• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.359-371
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• 2013

Vietnam is the second-largest coffee exporter in the world. Most of the coffee areas are concentrated in Dak Lak-a province of commercial agricultural production, making up 32.4% of the total coffee area in Vietnam. At present, coffee is the main income source for the province, with coffee accounting for 85% and 40%(2010) of the export value of the province and of the country, respectively. Although the rapid development of Dak Lak's coffee production significantly benefits the province and its coffee planters socioeconomically, emerging urgent problems such as land dispute among ethic groups need to be addressed. This paper aims to examine how coffee-production development in Dak Lak has affected land mobility. In addition, we consider how these changes have affected the livelihoods of the Kinh-the majority ethnic group in Vietnam-as well as the ethnic minorities. As a result, it is pointed out that the coffee development in Dak Lak creates the individual ownership on land. This ownership is more and more fortified when the encroaching land of the Kinh immigrants happens impetuously defying the customary law of the ethnic minorities.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.323-343
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• 2013

This study explores spatial and temporal evloution of Dak Lak as one of coffee frontiers in Vietnam. So far, many authiors have studied this region under the framework of global-local interactions and emphasized the impacts from global coffee market. However not only unique past situation as the underdeveloped frontier and also the interventions of Vietamese government for transforming her socioeconomic system have played not less pivotal role than the global market in forging the present geography of Dak Lak. Under this logic, this study have traced restucturing in production system of state farms and smallholders' particpation in coffee farming. This study shows that various and unique localities as a frontier and specific situation accrued from transitional process has reflected in the present geography of coffee production in Dak Lak. Finally, this paper can be arguable to contribute some useful insights for understanding the evolution of coffee frontier in Vietnam.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.378-398
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• 2016

This paper aims to clarify the process of institutionalization of customary land ownership along with the expansion of coffee plantation in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. Vietnam is the second-largest coffee exporter in the world. Most of the coffee areas are concentrated in Dak Lak-a province of commercial agricultural production. The expansion of coffee plantation in Dak Lak have brought a severe competition of land resources, and resulted in the transition of land ownership scheme from customary commons by ethnic minorities to those of exculsive private assets which is secured by the state. Institutionalization of customary land ownership in Dak Lak, however, was differently happened according to the geography from the center of state power as well as the value of land resources. In this paper, the authors argue that institutionalization of customary land ownership in Dak Lak was a result of compromising between statemaking process in the frontiers and "everyday resistance" of ethnic minorities, comparing 3 geographically different ethnic minorities' communities.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.389-407
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• 2013

The objective of this research is to provide an understanding of how coffee production has been taking place since the coffee industry in Vietnam came out in the global market after Doi Moi. Current research tries to understand how the local households of coffee production adjusts to their production process according to internal and external influences. In order to explore coffee production in the level of local and household units, the structure of coffee production in Dak Lak is first explored in terms of production and sales with the cases from two communes. The examination reveals that general characteristics of coffee crops that would reflect coffee production structure. Further, this study interrogates farmers' response to reflect some direct and indirect influences in recent years. That shows how the elements of coffee production in global market induce a change of coffee production in the study area. Those aspects are analyzed in relation to yearly coffee price fluctuation and diversification. Also, this research explores some of farmers' responses toward the environmental friendly coffee production.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.344-358
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• 2013

Vietnam's growth as the second largest coffee producer in the world has been fueled by domestic migration into central highlands. However, the detail migration processes have not been explicitly discussed. In particular, the existing literatures tend to describe the migration flow in a framework of planned migration versus spontaneous migration, paying less attention to the linkage between them. With a case study of Dak Lak province which is the leading robusta producer in Vietnam, this research investigates the linkage between planned and spontaneous migration in a multiscalar approach. The statistic data allow the researcher to know temporal association between the two type of migration in a provine scale. The survey and interview about two coffee-producing communes - Ea H'Ding in Cu M'gar district and Doan Ket in Krung Buk district - inform us that the linkage between planned and spontaneous migration is contingent to the local contexts including ethnic composition, timing of settlements, governement's development program, and timing of a large flow of in-migration.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.399-416
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• 2016

