• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.359-369
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• 1997

We studied the expression of the cell surface antigen associated with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias on bone marrow or peripheral blood blast cells from 153 leukemic patients including 61 cases of acute myelogenous leukemias(AML), 46 of acute lymphocytic leukemias(ALL) and 12 of acute leukemias. They were analyzed by direct or indirect immunofluorescence method for reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies to B cells(CD10, CD19, SmIg), T cells(CD2, CD5, CD7, CD3, CD4, CD8), myeloid antigen(CD13, CD14, CD33, CD61) and a nonspecific antigen, HLA-DR. Lymphoid associated markers detected on AML is CD7 32.8%, CD10 14.8%, CD5 13.1%, CD2 6.6% and CD19 1.6%. TdT was positive in 4.9% of AMLs. Hybrid leukemias were 8 cases out 61 AML cases and were mainly composed of monocytic lineage, M4 and M5a. Myeloid markers detected in ALL were CD13 2.2% and CD33 2.2%. In this study, immunologically classified ALLs were composed of 65.2% of CALLA (+) B precursor type, 10.9% of CALLA (-) B precursor pattern, 8.7% of T cell type, 2.2% of B cell type, 4.5% of mixed lymphoid lineage(B&T), 2.2% of undifferentiated leukemia, and 6.5% of hybrid leukemia. Twelve cases of acute leukemias ware finally diagnosed to be 5 cases of hybrid leukemia, 3 cases of B lineage, 3 case of T lineage and 1 case of mixed lymphoid(B&T) leukemia. In summary, we think the best method for typing acute leukemias is by using a combination of FAB classification and immunophenotying.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2012

To investigate the effects of dietary substituent of corn distiller's dries grains with solubles (CDDGS) on the amino acid digestibility of broiler diet, twenty four Ross broilers (6-wk-old) were used in this study. Basal diet (CP 19%, ME 3,150 kcal/kg) was formulated on corn-soybean meal and two levels of CDDGS (6 and 12%) were supplemented to basal diet. CDDDS levels (0, 6 and 12%) and 4 different sites of chicken intestines (distal end of jejunum, the middle part of the ileum, the distal end of ileum and the distal end of the rectum) were evaluated factorial as $3{\times}4$ three arrangement. Statistical analysis did not show any significant interaction between dietary treatments and the sites of the intestines in amino acid digestibility (P>0.05). There was no significant difference among the sites of chicken intestines in the digestibility (P<0.05). The digestibility of lysine (essential amino acid) and glycine (non-essential amino acid) decreased at increasing supplementation of CDDGS (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on the digestibility of other amino acids studied. In conclusion, the result of this work showed that CDDGS can use as alternative resources in broiler diets.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.904-909
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• 1996

To investigate effects of sugars on the retrogradation of rice flour gels, sucrose and isomaltooligosaccharide (1, 2, and 5%, w/w on the flour basis were added to 50% Dongjinbyeo rice flour gels and stored at different temperature $(20^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C)$ far 1, 3 and 6 days. Changes on the degree of retrogradation (DR) of these rice flour gels were measured by α-amylase-iodine method, DSC and X-ray diffractometry. DRs of rice flour gels increased over storage and showed a rapid increase up to 3 days and then decreased thereafter. DRs of rice flour gels with sucrose or oligosaccharide also increased rapidly until 3 day storage but these values were lower than those of rice flour gels without sugar. DRs of rice flour gels with oligosaccharide were lower than those of gels with sucrose. Changes in enthalpy of rice flour gels measured by DSC showed the same tendency with those in DRs of rice flour gels by ${\alpha}-amylase-iodine$ method, but varied with sugar levels.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.160-175
