• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.481-487
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• 1995

A survey of physical inputs was conducted on the total population of dairy farms supplying milk to the Rewa cooperative dairy company in Fiji. The critical inputs associated with total farm milk production were determined using multiple regression, with analyses being conducted for each of the three identified supplier groups, bulk milk, canned milk and cream. Mean annual milk production per cow averaged 1460 (s.d. = 319), 889 (s.d. = 321) and 800 (s.d. = 451) litres for the bulk milk, canned milk and cream suppliers respectively. Stocking rate averaged 1.37 (s.d. = 1.18) cows per hectare over all farms. Inputs to pasture were universally low and Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus) was identified as a major weed. The average amount of supplement fed annually on a grain equivalent basis was 700 (s.d. = 984) kg per cow for bulk milk, 84 (s.d. = 198) kg per cow for canned milk and 146 (s.d. = 542) kg per cow for cream suppliers. The analysis of data from a small group of farms using nitrogen fertiliser indicated that their production levels were higher than the general population. This suggests that there is potential for the Fijian dairy industry to increase milk production through the use of higher inputs to cows and pastures. The regression models relating annual milk production from farms to the two key inputs of number of cows milked and the amount of supplement fed were all significant (p < 0.001). The coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 56.9 to 89.4 percent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1207-1213
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• 2016

Heat stress negatively affects milk quality altering its nutritive value and cheese making properties. This study aimed at assessing the impact of seasonal microclimatic conditions on milk quality of Friesian cows. The study was carried out in a dairy farm from June 2013 to May 2014 at Beni-Suef province, Egypt. Inside the barn daily ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded and used to calculate the daily maximum temperature-humidity index (mxTHI), which was used as indicator of the degree of heat stress. The study was carried out in three periods according to the temperature-humidity index (THI) recorded: from June 2013 to September 2013 (mxTHI>78), from October 2013 to November 2013 (mxTHI 72-78) and from December 2013 to April 2014 (mxTHI<72). Eighty Friesian lactating dairy cows were monitored in each period. The three groups of cows were balanced for days in milk and parity. Milk quality data referred to somatic cell count, total coliform count (TCC), faecal coliform count (FCC), Escherichia coli count, percentage of E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, percentage of fat, protein, lactose, total solid and solid non-fat. Increasing THI was associated with a significant decrease in all milk main components. An increase of TCC, FCC, and E. coli count from mxTHI<72 to mxTHI>78 was observed. In addition, the isolation rate of both S. aureus and E. coli increased when the mxTHI increased. The results of this study show the seriousness of the negative effects of hot conditions on milk composition and mammary gland pathogens. These facts warrant the importance of adopting mitigation strategies to alleviate negative consequences of heat stress in dairy cows and for limiting related economic losses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1858-1865
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• 2020

Objective: The microbiota of dairy cow milk varies with the season, and this accounts in part for the seasonal variation in mastitis-causing bacteria and milk spoilage. The microbiota of the cowshed may be the most important factor because the teats of a dairy cow contact bedding material when the cow is resting. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether the microbiota of the milk and the cowshed vary between seasons, and to elucidate the relationship between the microbiota. Methods: We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiota of milk, feces, bedding, and airborne dust collected at a dairy farm during summer and winter. Results: The seasonal differences in the milk yield and milk composition were marginal. The fecal microbiota was stable across the two seasons. Many bacterial taxa of the bedding and airborne dust microbiota exhibited distinctive seasonal variation. In the milk microbiota, the abundances of Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae were affected by the seasons; however, only Micrococcaceae had the same seasonal variation pattern as the bedding and airborne dust microbiota. Nevertheless, canonical analysis of principle coordinates revealed a distinctive group comprising the milk, bedding, and airborne dust microbiota. Conclusion: Although the milk microbiota is related to the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, the relationship may not account for the seasonal variation in the milk microbiota. Some major bacterial families stably found in the bedding and airborne dust microbiota, e.g., Staphylococcaceae, Moraxellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Bacteroidaceae, may have greater influences than those that varied between seasons.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

More safe and natural food was recently needed by consumers. Antimicrobials including sodium azide, penicillin, and vancomycin were used for therapeutic agents against pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy and meat industry. These antimicrobials and preservatives were prohibited in stock farm and food because they were caused resistant strain and side effects. Bacteriocins are proteinaceous compounds that may present antimicrobial activity towards important food-borne pathogens and spoilage-related microflora. Therefore, bacteriocins were reported as an alternative of antimicrobials. Due to these properties, bacteriocin-producing strains or purified bacteriocins have a great potential of use in biologically based food preservation systems. Despite the growing number of articles regarding on the isolation of bacteriocinogenic strains, genetic determinants for production, purification and biochemical characterization of these inhibitory substances, there are only limited reports of successful application of bacteriocins to dairy and meats. This review describes bacteriocins related to dairy and meat products for the further use.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2017

The artificial insemination (AI) is one of the best assisted reproductive technologies for increasing reproductive capacity and facilitating the genetic improvement in farm animals. AI has been used in Uganda for over 60 years, but a small population of the total herd has been used. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of AI with estrus synchronization technique and to propose ways of improving the productivity of dairy farms through AI services in Uganda. In total, 78 cows from 11 dairy farms were selected for timed-AI. Synchronization was performed according to the ovsynch programs followed by AI using frozen semen from Korean Holstein (0.5 ml straws). Pregnancy rate was varying among farms (0-50%) and the overall pregnancy rate was 28.2%. Cows in luteal phase at the time of treatment was 40.0% whereas that in follicular phase was 20.8%. After treatment, cows that showed normal estrus signal were 45.5% (25/55). Abnormal estrus was categorized into pre-estrus (9.1%), cystic ovaries (21.8%), anestrus (18.2%) and delayed ovulation (5.5%), respectively. These results imply that an assured protocol for timed-AI should be developed to improve the productivity of dairy farms through AI services in Uganda.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.1064-1075
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• 2021

