• 철학연구
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• 제129권
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• pp.341-366
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• 2014

이 논문은 서(恕)에 관한 주자(朱子)와 대진(戴震)의 상반된 두 입장을 분석하고 그 윤리학적 의의를 탐색한 글이다. 논문에 따르면, 주자는 서(恕)가 단순한 동질화의 형식일 뿐 구체적인 윤리적 행위 지침을 제공하지는 못한다고 보고, 서(恕)가 오용될 경우는 오히려 부도덕의 상호 용인과 악의 동질화라는 비윤리적 행위를 양산할 수 있다고 우려하였다. 이러한 점 때문에 그는 주체의 도덕적 충실성(忠)을 반드시 서(恕)의 선결요건으로 삼아야 한다고 주장하였다. 그래야만 서(恕)가 주관적이고 자의적으로 오용되는 것을 막고 윤리의 보편타당성과 도덕의 지고한 가치를 견지할 수 있다고 생각하였다. 그러나 대진은 주자의 생각이 도덕 주체를 필연적으로 주관성의 늪에 빠져버리게 할 것이라고 비판하였다. 만일 타자와의 관계성을 괄호에 넣고 우선 도덕성을 연마해야 한다면, 그렇게 완성된 도덕성 역시 주체 내부의 것에 불과하게 되므로 보편타당한 윤리가 될 수 없다는 것이다. 이러한 점에서 대진은 서(恕)의 가치를 다시 부활시킨다. 그는 욕망의 실정(實情)에 입각하여 서로를 헤아리는 서(恕)의 과정을 통해, 구체적이면서 사실적인 그리고 보편타당한 윤리 준칙이 마련될 수 있다고 생각했다. 이 논문은 주자와 대진의 입장에 현격한 차이가 있지만, 양자가 지향했던 윤리학적 목표는 동일했다고 주장한다. 그들의 윤리학적 목표는 공히 주관주의의 폐단을 극복하고 윤리의 객관성과 보편타당성을 확보하려는 것이었고, 이를 통해 약자의 생존을 보장하고 사회적 균등을 실현하고자 했기 때문이다. 결론적으로 이 논문은, 서(恕)의 보편화 가능성을 정립하고 공정과 평등의 가치 실현을 지향하고자 했다는 점에서 두 사람이 같은 길을 걷고 있다고 주장한다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제37호
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• pp.249-278
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• 2009

주자(朱子)는 송대(宋代)의 시경학(詩經學)을 대표하고 대진(戴震)은 청대(淸代)의 환파(晥派)를 대표하는 시경연구가(詩經硏究家)이다. 본 논문에서는 주자(朱子)에 대하여 비판적 입장을 취했던 대진(戴震)을 "시경(詩經)" 전석(詮釋) 방면에서 주자(朱子)와 비교하고 특히 주자가 "음시(淫詩)"라고 본 30편의 시에 대하여 양자를 서로 비교함으로써 어떻게 서로 다르게 시를 해석했는가를 규명하였다. 그 결과 주자와 대진은 30편시에 있어서 그 견해가 같은 것은 2편 밖에 없었고 나머지는 모두 달랐다. 주자는 풍시에 나오는 정시(情詩)를 해석함에 있어 문학적(文學的) 관점(觀點)에서 제1인칭 시점(視點)으로 시를 해석하여 시의 목적과 효용이 '언정('言情)'이라고 본 반면, 대진은 정시(情詩)에 대하여 경서적(經書的) 관점(觀點)에서 제3인칭 시점(視點)으로 시를 해석하여 시의 목적과 효용이 '미척(美刺)'라고 보았다. 이는 한마디로 주자는 '언정(言情)'의 문학적해석(文學的解釋)이고, 대진(戴震)은 '사무사(思無邪)'의 경서적(經書的) 해석(解釋)이라고 할 수 있다. 이 두 사람의 "시경(詩經)"에 대한 해석 차이는 시경학사(詩經學史)의 측면에서 적잖은 의미를 갖는다. 즉 모시(毛詩)-한대(漢代)-당(唐) 송대(宋代)-명(明) 청대(淸代)-현대(現代)로 이어지는 시대사적(時代史的) 흐름에서 "시경(詩經)"이 경서적 관점의 해석에서 문학적 관점의 해석으로 바뀌는 과정에서 주자가 태동적 역할을 하였지만 일정한 한계가 있었고, 청대(淸代)의 대진(戴震)을 거쳐 현대에 와서 완성되는 과정에서 대진(戴震)는 "시경(詩經)"를 고거학(考據學) 방법(方法)으로 접근하여 객관적으로 시의(詩義)를 설명하면서도 시의(詩義)의 해석(解釋)에 있어서는 모시설(毛詩說)을 따르고 주자(朱子)의 문학적 관점을 계승하지 않고 경서적 관점에서 해석했다는 것이다. 이와 같은 대진(戴震)의 "시경(詩經)" 해석은 모시설(詩說)의 긴 생명력과 "시경(詩經)"의 경서적 해석으로부터 문학적 해석으로의 전환이 직선적이지 않고 그 사이에는 많은 다양한 견해가 존재하였음을 시사하는 것이다. 이와 같은 주자와 대진의 일련의 흐름을 볼 때 시경은 앞으로 계속 다양한 시각으로 해석되고 연구될 수 있음을 알 수 있으며 또한 그렇게 해석되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2023