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to investigate the parental marital relationships and the parent-child relationships of child psychiatric parents and its control group. This study was carried out two questionnaire instruments ; The marital satisfaction inventory(MSI) and the dyadic adjustment scale(DAS). The subjects are parents of the child psychiatric patients. A matched control group and parents of child psychiatric parents in Seoul area which were collected from July 1987 to September 1987, and classified into five subgroups : 1 Psychiatric disorder 2) Neurotic disorder 3) Tic disorder 4) Autistic disorder 5) Mental retardation. The results are as following ; 1) M.S.I scale scores of parents of patients group are lower than that of control group. 2) D.A.S scale score of parents of patients group is significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.01). 3) The global distress scale(GDS) of the M.S.I. was most positively correlated with affective communication(AFC) and problem-sloving communication(PSC). 4) Female shoed more modern concept of role identification than male but tend to have heavier role assignment especially in child rearing practices which could be characterized by maternal domination. 5) Affective communication and sexual relationship between married couple and child rearing practices are influenced by their own family history of distress. 6) The marital global distress scale(GDS) score was highest in the parents of psychosis, the next in the parents of neurosis, autism, mental retardation, and tic disorder in descending order of severity. 7) The dyadic maladjustment score was highest in the parents of psychosis, the next in the parents of neurosis, tic, autism and mental retardation in descending order of severity. 8) Conflict in child rearing and parenting problems were particularly prominent in parents of the tic patients, and their marital relationship was not significantly disturbed. The above finding suggested that couple adjustment and marital dissatisfaction were closely related with child rearing problems and the children's disorder. So marital dissatisfaction and marital maladjustment seem to play a significant role in the genesis of psychosis and neurosis not much in autism and mental retardation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2012

독일의 와인 생산지는 라인 강과 그의 지류를 따라 대개 서남쪽에 산재해 있다. 독일은 102,000 헥타르(2005년, 전 세계 포도밭의 1.3%)의 포도밭을 가지고 있으며, 매년 약 915만 3천 헥토리터(2005년, 전 세계 생산량의 3.24%)의 와인을 생산하고 있다. 이는 독일이 포도 재배면적으로는 세계 13번째 국가이며, 와인 생산량으로는 세계 8위를 나타내는 수치이다. 독일은 원래 화이트와인의 나라였으나, 레드와인의 생산이 1990년대와 2000년대에 급속히 증가하였다. 현재(2011년) 독일 포도밭의 64%가 화이트와인을 위해 경작되고 있으며, 36%가 레드와인을 위해 경작되고 있다. 화이트와인을 위한 주요품종이 리슬링(Riesling, 22%), 레드와인을 위한 주요품종은 쉬페트부르군더(Sp$\ddot{a}$tburgunder, Pinot Noir, 11.5%)로 알려져 있다. 독일은 다양한 형태의 와인을 생산한다. 드라이(dry), 세미스위트(semi-sweet)와 스위트한 화이트와인들(sweet white wines), 로제와인, 레드와인과 발포성 와인인 젝트(Sekt, 독일형 샴페인)이다. 독일 포도밭의 위치가 북쪽이므로, 독일은 유럽의 다른 나라와는 전혀 다른 다수의 훌륭한 품질의 와인을 생산한다. 오늘날 독일의 포도재배는 1세기에서 4세기쯤의 고대 로마시대부터 시작된 것으로 알려져 있다. 카롤루스 대제(Carolus Magnus, 747/748-814)의 시대 전에 독일의 포도재배는 비록 독점적이지는 않았으나 라인의 서부지역에서 주로 경작되었다. 카롤루스 대제는 포도재배를 라인가우에 보급한 것으로 추측되고 있다. 1787년에 아우스레제(Auslese)로 시작한 수확된 성숙도에 기반을 둔 와인의 후속 분류는 품질보증 고급와인 체계의 초석을 놓았다. 대부분의 현재 독일 와인법은 1971년에 도입되었으며, 그 이후 사용되어온 바와 같이 품질보증 고급와인의 이름이 정의되었다. 독일와인 지역은 세계에서 가장 북쪽인 북위 $50^{\circ}$도 부근에 위치한다. 북쪽의 기후이기 때문에 적합한 포도 품종에 대한 연구가 되어왔으며, 가이젠하임 포도 육종 연구소에서 뮐러-투르가우와 같은 많은 교배종이 개발되어 왔다. 최근에 지역 및 국제 수요가 높은 품질의 와인을 요구함으로서 리슬링의 재배가 증가해 왔다. 와인은 모두 자주 산맥으로 보호된 주로 라인 강과 그 지류인 강 주변에서 생산된다. 강들은 온도를 조절하는 충분한 미기후 효과를 갖는다. 토양은 태양의 열을 흡수해서 그것을 밤에 보존하는 점판암이다. 독일 와인산업은 다수의 작은 포도밭 소유자로 이루어져 있다. 1989/90년에 서부독일에 76,683개의 크고 작은 기업이 있었으나, 1999년에는 68,598로 줄어들었으며, 2010년도의 조사에 의하면 48,009개의 기업이 조업 중인 것으로 나타났다. 그들 자신의 와인을 팔지 않거나 상업화할 수 없는 더 작은 포도 재배자는 여러 가지 선택이 가능하다. 