastrointestinal organ like stomach, smal intestine and duodenum and followed by genital organ like seminal vesicle, testis and epididymis. The rebamipide concentration in semen of infertile males was $220.77{\pm}327.84ng/mL$ (SD) which showed a large deviation but it was higher than serum which was $126{\pm}76ng/mL$ (SD). In the infertile males, after the treatment with rebamipide, the level of seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation have significantly decreased in duration of the treatment (p<0.05) and sperm vitality and fertilizing capacity except sperm motility significantly improved on post treatment of 2~3 months (p<0.05). Out of the 41 cases who hoped for pregnancy, 15 cases (36.6%) became pregnant and 12 cases had childbrith, 2 cases had miscarriage and one case is ongoing. The side effect was observed in 1 case (2%) which experienced diarrhea but it was lost spontaneously. Conclusions: We conclude from this study that rebamipide showed relatively high tendancy of absorption and excretion in the genital organ. In infertile males who had elevated ROS in semen, by specifically inhibiting the cell damage from the antioxidation, a way to preserve sperm motility, vitality and fertilizing capacity was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 1999

Avulsion fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia are not uncommon. In the displaced avulsion fracture, anatomical reduction and firm fixation of fracture fragments are needed but the most of the conventional operative techniques including arthroscopic technique are relatively complex and need. The results were not always satisfactory due to the risk of postoperative complications such as wound infection, premature epiphyseal closure and loss of fixation after early motion etc. So we describe a simple and safe modified method of arthroscopic reduction and fixation for avulsion fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. In our thirteen cases, we achieved anatomical reduction and secure fixation using cannulated screw through the three arthroscopic portals (anterolateral, medial mid-patellar and central). Postoperatively, immediate limited range of motion of the knee and partial weight bearing were possible. Additional use of the washer afforded safe fixation of comminuted avulsion fracture. The advantage of this technique includes its technical simplicity, easy removal of hardware, ability to treat comminuted type IV fracture with washer, no additional skin incision, no damage to growing plate in growth children and less morbidity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.482-496
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• 2016

Algal blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green Algae) due to the eutrophication of rivers and lakes can cause not only the damage by its biological toxins but also the economic loss in drinking water treatment. The natural algae coagulant, a commercial product known as W.H. containing the algicidal and allelopathic material derived from oak, can control algal problems proactively through the coagulation flotation process. However, because there have been no applications of the process for pre-treatment in drinking water plants, we could find no report on the optimum injection dose of W.H.. In this study, we have conducted several sets of jar-tests while changing W.H. dose and concentration of chl-a for (1) Han-river samples and (2) subcultured cyanobacteria samples, and monitored the removal mechanisms of algae intensively. Based on these jar-test results, two linear equations with variables of chl-a and turbidity have been deduced to predict the optimal W.H. dose after the multiple regression analysis using IBM-SPSS. Also, prototypes of automatic control logic have been suggested to inject the optimal W.H. dose promptly in response to the variation of water quality.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2016

The fracture of a needle during local anesthesia in dental treatment is rare; however, when it occurs, the needle should be removed without damage to surrounding structures as soon as possible. A fractured needle fragment that is buried in soft tissue would be difficult to remove, and a careful surgical procedure under general anesthesia is recommended in such cases. Children who require dental treatment are often not capable of cooperative behavior, thus unexpected movements can increase the risk of needle fracture. Clinicians can reduce the incidence of needle fracture accidents with a few precautions. In the present case report, we report a case of needle fracture due to abrupt movement during inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in a young child, with the purpose of drawing attention to needle fracture incidents. This report describes the possible causes and prevention methods of local anesthetic needle fracture, and the localization methods and surgical procedure for needle fragment removal.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

The effects of KOH pretreatment and annealing conditions on the interfacial adhesion and the reliability between epoxy resin and polyimide substrate in the flexible printed circuit board were quantitatively evaluated using $180^{\circ}$ peel test. The initial peel strength of the polyimide without the KOH treatment was 29.4 g/mm and decreased to 10.5 g/mm after 100hrs at $85^{\circ}C/85%$ R.H. temperature/humidity treatment. In case of the polyimide with annealing after KOH treatment, initial peel strength was 29.6 g/mm and then maintained around 27.5 g/mm after $85^{\circ}C/85%$ R.H. temperature/humidity treatment. Systematic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results showed that the peel strength after optimum annealing after KOH treatment was maintained high not only due to effective recovery of the polyimide damage by the polyimide surface treatment process, but also effective removal of metallic ions and impurities during various wet process.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.343-348
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• 2011