Cancer is a global public health issue that becomes the second primary cause of death globally. Considering the side effects of radio- or chemo-therapy, natural phytochemicals are promising alternatives for therapeutic interventions to alleviate the side effects and complications. Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is the main phytochemical extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer with anticancer activity. GRh2 could induce apoptosis and autophagy of cancer cells and inhibit proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GRh2 could be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapeutics to enhance the anticancer effect and reverse the adverse effects. Here we summarized the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of GRh2 and proposed future directions to promote the development and application of GRh2.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.695-699
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• 2015

A high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) system based on injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser and iodine absorption filter has been developed for the quantitative measurement of aerosol and cloud. The laser frequency is stabilized at 80 MHz by a frequency locking system and the absorption line of iodine cell is selected at the 1111 line with 2 GHz width. The observations show that the HSRL can provide vertical profiles of particle extinction coefficient, backscattering coefficient and lidar ratio for cloud and aerosol up to 12 km altitude, simultaneously. For the measured cases, the lidar ratios are 10~20 sr for cloud, 28~37 sr for dust, and 58~70 sr for urban pollution aerosol. It reveals the potential of HSRL to distinguish the type of aerosol and cloud. Time series measurements are given and demonstrate that the HSRL has ability to continuously observe the aerosol and cloud for day and night.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3837-3841
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• 2013

Objectives: To analyse HPV integration prevalence and genotype distributions in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in east part of China, furthermore to assess preferential sites for common HPV integrations and provide baseline information for cervical abnormality screening and prevention. Methods: Integration of HPV in 113 paraffin-embedded cervical intraepithelial neoplasia samples was assessed using Gencap technology in Key Laboratory of Biotechnologies in BGI-Shenzhen. Results: 64 samples were HPV-integrated and as the cervical lesions increased, the integration rate became higher significantly (P=0.002). Fifteen different HPV genotypes were detected, 14 high-risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 51, 52, 56, 58, 66, 68) and 1 low-risk (11). The most common genotypes were HPV-16, 58, 33, 52, 66, and 56. Thirteen patients had co-integration involving mainly HPV-16 and 58. The frequency of HPV gene disruption was higher in L1 and E1 genes than in other regions of the viral genomes. Conclusion: Some 56.6% of CIN lesions in Qingdao had HPV integrations, and 67.2% of HPV-integrated patients were HPV-16 and 58, more prone to be integrated in younger patients below 45 years old. There exist preferential sites for HPV-16 and HPV-58 integration, and they are more likely to be disrupted in the L1 and E1 loci.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.648-658
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• 2016

Preservation of fresh algae plays an important role in algae seed subculture and aquaculture. The determination and examination of the changes of cell viability, composition, and bacterial species during storage would help to take suitable preservation methods to prolong the preservation time of fresh algae. Nostoc flagelliforme is a kind of edible cyanobacterium with important herbal and dietary values. This article investigated the changes of bacterial species and biochemical characteristics of fresh N. flagelliforme concentrate during natural storage. It was found that the viability of cells decreased along with the storage time. Fourteen bacteria strains in the algae concentrate were identified by PCR-DGGE and were grouped into four phyla, including Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Among them, Enterococcus viikkiensis may be a concern in the preservation. Eleven volatile organic compounds were identified from N. flagelliforme cells, in which geosmin could be treated as an indicator of the freshness of N. flagelliforme. The occurrence of indole compound may be an indicator of the degradation of cells.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.109-152
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• 2001