즉 포도를 팔거나, 와인-생산 조합의 기본 와인으로서 그것을 사용하는 와인제조 회사에게 대량으로 와인을 판다. 정말로 좋은 장소에 포도밭을 가진 사람들도 포도밭을 전체적으로 경작하기를 원하는 대량 생산자들에게 빌려주는 선택을 할 수 있다. 2010년에 각각 5ha 이상을 지닌 5,974개의 포도밭 소유자가 독일 전 포도밭 면적의 70.3%를 소유하며, 생업 와인생산자와 기업이 여기에 속한다. 그러나 그들 자신의 포도밭을 지닌 진정으로 큰 와인 양조장은 독일에서는 희귀하다. 2007년의 고에 묘 와인가이드(Gault & Millau Weinguide)에 의한 독일에서 가장 좋은 것으로 생각되는 10개의 와인 양조장 중에 10개가 10.2-19ha의 포도밭, 하나(Weingut Robert Weil, 산토리 소유)가 75ha의 포도밭을 소유하였다. 이것은 대부분의 높은 순위의 독일 와인 양조장 각각 매년 약 100,000병의 와인을 생산한다는 것을 의미한다. 가장 큰 포도밭 소유자는 헤센의 주 와인 양조장(Hessische Staatsweing$\ddot{u}$ter)으로 헤센의 연방주에 의한 소유이며, 200ha의 포도밭을 지니고, 3개의 별도 와인 양조장에서 제조된다. 가장 큰 개인이 소유한 와인 양조장은 팔츠에 있는 85.5ha를 지닌 독토르 뷔르클린-볼프(Weingut Dr. B$\ddot{u}$rklin-Wolf)이다. 2009년도의 독일에서 총 와인 생산량은 910만 헥토리터였으며, 그중에 206만 8천 헥토리터를 수출하였다. 그러나 그해에 총 수입와인 양은 1,266만2천 헥토리터였다.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2004

In this research, the copper alloy plates C2200, C5210, C7701, C8113 were selected to make datum and to identify further usage of metal craft experimentation. For its experimentation, the general welding and TIG welding methods were researched; for 2nd experimentation, the Reticulation and Electroforming skill's differences in color and temperature were researched. With these methods 3 different kinds of works are introduced for sample studies. For this research, Dr. Lee, Dong-Woo who works in Poongsan Metal Co, supported 4 kinds of copper alloy metals. Which are Commercial bronze (Cu-Zn), Deoxidiged Copper(Cu-Sn-P), Nickel Silver (Cu-Ni-Zn), and White Bronze (Cu-Ni); they were applied partly and wholly by the method of Laminatin, Reticulation, Fusing, and Electroforming skills. In case of C2200, the brass, the A. C. TIG welding method is better under 2mm slight plate; the D.C. TIG welding is better upper 2mm plate; and 250~300$^{\circ}C$ is recommended for remain heat treatment. In case of C5210, not having Hydrogen in high temperature return period, doesn't need Oxygen in high temperature and hardening in comparative high temperature neither, it is good for welding. It contains Sn 2-9% ad P 0.03-0.4% generally; and in accordance with the growth rate of Sn contain amount, the harden temperature boundary become broad. In case of cold moment after welding, they are recommended that higher speed TIG welding, smaller melting site and less than 200$^{\circ}C$ for pre-heating temperature. In case of C7701, the 10-20% Ni, 15-30% Zn are widely used.. If it is upper 30% Zn, it become (${\alpha}+{\beta}$) system and adhesive power rate become lower, and the productivity become lower in low temperature but the productivity become higher in high temperature. Nickel Silver's resistance of electricity is well; and the heatproof and incorrodibility is good, too. Lastly, in case of C8113, good at persistence in salty and grind; high in strength of high temperature. In case of white brass, contain 10-30% Nickel and hardened in high temperature and become single phrase. For these reason, the crystallization particles easily become large, if the resistance become higher small amount of Pb, P, S separation rate become higher.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2008

The most critical point in the medical use of radiation is to minimize the patient's entrance dose while maintaining the diagnostic function. Low-energy photons (long wave X-ray) among diagnostic X-rays are unnecessary because they are mostly absorbed and contribute the increase of patient's entrance dose. The most effective method to eliminate the low-energy photons is to use the filtering plate. The experiments were performed by observing the image quality. The skin entrance dose was 0.3 mmCu (copper) filter. A total of 80 images were prepared as two sets of 40 cuts. In the first set (of 40 cuts), 20 cuts were prepared for the non-filter set and another 20 cuts for the Cu filter of signal + noise image set. In the second set of 40 cuts, 20 cuts were