• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 한국가금학회 2005년도 제22차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.76-77
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• 2005

Effects of dietary killed salmonella and vancomycin on the performance and immune response was investigated in broiler chicks inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. During 3 week(27 d) of age, experimental diet did not affect daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. Dietary killed salmonella and vancomycin decreased MnSOD activity. At 7day after Salmonella typhimurium inoculation, dietary killed salmonella and vancomycin increased, daily gain and feed efficiency of broiler chicks. At 7 and 15 day after salmonella inoculation, dietary killed salmonella and vancomycin decreased erythrocyte peroxidase activity, but elevated proliferation of PBMC stimulated with LPS and supernatant IL-1 level secreted by the PBMC. The results suggested that dietary killed salmonella and vancomycin improved the performance of broiler chicks due to modulate antioxidant system and innate immune response of broiler chicks innoculated with Salmonella typhimurium.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2002

The growth and immune responses to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge ( $20{\mu}g/kg$) of piglets with and without a iron dextran injection (Fe, 200 mg/head) two days after birth are compared. Sixty-four newborn piglets from eight litters were allocated randomly to one of four treatments. The control received no iron dextran and only saline (Sal) injection on the second and fifteenth day after birth (Sal-Sal). The remaining three groups received Fe-Sal, Sal-LPS, Fe-LPS treatments respectively. On fifteen days of age, blood samples of piglets were taken at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 d after saline or LPS injection to determine immune functions and blood characteristics. The trial terminated when the pig reached 56 days and the average daily gain of piglets was then measured. Daily gain, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and red blood cell counts did not vary significantly among the four groups at any measuring times. Serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) concentration increased sharply 1 h after LPS injection. However, iron injection did not change TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration responds to LPS injection. White blood cell counts of two LPS injection groups were significantly lowered 1 h following the injection. In contrast, serum lactoferrin concentration had increased significantly 1 and 2 h postinjection. Furthermore, iron injection produced no further effects on these two criteria. Iron injection increased the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of piglets at any measuring time, and LPS injection lowered Hb concentration. In conclusion, a 200 mg/head of iron dextran injection on the second day after birth increased Hb concentration, had no detrimental effect on the immune responses and growth of piglets. Moreover, if creep feed (175 mg Fe/kg feed) is provided from d 7 after birth, the Fe-injection does not contribute to overall performance of piglets and may not be a necessity in practice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2015

Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of $145{\pm}3.6kg$) with a $5{\times}5$ latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.95-98
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine possibility of compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder fed a commercial feed during the summer season. Five treatments of fish with triplicates were prepared: C, S1, S2, S3 and S4. Fish in the control group (C) was hand-fed with the commercial feed to apparent satiation twice daily for 6 days a week during 6 weeks. Fish in S1, S2, S3, and S4 experienced 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of starvation before fed to satiation twice daily for 5, 4, 3, and 2 weeks, respectively. The feeding trial lasted far 6 weeks. Survival of flounder in C, S1 and S2 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that offish in S4. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounder in C and S1 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish in S2, S3 or S4. And weight gain and SGR of flounder in S2 and S3 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish in S4. Feed consumption of flounder tended to increase with weeks of feeding. Feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio for flounder in C, S1, S2 and S3 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those for fish in S4. Moisture content of the whole fish in C was lowest, but highest for fish in S4, respectively. Crude protein content of the whole fish in C was highest, but lowest far fish in S4, respectively. Crude lipid content of the whole fish in C, S1 and S2 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish in S4. In conclusion, full compensatory growth was obtained in juvenile olive flounder fed for 5 weeks after 1-week feed deprivation during the summer season. Compensatory growth of fish was well supported by improvement in feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1314-1321
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• 2016

We conducted this 10-wk experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary phytoncide, Korean pine extract as phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs ([Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire]${\times}$Duroc, body weight (BW) = $58.2{\pm}1.0kg$) were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their BW and sex, 10 replicate pens per treatment with 4 pigs per pen were used (2 barrows and 2 gilts). Dietary treatments were: CON, control diet; PT2, CON+0.02% PFA; PT4, CON+0.04% PFA; PT6, CON+0.06% PFA. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was higher in PT4 (p<0.05) than in PT6, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was lower in PT6 than in CON (p<0.05). Besides ADFI decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide and gain:feed ratio in PT4 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than CON treatment. During 5 to 10 weeks and overall, quadratic (p<0.05) effect was observed in ADG among the treatments. At the end of this experiment, pigs fed with PT4 diet had a greater (p<0.05) red blood cell concentration compared to the pigs fed CON diet. Water holding capacity increased linearly (p<0.05) with the increased level of phytoncide supplementation. Moreover, firmness, redness, yellowness, and drip loss at day 3 decreased linearly (p<0.05) with the increase in the level of phytoncide supplementation. In conclusion, inclusion of phytoncide could enhance growth performance without any adverse effects on meat quality in finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1425-1428
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of a probiotics complex on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea score and microbial population in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Treatments were 1) control A (0.2% antibiotics, Avilamycin), 2) control B (0.1 % $Ractocom^{(R)}$), 3) 0.1%, 4) 0.2% and 5) 0.3% probiotics complex; 80 pigs were used and each treatment had 4 replicates with 4 pigs per replicate (16 pigs per treatment). During phase I period (d 0 to 14), although there was no significant difference, pigs fed control B diet showed higher ADG (average daily gain) and better F/G (feed/gain) than any other treatments. During late experimental period (d 15 to 28), pigs fed diet supplemented with 0.2% probiotics complex showed slightly higher ADG. Overall (d 0 to 28) the diet that contained 0.2% probiotics complex gave slightly higher ADG and ADFI (average daily feed intake) than the other diets. In a metabolic trial using 20 piglets, nutrient digestibility showed the best results in pigs fed 0.2% probiotics complex diet, but not significantly different from other groups. Diarrhea score and microbial population status in intestine, colon and feces were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, this study suggested that a newly developed probiotics complex can replace antibiotics in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.316-323
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• 2014

We previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body weight and average daily gain in a common region between ADL0198 (chr 1: 171.7 Mb) and ABR0287 (chr 1: 173.4 Mb) on chicken chromosome 1 in an $F_2$ resource population produced by crossing low- and high-growth lines of the Hinai-dori breed. Motilin receptor (MLNR) is a candidate gene affecting growth traits in the region. In this study, we genotyped polymorphisms of the MLNR gene and investigated its association with growth traits in a Hinai-dori $F_2$ intercross population. All the exons of the MLNR gene in the parental population were subjected to PCR amplification, nucleotide sequenced and haplotypes identified. To distinguish resultant diplotype individuals in the $F_2$ population, a mismatch amplification mutation assay was performed. Three haplotypes (Haplotypes 1-3) were accordingly identified. Six genotypes produced by the combination of three haplotypes (Haplotype 1, 2, and 3) were examined in order to identify associations between MLNR haplotypes and growth traits. The data showed that Haplotype 1 was superior to Haplotype 2 and 3 in body weight at 10 and 14 weeks of age, average daily gain between 4 and 10 weeks, 10 and 14 weeks, and 0 and 14 weeks of age in female in $F_2$ females. It was concluded that MLNR is a useful marker of growth traits and could be used to develop strategies for improving growth traits in the Hinai-dori breed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.549-554
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate whether dietary essential oils could affect growth performance, relative organ weights, cecal microflora, immune responses and blood profiles of broiler chickens fed on diets containing different nutrient densities. A total of eight hundred-forty 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into twenty-eight pens (7 pens per treatment, 30 chicks per pen). There were four experimental diets containing two different nutrient densities and supplemented with or without essential oils. Experimental period lasted for 35 days. No clear interaction between nutrient density and essential oils on any of growth performance-related parameters was observed. Live body weights were affected (p<0.05) by nutrient density at 21 days and by dietary essential oils at 35 days. Essential oils significantly (p<0.05) increased daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods of 22 to 35 and 1 to 35 days, but failed to affect feed intake during the entire experimental period. Daily weight gain at 1 to 21 days and feed intake at 1 to 21 and 1 to 35 days were significantly impaired (p<0.05) by nutrient density. There were significant treatment interactions (p<0.05) on relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and abdominal fat contents. Finally, either essential oil or nutrient density did not influence the relative percentages of breast and leg meats, the population of cecal microflora, blood parameters and antibody titers against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis in broiler chickens. It was concluded that dietary essential oils, independent to nutrient density, failed to stimulate feed intake, but increased growth performance in broiler chickens.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2011

This study investigated the effects of stocking density and feeding frequency (three and five times per week) on the growth of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus. In the first experiment, experimental groups of fish (mean weight $167.8{\pm}41.4\;g$) were reared at three stocking densities (4, 8 and 12 kg/$m^3$) for 16 weeks. The total weight gain was 17.8, 17.1 and 35.4% at 4, 8 and 12 kg/$m^3$, respectively. The specific growth rates, survival rates and feeding efficiency increased with the density, but there were no significant differences (P>0.05). The daily feed intake decreased as the stocking density increased, whereas the condition factors increased with the stocking density (P<0.05). In the second experiment, groups of fish ($194.1{\pm}68.3\;g$) were fed either three or five times a week. The total wight gain was 14.4 and 18.5% for the fish fed three and five times per week, respectively. The specific growth rates of Pacific cod fed to satiation increased with the feeding frequency, although the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The survival rates, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, and condition factors of the Pacific cod were not significantly different (P>0.05). Based on these results, the optimum stocking density for juvenile cod is above 12 kg/$m^3$, and the best feeding frequency is three times a week, under the conditions used in this experiment.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.44.1-44.8
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• 2016

Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean length $14.53{\pm}1.14cm$ and mean weight $38.36{\pm}3.45g$), were exposed for 4 weeks with the different levels of ammonia in the concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L at 19 and $24^{\circ}C$. The indicators of growth performance such as daily length gain, daily weight gain, condition factor, and hematosomatic index were significantly reduced by the ammonia exposure and high temperature. The ammonia exposure induced a significant decrease in hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht), whose trend was more remarkable at $24^{\circ}C$. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also notably decreased by the ammonia exposure. Blood ammonia concentration was considerably increased by the ammonia concentration exposure. In the serum components, the glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were substantially increased by the ammonia exposure, whereas total protein was significantly decreased. But, the calcium and magnesium were not considerably changed.