• Wind and Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.345-357
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• 2004

In the 1990s, four strong typhoons hit the Kyushu area of Japan and inflicted severe damage on power transmission facilities, houses, and so on. Maximum gust speeds exceeding 60 m/s were recorded in central Kyushu. Although the wind speeds were very high, the gust factors were over 2.0. No meteorological stations are located in mountainous areas, creating a deficiency of meteorological station data in the area where the towers were damaged. Since 1995 the authors have operated a network for wind measurement, NeWMeK, that measures wind speed and direction, covering these mountainous areas, segmenting the Kyushu area into high density arrays. Maximum gusts exceeding 70 m/s were measured at several NeWMeK sites when Typhoon Bart (1999) approached. The gust factors varied widely in southerly winds. The mean wind speeds increased due to effects of the local terrain, thus further increasing gust speeds.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제3권3_4호
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• pp.231-248
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• 2012

In this study, a systematic investigation is carried out on the seismic behaviour of plane moment resisting steel frames (MRF) to repeated strong ground motions. Such a sequence of earthquakes results in a significant damage accumulation in a structure because any rehabilitation action between any two successive seismic motions cannot be practically materialised due to lack of time. In this work, thirty-six MRF which have been designed for seismic and vertical loads according to European codes are first subjected to five real seismic sequences which are recorded at the same station, in the same direction and in a short period of time, up to three days. Furthermore, the examined frames are also subjected to sixty artificial seismic sequences. This investigation shows that the sequences of ground motions have a significant effect on the response and, hence, on the design of MRF. Additionally, it is concluded that ductility demands, behaviour factor and seismic damage of the repeated ground motions can be satisfactorily estimated using appropriate combinations of the corresponding demands of single ground motions.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 1988

The usefulness of hypertermia for cancer therapy have well been established. The purpose of the present investigation was to ascess the effect of step-up $(42^{\circ}{\rightarrow}44^{\circ}C$ sequence) and step-down $(44^{\circ}{\rightarrow}42^{\circ}C$ sequence) heating on the skin of the hind foot of the mouse. Hyperthermic treatments were given by immersion the hind foot of the mouse in circulating water baths. Skin response was studied by the leg reaction, which was scored according to a numerical scoring system proposed by Urano et al (1980). The results were as follows 1. The skin damage of $44^{\circ}C$ control group was more severe than $42^{\circ}C$ control group (P<0.05), except for 15 min. heating group. 2. The Skin damage of step-down group was more severe than step-up group (P<0.05). 3. The skin damage of $44^{\circ}C$ control group was more severe than step-up group when there is no difference in $44^{\circ}C$ heating time of step-up group from $44^{\circ}C$ control group (P<0.05). 4. In step-down group, the skin damage was more severe than $44^{\circ}C$ control group after preheating 45 min at $44^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). Therefore, the above findings suggest the normal tissue damage by step-up heating was correlated with heating time of post step-up. The dropping of heating temperature in late phase had more severe damage of the skin than that in early phase during hyperthermia, and so contineous control of satisfactory temperature should be considered as the one of the most important factor for prognosis, complications of clinical hyperthermia

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2014

The damage in germanium (Ge) optical window irradiated by a near-infrared continuous wave (CW) laser was studied. Laser-induced heating and melting process were surveyed, and the specific laser power and the irradiance time to melt were estimated by numerical simulation. The experiments were also carried out to investigate the macro and micro structure change on Ge window. Results showed that the surface deformation was formed by melting and resolidification process, the damaged surface had a polycrystalline phase, and the transmittance as an optical performance factor in mid-infrared region was decreased. We confirmed that an abnormal polycrystalline phase and surface deformation effect such as hillock formation and roughness increase reduced the transmittance of Ge window and were the damage mechanism of CW laser induced damage on Ge window.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.789-799
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• 2014

본 연구는 친환경단감과원의 부유(Diospyros kaki 'Fuyu') 과실을 대상으로 창원과 창녕지역에서 발생한 저온내습(2012년 11월 2일)으로 인한 가을 동상해발생과 식재위치(표고) 및 나무 내에서의 착과 방향의 관계를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 창녕지역 과원의 과중과 과실횡경은 착과방향에 의해 강하게 영향을 받았으며(p<0.01), 과실종경과 동상해발생은 식재위치(p<0.01)와 깊은 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 과실경도와 과실종경은 각각 착과방향과 식재위치의 영향을 받는 것으로 밝혀졌다(p<0.05). 특히 동상해는 과원 하단에 식재된 나무의 과실(15.2%)과 잎(약 90%)에서 심하게 나타나 동상해의 주요 요인이 과원의 지형적 특징인 것으로 나타났다. 과실 동상해를 입은 과실은 과피에 수침상 반점이나 흔적이 발생했다. 한편 창원지역의 과원에서는 과실횡경이 식재위치의 영향을 받은 것(p<0.05)을 제외하고 식재위치와 착과방향이 과실의 생육 및 동상해발생에 영향을 주지 않았다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2001

호우로 인한 수해피해의 발생은 유역의 지리적 사회적 환경요인이 결부되어 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 2000년 9월 일본의 동해지역에서 발생한 호우재해를 대상으로 도시화의 확대에 따른 수해 발생요인의 도출과 함께 유역 주민의 수해에 대한 의식조사를 실시, 분석하였다. 아울러 기존 GIS데이터의 비교 분석을 통하여 시가화율의 정량적인 산정과 그에 따른 도시화의 진전이 유출기구에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 또한 이를 유역주민에게 유효하게 전달 공유하는 방안을 제시하였으며, 이러한 수해정보의 공유는 재해에 대한 대처능력을 고양함으로써 호우에 따른 피해를 줄이는데 기여할 것이다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2011