prepared for the non-filter set and another 20 cuts for the Cu filter of non-signal image (noisy image) with random location of diameter 4 mm and 3 mm thickness of acryl disc for ROC signal at the chest phantom. P(S/s) and P(S/n) were calculated and the ROC curve was described in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Accuracy were evaluated after reading by five radiologists. The number of optically observable lesions was counted through ANSI chest phantom and contrast-detail phantom by recommendation of AAPM when non-filter or Cu filter was used, and the skin entrance dose was also measured for both conditions. As the result of the study, when the Cu filter was applied, favorable outcomes were observed on, the ROC Curve was located on the upper left area, sensitivity, accuracy and the number of CD phantom lesions were reasonable. Furthermore, if skin entrance dose was reduced, the use of additional filtration may be required to be considered in many other cases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1157-1176
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• 2003

The following conclusions are induced from a study on the acupuncture therapy depending on hyungsang of the persons. The study is made on the basis of 'Internal classic (內經)& and &Clinical Lectures by Dr. Jeesan&. The acupuncture originated from the treatment of spasm with numbness in the southern area. The acupuncture is basically a remedy for the exterior disease of meridian but also it can be a cure for the interior disease of Jang and obstinate disease with accurate method. Three mechanisms of acupuncture are described in 'Internal classic'. The first is to make meridian circulate smoothly. The second is to regulate Ki and Hyul. The third is to regulate points through which the meridian-Ki goes in and out smoothly or adversely. There are two ways of acupuncture in 'Internal classic'. One is based on pulse and symptom and the other on the Hyungsang. The former is more generally used therapy, to which depletion method, Asi point method(阿是穴 療法), Inyoung-kigu pulse comparison method (人迎氣口脈法) and method depending on jang-bu disease belong. Acupuncture is done on Su points(輸穴) and back-su point(背兪穴) in case of jang-disease. In case of bu-disease, the treatment is done on Hap points(合穴) and Mo-points(募穴). The latter includes two methods; one according to invariable Hyungsang. And the other to variable Hyungsang. The method of acupuncture according to invariable Hyungsang usually selects Won-points(原穴). Different Hyungsang requires different method of acupuncture; In case of Dam type, the acupuncture is mainly practiced on four-Kwan points with reinforcing and reducing methods achieved by the direction of the needle tip pointing to. In case of Bangkwang type, the acupuncture is usually done on Jungwan(中脘) and Poongyung(豊隆) with reinforcing and reducing methods by means of respiration. In case of female, more effective are the acupoints on the right and lateral parts of the body selected on the basis of five su-points of the twelve meridians matching the heavenly stems and earthly branches. In case of male, more effective are the acupoints on the left, front and rear parts of the eight extra meridians. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of five jang and six bu, each person's intrinsic Hyung, color, pulse, must be observed. Because symptoms of jang-bu disease also must be checked up. Acupuncture is done on the Won-points of the meridians related to the jang and bu where the disease starts. The disease of five jang is so obstinate that it requires both of medication and acupuncture for a long time. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of animal types, diagnosis is made on the basis of shape, temper, function and color. And the treatment is given on the Won-points of corresponding exterior and interior meridians. For the fish type, the acupuncture is done on the kidney meridian of foot-soyin and the urinary bladder of foot-taiyang. For the bird type, on the heart meridian of hand-soyin, the pericardium meridian of hand-gualyin, and the small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang For the deer type, on the liver meridian of foot-gualyin and the gallbladder meridian of foot-soyang. For the turtle type, on the lung meridian of hand-taiyin and the large intestine meridian of hand-yangmyung.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.423-428
