• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2002

포도의 장님노린재 피해조사 결과 전국 159개 조사포장 가운데 113개의 포장에서 피해가 확인되었으며(발생포장율 71%), 산간지 등 격리된 소규모 재배지보다는 김포, 안성, 나주, 김천. 부여. 대전, 예산 등 포도 집단재배지에서 피해가 심했고. 1999년의 경우 심한 포장의 피해순율이 나주에서 85%, 김포에서 65%에 달했다. 포도나무의 생육초기에 발생하는 장님노린재의 종류로 애무늬고리장님노린재, 초록장님노린재, 명아주장님노린재가 확인되었으며, 이중 애무늬고리장님노린재가 다른 종보다 채집개체수에서 월등히 많았다. 애무늬고리장님노린재와 초록장님노린재는 거의 전국적으로 발생이 확인되었으며, 기주식물로는 애무늬장님노린재의 경우 포도, 살구나무, 벚나무 등 10종이 확인되었으며, 초록장님노린재는 더위지기, 쑥 등 10종이 확인되었다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2010

The present study was aimed to examine the occurrence and influencing factors therapeutic duplication (TD) of medications for anxiety disorders by analyzing the relevant prescription data. In this study, the prescription data issued on March 19, 2008 in domestic medical institutes were utilized. TD was defined as more than two medications under the same therapeutic classification per prescription based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code. The assessment of TD was performed based on the number of cases and on the ratio determined. To identify the influencing factor of TD, the variables related to the differences in the TD ratio were analyzed based on the results of the Chi-Square test conducted with the variables; patients, medical institutes, diseases, and treatments. The number and ratio of TD were determined to be 1,333 out of the total of 19,219 anxiety disorder cases, and 6.94%, most cases involving benzodiazepine derivatives, respectively. The TD ratio was found to be higher in relation to males than to females. Patients with national health insurance benefits have a higher TD ratio compared to the medical-aid beneficiaries. The TD ratios were highest in clinics, psychiatry divisions, and Gyeongsang district. The TD ratio of the cases with more than two anxiety disorders was found to be higher than that of the cases with only one anxiety disorder. As the number of medications per prescription increased, the TD ratio was shown to have become gradually higher. In conclusion, in order to prevent TD, the concurrent DUR system should be implemented. The prescribers and pharmacists must be educated regarding duplicated medications to promote the safe and effective use of medicines, without unnecessary TD.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.328-336
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• 2014

Anticholinergic drugs are included in the efficacy group of various antidepressants, antihistamines, antispasmodics like skeletal muscle relaxants. Elderly patients are often taking anticholinergic drugs due to various diseases such as sleep disorders and dysuria. But the use of anticholinergic drugs is restricted in guidelines such as Beers Criteria or STOPP due to the anticholinergic adverse effects including dry mouth, constipation, difficult urination, delirium, hallucinations and especially cognitive impairment. In this study, we investigated the usage of anticholinergic drugs in out-of-hospital prescription of 4,442 elderly patients. Results of the study were obtained that 32% (n=1,421) of overall patients were prescribed with 1~6 products (average 1.37) of anticholinergic drugs. 70.9% of the 1,421 patients (n=1,007) were prescribed with one drug, 22.7% (n=323) were two drugs and 4.9% (n=70) were three drugs. 27.1% of the 1,421 patients (n=430) were 70~74 years old patients who were the most commonly prescribed with anticholinergic drugs. Amitriptyline, chlorpheniramine, dimenhydrinate and quetiapine were most frequent component of ACB Score 3 drugs and amantadine, baclofen, carbamazepine, cyproheptadine and oxcarbazepine were most frequent of ACB Score 2 drugs. Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS) of individual patients presented one point (48.5%, n=689), 2 points (15.4%, n=219), more than 3 points (36.1%, n=513), and up to maximum 12 point (n=1). More than 2 points were more than half (51.5%, n=732). Therefore, additional prospective study in the use and adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs for elderly patients will be required. And national management such as DUR program will be required for elderly drug administration from now on.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.598-607
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• 2019

현재 한국의 약사 연수 교육은 연간 8시간으로 대한약사회와 그 산하 지부 및 분회에서 주로 실시하고 있다. 정해진 시간에 다수의 약사들을 대상으로 진행되는 교육은 학습효과가 제한적이며 적극적인 학습 참여를 유도하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 약사 제도의 역사가 긴 미국의 약사 연수 교육을 문헌 연구 하여 한국의 약사 연수 교육의 발전 방안을 찾아보았다. 연구의 대상은 한국과 미국의 약사 연수 교육 운용 방식, 평가제도, 교과목 등이었다. 연구 결과 미국의 약사연수 교육은 다양한 방식이었으며 이수 시간이 길며 약사 면허 갱신 제도와 연계되어 있었다. 한국의 약사 연수 교육이 교육 시간의 연장, 교육 내용의 다양화, 자기 주도적 학습 및 현장 실습 교육을 도입 한다면 현재보다 더 발전할 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1125-1132
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• 1991

Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission which is characterized fatigue and weakness of the voluntary muscle. From 1985. 1 to 1991.6, 34 patients underwent managed including 12 patient thymectomy, at the kyunghee medical center. A clinical analysis was performed and following result was obtained. Among the 34 patients, male to female ratio was 11 : 23 and the age was ranged from 2 years to 63 years. Thymectomy was done in 12 case and 1 case of malignant thymoma was not resectable. There were 2 deaths after operation due to respiratory failure and 1 death dur to gradually progression. THe effect of thymectomy in mtasthenia graves was 66.7% (8cases). The prognostic factors were severity of the disease and histopathological findings. Others were not related to the prognosis of the mayasthenia gravis. The severity of the myasthenia gravis was classified by Osserman modified classification.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.109-112
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• 1999

Aerobic plate counts(APC) gram-negative bacterial counts (GNC) and sensory evaluations on chic-ken carcasses during retail and refrigerated storages (3$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ and 1$0^{\circ}C$) were evaluated. APC and GNC on whole chicken in retail store after storage of 7 days at 3$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ increased to 3.11 and 3.89 log units com-pared to the initial controls. APC and GNC on whole chicken after storage of 7 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$ increased to 5.43 and 5.03 log units. Sensory scores of chicken carcasses obtained from retail store were in the "liked less" category after storage of 7 days compared to fresh controls. These results indicated that chicken carcasses during refrigerated (1$0^{\circ}C$) storages rapidly allowed the growth of aerobic spoilage bacteria dur-ing storage period which cluld not be microbiologically acceptable after of 7 days of 7 days.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 1982

The disinfection effects of sunlight and predacious microorganisms on enteria of Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris were examined in sewage water at 22 to $26^{\circ}C$. The test prganisms were disinfected by 4 to 5 logs during 6-hour a day exposure to sunlight for seven days. The effect was proportional to the light intensity and was proved to be dur to the action of the visible light of short wavelength which can transmit the soft glass of a flask glass. The predacious microorganisms decreased trhe test organisms by about 3 to 4 logs during 7 days. The complex actions of sunlight and predacious microorganisms were variable depending upon the test organisms, but the total effects of those enviromental factors were yet completely understood.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2000

Carbonyl compounds have been measured in downtown Seoul for September 1998 using 2-series impinger method. Average concentration (ppbv) of carbonyl compounds were 12.66$\pm$5.77 HCHO, 12.05$\pm$4.86 CH3CHO and 7.92$\pm$2.63 CH3CHCH3 These compounds were the most abundant carbonyl,. They showed maximum concentration during the daytime when photochemical activity was very strong minimum concentration were usually showed during the night and early morning. Comparison of diurnal variation of carbonyl compounds with the concentration of O3, NMHC, CO and meteorological data indicated that primary and secondary sources contributed the observed carbonyl compounds. Photochemical Formation Rate(PFR) of carbonyl compounds dur-ing the sampling periods were 61% HCHO, 85% CH3CHO, 85% CH3CHO, 71% CH3COCH3.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1993

본 논문에서는 AWGN, 협대역재밍, 페이딩,사용자간 간섭이 혼재하는 채널에서 부호화한 FH/SSMA시스템의 성능을 분석하였다. 특히, 주파수 충돌을 고려할때 주파수 중복이 어느값보다 적으면 정보를 정확히 수신하는 것으로 가정하였다. 분석 결과, 주파수 충돌은 주파수중복 기준에 따라 선형적으로 변화하고, 에러발생 분포유형에는 별다른 변화를 주지 못했다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 1985

The Purpose of the study is to identify some factors affecting the consumer behavior of the Oriental students in the United States and provide some basic information for desirable consumer skills. The ninety subjects ere collected form the Oriental groups who were studying in Denton, Texas, U.S.A. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, X2-test. The results are as follows: 1) There are significant similarities in the consumer behavior of the Oriental students regarding the information source, the preferred type of clothing, the factors affecting the choice of retail store, and the satisfaction after the clothing purchase. 2) There are some differences in the consumer behavior among three groups regarding expenditures of the purchase of clothing and the preferred choice of retail store. This study concludes that the Oriental students tend to: 1) adjust their life style to new situation ; 2) avoid their conflicts dur to the language barrier; 3) have a limited income to stay in the USA; and 4) have their own social acceptability based on their nationality.