Objectives : Sokmyeung-tang(SMT) has been used for treatment of CVA in traditional oriental medicine, so this study was designed to evaluate the effect of SMT's protection on brain cell damage against the oxidative stress that was affected by CVA, We also investigated the effect of motor function improvement and neurotrophic factor in ischemic cerebral damaged rats. Methods : We measured cell viability after administrating SMT, chemicals(Paraquat, SNP, rotenone, and $H_2O_2$) which cause oxidative stress, and both SMT and chemicals. We carried out neurobehavioral evaluation(Rotarod test, Beam-walking test, postural reflex test) and observed BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression by injecting SMT into ischemic cerebral damaged rat. Results : Through this study, we observed the following three results. First, brain cell death caused by paraquat, rotenone, and $H_2O_2$ significantly decreased with the treatment of SMT. Second, neuronal movement function in ischemic cerebral damaged rats was significantly improved by the treatment of SMT. Third, BDNF in ischemic cerebral damaged rats increased with the treatment of SMT. Conclusions : SMT protects brain cells from damage induced by oxidative stress (Paraquat, rotenone, $H_2O_2$). SMT also improves neuronal movement function and increases BDNF in ischemic cerebral damaged rats.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.115-139
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• 2009

This study focused on the development of a scale measuring the effect of consumer education. The purposes of this study were to develop a tool which could measure consumer knowledge, consumer attitudes and consumer behavior. Data were collected from 266 college students. Analysis was done using frequency, cross tabulation analysis, reliability test, principle components factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (Amos 5.0), and multiple regression analysis. The results from this study were as follows: 1) Nine consumer knowledge factors (23-items) were identified: consciousness of consumer education and evaluation, consumer rights and allowance management, methods of consumer education and consumer institutions, green energy and environmental consumption, essence and content of consumer education, consumer rights and consumer duty, critical consideration and consumer's damage salvation, buying minds and decision-making, independent consumers. Total variance was 58.4%. Cronbach's alpha for the nine factors ranged from .68-.79. 2) Five consumer attitude factors (26-items) were identified: green environmental consumption, consumer's role and rights, resources saving and consumer's damage salvation, consciousness of consumers, and right consumption. Total variance was 59.2%. Cronbach's alpha for the five factors ranged from .89-.94. 3) Seven consumer behavior factors (27-items) were identified: social role and rights of consumer and consumer movement, right buying and segregated garbage collection, green environmental consumption and resources saving, altruism and decision-making, allowance management and impulse buying, consumer's damage salvation, and consciousness of consumer. The total variance was 59.1%. Cronbach's alpha for the seven factors ranged from .77-.88. Finally, a scale measuring the effect of consumer education consisting of 76 items (consumer knowledge: 23 items (9 factors), consumer attitude: 26 items (5 factors), consumer behavior: 27 items (7 factors)) was constructed.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2003

발파설계가 터널 굴착 시 암반손상 및 여굴에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 암반손상 및 여굴이 터널 안정성에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로서 발파설계가 터널 지보설계에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 도로터널의 일반적인 발파패턴에 대해 동적발파 수치해석을 시행하고 연속체 손상역학(continuum damage mechanics)의 손상변수(damage variable)를 이용하여 여굴과 암반손상 정도를 분석함으로서 터널 굴착면 주위의 암반손상 정도와 영역을 구분하였다. 또한 발파하중 같은 동적하중이 암반내를 전파할 때 변화하는 암반의 동적파괴기준에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 발파 암반손상 영향을 터널 안정성 해석에 반영하기 위하여 손상된 암반강성과 파괴기준을 적용하였다. 손상된 암반강성은 손상역학의 강도감소 모델을 이용하여 감소시켰다. 손상된 암반의 파괴기준은 암반강성과 지질강도지수의 관계식에서 도출한 손상된 지질강도지수(GSI$GSI_d$)를 적용함으로서 산출한 수정 Hoek-Brown 파괴기준을 적용하였다. 암반손상을 고려하여 터널안정성을 해석한 결과, 암반손상을 고려하지 않는 경우와 비교하여 소성영역 범위가 확대되고 변위량이 증가하였다. 이는 발파암반손상을 고려하지 않고 터널설계를 하는 경우 단기적 혹은 장기적으로 터널안정성이 위협받을 수 있음을 나타내었다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Purpose: Lycopene is abundantly contained in Tomatoes and is known for diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In this study, the antioxidative potential of lycopene was investigated through the induction of hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 by nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor2 (Nrf2) and upstream signaling molecules, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Aktin RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: The antioxidative potential of lycopene against oxidative stress and its molecular mechanisms were determined by the cell viability assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation assay, and Western blot analysis in RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Lycopene treatment significantly attenuated tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced intracellular ROS formation in a dose-dependent manner without any cytotoxicity. In addition, 50 µM of lycopene for 6 h treatment induced potent HO-1 expression and its transcription factor, Nrf2. MAPK and PI3K/Aktwere also analyzed due to their critical roles in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis against oxidative damage. As a result, phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was significantly induced by lycopene treatment while the activated status of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and Akt, were not given any effect. To confirm the antioxidative mechanism of HO-1 mediated by ERK activation, each selective inhibitor was employed in a protection assay, in which oxidative damage occurred by t-BHP. Lycopene, SnPP, and CoPP treatments reflected accelerated HO-1 expression could be a protective role against oxidative damage-initiated cell death. A selective inhibitor for ERK significantly inhibited the lycopene-induced cytoprotective effect but selective inhibitors for other signaling molecules did not attenuate the rate of t-BHP-induced cell death. Conclusion: In conclusion, lycopene potently scavenged intracellular ROS formation and enhanced the HO-1 mediated antioxidative potential through the modulation of Nrf2, MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.