Throughout this paper, I adjusted the study of 'Qian Yi'(錢乙)'s Medical Thought, and the following is the summary. 1. 'Qian Yi' wrote 'Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue'("小兒藥證直訣", edited by 誾季忠), and there were 'Shang Han Lun Zhi Wei'("傷寒論指微"), 'Ying Ru Lun', however those are loss of the record. 2. Qian Yi's 'Zhi Jue'("直訣") was influenced by 'Lu Xin Jing', yet if we compare the quality of 'Sheng Li, Byeng Li, Bang Jae'(生理, 病理, 方劑), 'Lu Xin Jing' cannot be the foundation of 'Zhi Jue'. He took over 'Nei Jing, Shang Han Lun, Jin Gui Yao Lue, Shen Long Ben Cao Jing, Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang'("內經", "傷寒論", "金?要略", "神膿本草經", "太平聖惠方") and put them together to the direct clinical experiences of pediatrics. 3. There is no reference regarding the difficulties of pediatric diagnosis and diseases in 'Huang Di Nei Jing'("黃帝內經") Before 'Bei Song'(北宋), regardless of the lack of data related to pediatric diseases, 'Qian Yi' established the pediatric system in 'Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue' for the first time. 4. In his diagnosis of the pediatric diseases, he 'Si Zhen He Can'(四診合參), also considered in the eye exam seriously. In addition, he closely combined 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng'(五臟辨證), and diagnosis the pediatric diseases. 5. 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng', what Qian established method was based on 'Zheng Ti Guan'(整體觀) in 'Huang Di Nei Jing'. It was based on clinical experiences and established the perspectives of 'Tian Ren Xiang Ying'(天人相應). First of all, he pinpointed 'Zhu Zheng'(主證) clearly. Secondly, he pinpointed the relationships to symptoms and then, he distinguished a generic character of 'Xu, Shi, Han, Re'(虛, 實, 寒, 熱). Finally, he made an induction from genealogical pediatric physiology. 6. 'Qian Yi' took a serious view of 'Ban Zhen'(斑疹), the inadequate field in those days. At that time, he criticized on the habituation of the misuse of medication. He treated separately which 'Ji Jing'(急驚) as 'Liang Xie'(凉瀉) and 'Man Jing'(慢驚) as 'Wen Bu'(溫補). He proposed 'Cong Gan Zhu Feng, Xin Zhu Jing'(從肝主風, 心主驚) theory and formulated 'Jing Feng'(驚風) theory as well. 7. As an opponent of a tendency to misusage of medicine, 'Qian Yi' made out a prescription with pliant medicine. He emphasized on the treatment to 'Gong Bu Shang Zheng, Bu Bu Zhi Xie, Xiao Bu Jian Shi'(攻不傷正, 補不滯邪, 消補兼施) because he had so lucid demonstration to 'Xu Shi Han Re'(虛實寒熱) of the five viscera in the field of 'Bang Yak'(方藥). 8. There were no pediatrics schools at that time, however, the pediatrics was being made up gradually by 'Jin Yuan Si Da Jia'(金元四大家) who was influenced by 'Qian Yi'. He raised an objection to medical treatment using pliant medicine. 'Qian Yi' applied 'Qu Xia'(驅下) treatment using 'Han Liang'(寒凉) medicine. 'Han Liang Pai'(寒凉派) is greatly influenced by Qian. 'Chen Wen Zhong'(陳文中) had a great impact on 'Han Liang Pai' who used a 'Zao Shu Wen Bu'(燥熟溫補) medicine for treatment. Since 'Song Jin'(宋金), he had a tremendous influence on pediatrics treating patients in both 'Han Wen'(寒溫) ways. 9. 'Qian Yi' had an influence on his medical thoughts on future generations, especially to 'Wan Quan'(萬全) of 'Ming Dai', 'Wu Tang'(吳塘) of 'Qing Dai'(淸代) and 'Yun Shu Jie'(?樹珏) of 'Min Guo'(民國). 'Wan Quan' is an advocate of 'You Yu, Bu Zu Zhi Shuo'(有餘, 不足之說)of 'Xiao Er Wu Zang'(小兒五臟) that he revealed Qian's 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng'(五臟辨證). 'Wu Tang' disclosed Qian's 'Xiao Er Ti Zhi Shuo'(小兒體質說) and 'Xiao Er Ke'(小兒科)'s 'Yong Yao Lun'(用藥論), therefore, he uncovered pediatric physiological characteristics through the advocate of Qian's 'Zang Fu Rou Ruo, Ji Gu Nen Qie, Yi Xu Yi Shi, Yi Han Yi Re' (臟腑柔弱, 肌骨嫩怯, 易虛易實, 易寒易熱). 'Yun Shu Jie' developed intrinsic relationships among time, symptom and 'Tian Ren Xiang Ying Guan'(天人相應觀), What 'Qian Yi' stated about them. And also, he developed Qian's 'Di Huang Wan'(地黃丸), 'Xie Qing Wan'(瀉靑丸), 'Yi Huang San'(益黃散) clinical usages as well. 10. Regarding Qian's 'Wu Zang Xu Shi'(五臟虛實), it has an influence on 'Zhang Yuan Su'(張元素)'s 'Zang Fu Bing Ji Bian Zheng'(臟腑病機辨證). 'Di Huang Wan', 'Xie Qing Wan', 'Xie Xin Tang'(瀉心湯), 'Yi Huang San', 'Xie Huang San'(瀉黃散) are the standard prescription of 'Wu Zang Bu Xie'(五臟補瀉). It is under the influence of Qian's treatment. Besides, 'Qian Yi' took a serious view of 'Xiao Er'(小兒)'s 'Pi Wei'(脾胃). 'Qian Yi' had an impact on 'Li Dong Yuan'(李東垣) one of the member of 'Bu Tu Pai'(補土派). 'Di Huang Wan', which placed great importance on 'Bu Yi Shen Yin'(補益腎陰), had a great impact on 'Da Bu Yin Wan'(大補陰丸) and 'Jin Yuan Si Da Jia' as well. 11. In a theory of Qian's 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng', though it had been stated clearly in 'Wu Zang Bian Zheng', but he neglected in 'Liu Fu Bian Zheng'(六腑辨證). In prescription field, The problem with the medicine is that it is either toxic or mineral, therefore, we are not able to use those medicine in a clinical testing at the present time.