• Title/Summary/Keyword: DRIs

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2020 Korean Dietary Reference Intakes for Protein: Estimation of protein requirements and the status of dietary protein intake in the Korean population (2020 단백질 섭취기준: 결핍과 만성질환 예방을 위한 한국인의 단백질 필요량 추정과 섭취현황)

  • Kim, Eunjung;Chung, Sangwon;Hwang, Jin-Taek;Park, Yoon Jung
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.55 no.1
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    • pp.10-20
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    • 2022
  • This article evaluated levels of Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) of protein using the recently revised Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans (2020). Dietary protein requirements are based on amounts sufficient to satisfy physiological demands to accomplish nitrogen equilibrium. The same principle was applied to estimate EARs and RNIs, for adults in DRIs conducted in 2015 and 2020 in Koreans. EAR was estimated to be 0.73 g/kg body weight/day, according to data (0.66 g/kg body weight/day) obtained using the nitrogen balance method and adjusted by efficiency of protein use (90%). RNI was calculated as EAR increased by an amount equal to twice the standard deviation of an age group so as to cover 97.5% of the group and was found to be 0.91 g/kg body weight/day. For weaned infants, children, and adolescents, growth requirement was added to estimate EAR. In particular, growth requirement was adjusted by efficiency of protein use in the revised EAR, which led to higher EARs for weaned infants, children, and adolescents of both genders as compared with 2015 DRIs. The AMDR for protein was set at 7%-20% of energy intake, which was the same as 2015 DRIs. Current, average protein intake by the Korean population is almost twice times the EAR, which suggests it might be better to increase the minimal margin for AMDR. However, it was not adjusted in this revision due to lack of evidence.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Protein: Protein Requirement and Estimation Method, AMDR (Amount of Macronutrient Distribution Range), for Protein (단백질 섭취기준: 단백질 필요량과 추정 방법 및 단백질에너지 적정비율)

  • Chang, Soon-Ok
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.338-343
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    • 2011
  • This study assessed the current EAR, RDA, and AMDR for protein, which were set in 2005 and revised in 2010 as the DRIs for Koreans. A classical approach to establish the EAR for protein has been the nitrogen balance method. This method has practical limitations and problems in statistical analysis by giving over estimations of nitrogen balance. Thus, the present EAR for protein might be lower than the true requirement. Recent reevaluations of nitrogen balance studies by bilinear regression analysis and the IAAO method have indicated that the EAR of 0.66 g/kg bw/d should be increased by 39% to give 0.92 g/kg bw/d. The AMDR for protein in the Korean DRIs was set at 7-10%, which covers almost the entire population's protein intake. Since the 5th percentile of Korean protein intake is close to 10% of energy and due to the beneficial effects of protein beyond the maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium, the lower range of 7% needs to be increased up to 10%. For practical meal arrangement, 15% of energy as protein, which is close to the average protein intake of Koreans, seems to be proper, although the value is almost two times the EAR.

Changes in Nutritional Status according to Biochemical Assay, Body Weight, and Nutrient Intake Levels in Gastrectomy Patients (위절제 환자들의 혈액의 생화학적 지표, 체중 및 영양소 섭취 변화에 관한 추적 연구)

  • Yu, Eun-Joo;Kang, Ju-Hee;Yoon, Sun;Chung, Hye-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.16-29
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in nutritional status of gastrectomy patients. The anthropometric and biochemical data were measured at pre-operation, at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge. Nutrient intake levels, nutrients adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and the proportion of patients with intake levels inferior to those of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were analyzed at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge. Finally, the data on 23 patients (15 male and 8 female) were collected and used for statistical analysis. Fifteen patients underwent subtotal gastrectomy, and 8 patients underwent total gastrectomy. Compared to pre-operation, body weight and body mass index of subjects significantly decreased at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge (P<0.001). Serum albumin (P<0.001), total lympocyte count (P<0.001), total cholesterol (P<0.001), hemoglobin (P<0.001), hematocrit (P<0.001), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P<0.05) were significantly different between pre-operation, at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge. The proportions of patients with lower nutrient intake levels than DRIs were substantial. MAR at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge were 0.70, 0.80 and 0.91, respectively. Especially, the NARs of folate, niacin, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, and zinc were all low. Considering the various nutritional problems of gastrectomy patients, systematic medical nutrition therapy is needed after gastrectomy.