Recently, a high level of dietary crude protein (CP) has become of interest as a possible practice to improve the carcass quality of beef cattle, and its level has been increasing in the field. However, there is little scientific evidence that supports this. This study was conducted to test whether a high dietary CP level would improve growth performance, body metabolism, and carcass traits in Hanwoo beef cattle. A total of 32 Hanwoo finishing beef cattle (18 multiparous cows, six heifers, and eight steers) participated in a 12-weeks feeding trial. Two kinds of total mixed rations were prepared to contain two different CP; 156 g/kg for the control (CON) and 173 g/kg of CP for the treatment (HCP), while maintaining a similar level of metabolizable energy. The experiment was ended when more than half of the steers reached the target body weight (730 kg). Blood was collected at the end of the experiment. After harvesting, the carcass trait was evaluated at the slaughterhouse according to Korean standards. The carcass yield score and grade were also calculated based on revised criteria. Overall, dry matter intake, average daily gain, blood metabolites concentration, and the carcass traits, except for backfat thickness and the yield score, did not differ between the treatments. The HCP had lower backfat thickness than those of CON. There was no difference in the carcass yield grade, but the yield score was higher in the HCP treatment. According to the newly revised carcass grading criteria, both yield score and grade were higher in HCP than in CON. Increasing CP supply decreased the carcass's backfat thickness without altering growth performance and body metabolism, resulting in improved yield score and grade. Therefore, feeding a high CP diet may be beneficial in the farm income, although it may also increase feed cost and nitrogen excretion to the environment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1421-1427
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• 2018

Due to the rapid development of Internet-of-Things technology, different types of smart sensors are now devised and deployed widely. These smart sensors are now used in animal husbandry which was traditionally managed by the experience of farmers, such that wearable sensors for livestock, and the smart farm which is equipped with multiple sensors are utilized to increase the efficiency of livestock management. Herein, we consider a scheme in which the body temperature and the level of activity are measured by smart sensor which is attached to the neck of dairy cattle and the health condition is monitored based on collected data. Especially, we find that the estrous of dairy cattle which is one of most important metric in milk production, can be predicted with high precision using various machine learning techniques. By utilizing the proposed prediction scheme, estrous of cattle can be detected immediately and this can improve the efficiency of cattle management.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2023

In the present study, the incidence of bovine tubeculosis (bTB) and brucellosis in Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) and dairy cow in Gyeongsangnam-do was investigated for three years from 2020 to 2022. The incidence bTB tested by tuberculin skin test with purified protein derivative (PPD) and gamma interferon (γ-INF) test with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. From 2020 to 2022, the incidence of bTB showed a decreasing trend in Hanwoo, while an increasing trend in dairy cow. In the case of Brucellosis, the positive rates for Hanwooe gradually increased. However, no brucellosis was found in dairy cow from 2020 to 2022. The increase in the incidence of these diseases is presumed to be related the small scale and poor sanitation facilities of livestock farms in Gyeongsangnam-do, and easy access of wild animals. Therefore, in order to suppress the incidence of the diseases, it is necessary to the farm scale from small to large and to strengthen sanitary facilities on farms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2017

Bovine mastitis is an important microbial disease in the dairy industry. We investigated the frequencies of bacterial pathogens in 62 farms and pathogen antibiotic resistance from mastitis samples (n = 748). We tested the antimicrobial activity of chicken and duck egg white and lysozyme purified from chicken egg white. Moreover, we compared the microbiomes of normal and mastitic raw milk obtained by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and culture methods. The results showed that the frequencies of Gram-positive pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis 37% and Staphylococcus aureus 36%) were higher than that of a Gram-negative pathogen (Escherichia coli 15%). Resistance frequencies to ampicillin and norfloxacin were lowest in Staphylococcus aureus (21%), Enterococcus faecalis (23%), and Escherichia coli (33%), and the antimicrobial activity of chicken egg white was higher than those of lysozyme and duck egg white. Pyrosequencing results revealed clear differences between the microbiomes of mastitic and normal raw milk samples and revealed a slightly similar, but clearly different, composition of pathogens compared to that from the culture method. Thus, pyrosequencing may be useful for elucidating changes in microbiomes during mastitis progression and treatment. A chicken egg white and antibiotic combination may help with mastitis treatment; however, further studies are needed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

The conception rate of cow is a major factor in farm management. The environment of farm and management of cow are the best influencing factors on conception rate, and the fertility of bull is the second influencing factor. In Hanwoo bull, however, the informations limited to performance and carcass traits have been offered to Hanwoo farmer. Therefore, this study analysed the estimated relative conception rates (ERCR) for estimation of fertility of bulls, using the 8,892 mating data with 116 heads of prove bull to produce progeny. Mean of least square means of conception rate after first insemination was 50.95% in bull herds. On the standard of this mean, ERCRs after first insemination of each bull were analysed. Values ranged from -26.1% to +21.0%, the difference was 47.1%. Among 116 heads of bull analysed, KPN582 showed the highest ERCR as 21.0%, KPN550 (18.3%), KPN656 (16.7%), KPN632 (15.8%), KPN690 (14.9%) were gone behind, but KPN621 was the lowest as -26.1%, KPN680 (-21.3%), KPN674 (-16.2%), KPN569 (-15.9%), KPN699 (-14.9%) were succeeded. If ERCRs of Hanwoo bull will be offered to Hanwoo farmer, it will be worthwhile.