Introduction: Third molar extraction is one of the most common procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The impacted third molar causes many pathological conditions, such as pericoronitis, caries, periodontitis, resorption of adjacent teeth, and cyst or tumors associated with impacted teeth. Extraction is often considered the treatment of choice for impacted lower third molars. On the other hand, imprudent extraction of deeply impacted third molars can cause permanent complications, such as inferior alveolar nerve damage. Therefore, guidelines for the extraction of lower third molars should be set to prevent embarrassing complications. This study examined the indication and current trends of the extracted lower third molars in the dental hospital of a dental college. Materials and Methods: 557 extracted third molars were evaluated at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of Yonsei University. The chief complaint, diagnosis, age and degree of impaction were analyzed to determine the tendency for the extraction of asymptomatic lower third molars. Results: The percentage of asymptomatic third molars was 40.8%. In cases of full impacted tooth or full erupted tooth, the percentage of asymptomatic teeth was more than 50% (52.4% and 54.3, respectively). Among those partially impacted teeth, 73.1% of them showed symptoms, such as pain, tenderness and swelling. In terms of age, pericoronitis was evident at a younger age, and dental caries/periodontitis was the main cause of removal in those aged over 50. Twenty nine cases (1.6%) had teeth associated with pathological changes Conclusion: The incidence of pathological changes to the lower third molar was relatively low. Surgical extraction is recommended in cases of partially impacted teeth. In Korea, the incidence of asymptomatic third molar extraction was relatively higher than in European countries. More careful attention would be desirable to consider the risks and benefits of lower third molar extraction.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2008

This study was estimated on performance of deicers, corrosion inhibitors and low corrodible deicer used for removal of snow or ice on the road and on influence on structure. The weight loss rate after freezing and thawing of low corrodible deicer is lower than one of deicer, corrosion inhibitors and these combination. Relative dynamic elastic modulus of all except water, low corrodible deicer and NaCl+JF-1004 was radically reduced after freezing and thawing 150 cycles. And concretes after freezing and thawing were showed severe surface damage. It was found that individual use of low corrodible deicer and corrosion inhibitors had a problem of field application because of lack of early ice melting effect and considerably low durability. Products combined with NaCl was showed rapid weight loss by metal corrosion. Therefore, It will need to circumspectly select combination of deicers having low effect on concrete pavement and bridge if possible.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.121-134
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• 2011

For this study, Smilex powder, a pesticide, was sprayed on the Altari radish, and then underground water, Chitosan solution (${\times}$500), and wood vinegar solution (${\times}$1000) were evenly sprayed on the Altari radish respectively. Samples of Altari radishs for residual pesticide analysis were taken two hours, 1 day, 7 days, and 15 days after treatments, and the detectable concentration and degradability of procymidone, the pesticide residue, were measured. The results obtained are as follows: 1. When detectable concentration of procymidone within the altari radish was measured, treatment plots sprayed with underground water, Chitosan solution (${\times}$500), and wood vinegar solution (${\times}$1000) were found to show lower detectable concentration than the non-treatment plot which was sprayed with pesticide only. Especially, the treatment plots sprayed with Chitosan solution (${\times}$500), and with wood vinegar solution (${\times}$1,000) showed lower values than the average. 2. When the degradability of procymidone within the Altari radish was measured, the plot treated with Chitosan solution (${\times}$500) and the plot treated with wood vinegar solution (${\times}$1,000) were found to have relatively higher degradability of procymidone. There were not much differences among testing materials in the degradability of residual pesticides. However, the plot treated with Chitosan solution (${\times}$500) showed higher degradability. In terms of average degradability with time, degradability increased sharply 7 days after the foliar application of testing materials. 3. When the daily far-sighted view survey was conducted in order to find out growth disorder and damage on the Altari radish plants by the treatment of un-derground water, Chitosan solution (${\times}$500), and wood vinegar solution (${\times}$1,000), no symptomatic physiological disorders was observed on all the plants tested during the whole growing season at the tested concentration level.