Assessment of Skipping Breakfast among Korean Children and Adolescents Aged 7-18 Years Using Various Alternate Definitions (다양한 기준으로 평가한 초중고 학생의 아침결식률)

  • Choe, Jeong-Sook;Kim, Yang-Sook;Park, Young-Hee;Kim, Hang-Ran;Kwon, Sung-Ok
    • The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.101-111
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    • 2008
  • Even though eating breakfast is an important factor in health and nutrition, especially during growth stages, skipping breakfast in children and adolescents has increased. An important issue to consider in skipping breakfast is the definition of an adequate or substantial breakfast. To examine what constitutes an adequate breakfast in Korean students, we analyzed breakfast consumption of children and adolescents using alternate definitions of breakfast based on calorie contents and food items eaten in the morning. A total of 1344 participants aged 7-18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHNS) 1998 and 1942 participants from the KNHNS 2001 were included. 84% of students surveyed in 1998 consumed some food, while in 2001; it was down to 79.8%. Students that ate a breakfast which included food from at least two of the main five food groups and had a breakfast intake of food energy greater than 15% of the DRIs were 65.8% in 1998 and 53.1% in 2001. However, when breakfast was defined as the consumption of food from three or more food groups and a intake of food energy greater than 15% of the DRIs, students eating breakfast were 51.2% in 1998 and 39.6% in 2001. As the definition of eating breakfast becomes stricter and includes more foods or more calories, the percentage of students who eat breakfast declines. These results show that using various alternate definitions allow us to assess skipping breakfast in better detail and suggest references for the desirable breakfast.

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Survey on the Morbidity of Obesity and Analysis of Related Factors among School Children in Shanghai, China

  • Cai Mei-Qin;Wang Shao-Mu;Zhang Xiao-Min
    • Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.117-120
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    • 2004
  • Objective : To get a better understanding of obesity and etiological factors of obesity among school children. Methods : We have conducted a questionnaire survey of 4542 (2395male and 2147female) age from 7-15 in Shanghai School District to study their 24h nutrition intakes ; we have asked all our survey participating students to take a physical exam and body mass index measurement to determine the morbidity of obesity. Common statistic method was used in analyzing the data. Results : The result shows an over all morbidity (boys and girls) of $12.3\%$ among the students we have studied. Our research shows that boys have a higher rate of morbidity of obesity $17.1\%$ vs. $7.0\%$ for girls. The morbidity for boys starts under age 10, reaches the peak at age 10 ($24.3\%$), then declines after age 11 ; as for girls the morbidity starts at under age 9, reaches the peak at 9, and then declines after 10. Our study also indicates that the daily nutrition intake of protein, fat and carbohydrate by the students have satisfied Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), while the daily intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin C are below the $80\%$ of the DRIs suggested value. For students who are obese, our study shows that their average daily intakes of calories and protein have reached $90\%$ of the suggested value by the RNI while the intakes of calcium, iron, and zinc are far below standards. Furthermore, our research shows that the obese students usually intake more calories, proteins and vitamin $B_1$, but less for iron and calcium compared to the normal students. Some other factors such as the education and occupation of the parents, especially the mother, the family history of obesity and the eating habits are important factors that should be closely watched. Conclusion : The morbidity of obesity among boys is higher than girls. Obesity is closely related to the family history, the diet habits and the life styles.

Evidence-based approaches for establishing the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans

  • Shin, Sangah;Kim, Subeen;Joung, Hyojee
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.12 no.6
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    • pp.459-468
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    • 2018
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), a set of reference intake values, have served as a basis for guiding a balanced diet that promotes health and prevents disease in the general Korean population. In the process of developing DRIs, a systematic review has played an important role in helping the DRI committees make evidence-based and transparent decisions for updating the next DRIs. Thus, the 2015 KDRI steering committee applied the systematic review framework to the revision process of the KDRIs. The purpose of this article is to summarize the revision process for the 2015 KDRIs by focusing on the systematic review framework. MATERIALS/METHODS: The methods used to develop the systematic review framework for 2015 KDRIs followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center. The framework for systematic review of the 2015 KDRIs comprised of the 3 following steps: (1) development of an analytic framework and refinement of key questions and search terms; (2) literature search and data extraction; and, (3) appraisal of the literature and summarizing the results. RESULTS: A total of 203,237 studies were retrieved through the above procedure, with 2,324 of these studies included in the analysis. General information, main results, comments of reviewers, and results of quality assessment were extracted and organized by study design. The average points of quality appraisals were 3.0 (range, 0-5) points for intervention, 6.1 (0-9) points for cohort, 6.0 (3-9) points for nested case-control, 5.4 (1-8) points for case-control, 14.6 (0-22) points for cross-sectional studies, and 7.0 (0-11) points for reviews. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic review helped to establish the 2015 KDRIs as a useful tool for evidence-based approach. Collaborative efforts to improve the framework for systematic review should be continued for future KDRIs.