The main aim of the research attempts to identify value relations appropriated and realized in the coffee frontier of Vietnam by investigating the ways in which it is integrated into coffee global value chains driven by multinational companies, and to provide some implications of the integration of the frontier into sustainable coffee global value chains for creating shared value in Dak Lak, Vietnam. Recently Dak Lak has gone through the transition of value relations from exploitative value chains based upon conventional coffee production into shared value chains relied upon the production of sustainable or certified coffee in Dak Lak. The transition has been expected to result in sustainability in the creation of value by enhancing regional competitive advantages and regional bargaining power in global value chains driven by multinational companies. However, the reality has shown the intensification of hierarchical profits allocation among stakeholders such as farmer, middlemen, and multinational companies in the region. The main reasons for this could be found in two perspectives. Firstly, the formation of exclusive relations among farmers, middlemen, and processors has led to stakeholders to secure market, but resulted in the intensification of hierarchy among them in global value chain, because multinational companies could control indirectly over the farming system through exclusive middlemen. Secondly, social and ecological costs imputed by multinational companies to coffee farmers in the name of creating shared value has deteriorated the economic profits of stakeholders such as farmers and middlemen. As a result, it has led to the configuration of systematically hierarchical and subordinated global value chain in Dak Lak.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.471-476
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• 2016

To know the infection status of helminths in primary schoolchildren of southern parts of Vietnam, we performed an epidemiological study in Krong Pac district, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. A total of 1,206 stool specimens were collected from ethnic Ede schoolchildren in 4 primary schools in 2015 and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. In addition, stool cultures were done by the Harada-Mori method to obtain hookworm larvae and then to clarify the species of hookworms infected. The results showed that the helminth infection rate was 25.0%, including 2.0% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.33% Trichuris trichiura, and 22.8% hookworm infections. The average intensity of infection was 102.0 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) for Ascaris, 36.0 EPG for Trichuris, and 218.0 EPG for hookworms. ITS1 gene sequences of the hookworm larvae were identical with those of Necator americanus (100% homology) reported in GenBank. It has been confirmed in this study that the hookworm, N. americanus, is a dominant helminth species infected in primary schoolchildren of a southern part of Vietnam. Public health attention is needed for control of hookworm infections among schoolchildren in surveyed areas of Vietnam.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.372-388
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• 2013

A series of coffee middlemen has come to be regarded as an exploitative force in the lives of small and poor coffee farmers, which is called 'coyote', controlling production, paying unfair prices for labor and goods, and participating in fraudulent practices to maximize their own profits. However, the reality of gains captured by coffee middlemen in the value chain might be exaggerated and even unfair. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to reconsider the implication of coffee middlemen for the development of coffee value chain in Vietnam. It also attempts to identify their characteristics by investigating relations among coffee farmers, middlemen and processing/exporting firms. In terms of middlemen's margin in the coffee sub-sector, their margin is quite small when compared to other actors higher in the value chain. Rather, coffee middlemen in Vietnam have played a critical role as an intermediary of change in local economies. More specifically, coffee middlemen in Dak Lak has played a significant role as a market facilitator by stimulating the access of farmers to markets by providing buyers for farmers thanks to changes in institutional environment. Also, they have played a critical role as an agent of sustainable coffee production by encouraging sustainable coffee production in accordance with the demand of processing and exporting firms.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2020

The Se San and Srepok river basins (2S) are the two major tributaries of the Mekong River, both of which originate in the territory of Viet Nam and flow to Cambodia to meet at Stung treng with the Sekong river (originating in Lao PDR) to form the 3S river basin before joining the Mekong mainstream. In the territory of Viet Nam, the 2S river basins are located in the Central Highlands including 5 provinces, arranged by geographical location from north to south namely Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong and Lam Dong. This is a region with a very important strategic position in terms of economy, politics and defense for the whole country with many potential advantages for economic development. However, the limited and vulnerable basin water resources are under the pressure of socio-economic development in line with increasing water demands for various sectors. In order to overcome the water management challenges, a long-term water resources planning has conducted to support the 2S River Basin Committee (RBC) in effective planning and operation as part of the WB Mekong-Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Project. This paper introduces the outline and progress of the river basin planning using analytical DSS toolkits to analyze, evaluate and formulate the planning options.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2014

Graphis upretii is a new lichen species discovered in Vietnam. The species is characterized by a loosely corticate, rough, whitish grey to greyish green thallus, elongate and irregularly branched lirellae with an apically thin complete thalline margin (negrosina morph), laterally carbonized, entire proper exciple, clear hymenium, hyaline, 16~20 transversely locular ascospores, and about $50{\sim}95{\times}10{\sim}15{\mu}m$ in size. In addition, members of the taxon produce norstictic and stictic acids. Currently, the lichen flora of Vietnam include Arthonia radiata, Brigantiaea tricolor, Coenogonium implexum, Dirina paradoxa, Herpothallon sipmanii, Pertusaria pertusa, and Sarcographina cyclospora.