A Comparative Study of Bone Mineral Density and Urinary Bone Metabolic Makers according to the Nutrients Intake Levels in Postmenopausal Women (일부 폐경 후 여성의 영양소 섭취수준에 따른 골밀도와 소변 중 골대사 지표 비교연구)

  • Kim, Mi-Hyun;Lee, Da-Hong
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.40 no.8
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    • pp.719-727
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    • 2007
  • To elucidate the relationship among the levels of nutrients intake, bone mineral density(BMD) and the urinary biochemical markers of bone metabolism, this survey is conducted with 225 postmenopausal women over 50 years of age. The urinary biochemical markers including deoxypyridinoline(DPD) and Ca excretion were measured. Bone mineral densities of lumbar spine(L2-L4), femoral neck, ward's triangle and trochanter were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the nutrient intake data obtained by 24 hr recall method. Mean age of all subjects was 64.8 years old, and the BMDs of the subjects were $0.86g/cm^2$(lumbar spine), $0.60g/cm^2$(femoral neck), $0.49g/cm^2$(trochanter), and $0.41g/cm^2$(ward's triangle). The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake levels classified by the percentage of Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) for Koreans as follows: low < 75% DRIs, 75% DRI $\leq$ adequate < 125% DRIs, high $\geq$ 125% DRIs. Bone mineral density of adequate protein intake group was significantly higher than those of low and high protein intake groups(p<0.05). Urinary DPD excretion was lowest in protein and calcium adequate intake groups(p<0.05, p<0.05), respectively. In relation to urinary Ca excretion, it is revealed to be considerably lower in the groups taking protein and vitamin C adequate intake(p<0.05, p<0.05). The percent DRI of protein and calcium were positively correlated with the BMD of the femoral neck after adjusted age(p<0.05, p<0.05). These results showed that there are probably some relationships between nutrient intake levels and urinary biochemical markers. For postmenopausal women with adequate nutrition expecially protein, calcium and vitamin C, has an important role to postpone bone resorption and to prevent the decrease of bone density.

Comparative Evaluation of Meal Variety in Korean Adults by Age Groups (한국 일부 성인의 연령별 식사 다양성 비교 평가)

  • Bae Yun-Jung;Jun Ye-Sook;Choi Yun-Hee;Choi Mi-Kyeong
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.387-398
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional meal variety of self-selected diet in Korean adults with different age groups. Subjects were recruited and divided info three groups according to the age, which included 20$\sim$49 yrs group(n=129), 50$\sim$64 yrs group(n=134), and $\geq$65 yrs group(n핀8). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for dietary intake. The average age of the subjects were 40.8 years for 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 57.1 years for 50$\sim$64 yrs group, and 70.7 years for $\geq$65 yrs group. The daily food, energy and nutrient intakes ere decreased with increment of age. The intakes of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium were under the 75% of RIs, respectively. The numbers of food items in diet of 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 50$\sim$64 yrs group and $\geq$65 yrs group were 14.2, 17.0, 13.2 for breakfast, 16.3, 15.4, 13.5 for lunch, 13.1, 15.1, 13.9 for dinner, respectively. And the numbers of dish items in these groups were 4.0, 4.6, 3.8 for breakfast, 4.4, 4.2, 3.9 for lunch, 4.0, 4.0, 3.6 for dinner, respectively. The KDDS of 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 50$\sim$64 yrs group and $\geq$65 yrs group were 3.9, 3.6 and 3.4 respectively and there was significant difference(p<0.001). According to these results, it could be suggested aged group take a undesirable meal in the right of insufficient nutrient intake to DRIs and lower food and dish items, and therefore showing a strong need of proper dietary management for them.

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Mineral Contents in Bottled Natural Water and Estimation of Their Intake by Korean Adults (일부 무기질의 생수 중 함량 분석과 생수를 통한 섭취량 평가)

  • Kim, Moo-Kyung;Sim, Jin-Ah;Eom, Hee-Jung;Kim, Myung-Hee;Choi, Mi-Kyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.116-121
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    • 2010
  • Minerals play an important role in the body as essential nutrients. However, it is not easy to meet DRIs because food sources of minerals are limited. Recently, consumption of bottled natural water has been increasing in Korea due to water pollution and distrust of tap water. The present study was conducted to investigate mineral contents in bottled natural water and their intakes among Korean adults. We analyzed eight minerals in seven kinds of bottled natural water by ICP-spectrometry and conducted a survey on the intake status of water and bottled natural water with 400 Korean young adults. The mean contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Mo in bottled natural water were 22.45${\pm}$22.48 mg/L, 10.59${\pm}$9.97 mg/L, 0.27${\pm}$0.18 ${\mu}g/L$, 2.06${\pm}$1.48 ${\mu}g/L$, 5.47${\pm}$0.70 ${\mu}g/L$, 1.43${\pm}$0.37 ${\mu}g/L$, 1.90${\pm}$0.96 ${\mu}g/L$, and 3.34${\pm}$0.79 ${\mu}g/L$, respectively. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI were 22.76 years, 174.94 cm, 68.64 kg, and 22.41 $kg/m^2$ for males (n=150) and 21.25 years, 162.04 cm, 51.05 kg, and 19.46 $kg/m^2$ for females (n=250), respectively. The respective daily intakes of total water and bottled natural water as water itself were 670.30 ml and 212.20 ml for males and 488.04 ml and 132.72 ml for females. The daily intakes of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Mo from bottled natural water were 4.76 mg, 2.25 mg, 0.06 ${\mu}g$, 0.44 ${\mu}g$, 1.16 ${\mu}g$, 0.30 ${\mu}g$, 0.40 ${\mu}g$, and 0.71 ${\mu}g$ for males and 2.98 ${\mu}g$, 1.41 mg, 0.04 ${\mu}g$, 0.27 ${\mu}g$,0.73 ${\mu}g$, 0.19 ${\mu}g$,0.25 ${\mu}g$, and 0.44 ${\mu}g$ for females, respectively. Overall, the contents of Ca, Mg, and Se in bottled natural water were relatively high and the daily intakes of these minerals were 0.4~1.0% of the DRIs.

The development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean population: Lessons and challenges (2020 한국인 영양소 섭취기준 제·개정: 교훈과 도전)

  • Kwon, Oran;Kim, Hyesook;Kim, Jeongseon;Hwang, Ji-Yun;Lee, Jounghee;Yoon, Mi Ock
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.54 no.5
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    • pp.425-434
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    • 2021
  • The discovery of the relationship between nutrients and deficiency diseases during the 100 years from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s was a breakthrough that led to advances in the study of nutrition. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) were created as a quantitative standard for avoiding diseases caused by nutrient deficiency. In addition, a reductionism paradigm has become generally accepted among nutrition scholars in health and disease, which focused on the properties of individual nutrients, content in foods, cellular levels, and mechanisms of action. The reductionist paradigm worked very well for the prevention and treatment of malnutrition diseases. However, as the incidence of nutrient deficiencies decreased and that of chronic diseases increased, the nutrition goals have been changed to secure safe and adequate nutrient intake and to reduce chronic disease risks. Accordingly, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), a set of nutrient-based reference values, were designed to replace the RDA. The revised Korean DRIs were published for 40 nutrients in 2020. However, there is still room for improvement in the reference intake levels targeted at reducing the risk of chronic disease. The reductionist approach can no longer be practical because chronic diseases are related to the interactions between multi-components in the foods and multi-targets in the body. Therefore, a second innovative leap is needed following the nutrition development breakthrough made over 100 years ago. To this end, the nutrition paradigm must evolve from reductionism to a holism approach. Cutting-edge scientific technologies, such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, microbiomics, and bioinformatics, should also be acceptable in nutrition science based on the knowledge gained from basic nutrition studies.