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• 2000

In 1997 when cloned sheep Dolly and soon after Polly were born, it had become head-line news because in the former the nucleus that gave rise to the lamb came from cells of six-year-old adult sheep and in the latter case a foreign gene was inserted into the donor nucleus to make the cloned sheep produce human protein, factor IX, in e milk. In the last few years, once the realm of science fiction, cloned mammals especially in livestock have become almost commonplace. What the press accounts often fail to convey, however, is that behind every success lie hundreds of failures. Many of the nuclear-transferred egg cells fail to undergo normal cell divisions. Even when an embryo does successfully implant in the womb, pregnancy often ends in miscarriage. A significant fraction of the animals that are born die shortly after birth and some of those that survived have serious developmental abnormalities. Efficiency remains at less than one % out of some hundred attempts to clone an animal. These facts show that something is fundamentally wrong and enormous hurdles must be overcome before cloning becomes practical. Cloning researchers now tent to put aside their effort to create live animals in order to probe the fundamental questions on cell biology including stem cells, the questions of whether the hereditary material in the nucleus of each cell remains intact throughout development, and how transferred nucleus is reprogrammed exactly like the zygotic nucleus. Stem cells are defined as those cells which can divide to produce a daughter cell like themselves (self-renewal) as well as a daughter cell that will give rise to specific differentiated cells (cell-differentiation). Multicellular organisms are formed from a single totipotent stem cell commonly called fertilized egg or zygote. As this cell and its progeny undergo cell divisions the potency of the stem cells in each tissue and organ become gradually restricted in the order of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. The differentiation potential of multipotent stem cells in each tissue has been thought to be limited to cell lineages present in the organ from which they were derived. Recent studies, however, revealed that multipotent stem cells derived from adult tissues have much wider differentiation potential than was previously thought. These cells can differentiate into developmentally unrelated cell types, such as nerve stem cell into blood cells or muscle stem cell into brain cells. Neural stem cells isolated from the adult forebrain were recently shown to be capable of repopulating the hematopoietic system and produce blood cells in irradiated condition. In plants although the term$\boxDr$ stem cell$\boxUl$is not used, some cells in the second layer of tunica at the apical meristem of shoot, some nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac, and initial cells of adventive buds are considered to be equivalent to the totipotent stem cells of mammals. The telomere ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes cannot be replicated because the RNA primer at the end of a completed lagging strand cannot be replaced with DNA, causing 5' end gap. A chromosome would be shortened by the length of RNA primer with every cycle of DNA replication and cell division. Essential genes located near the ends of chromosomes would inevitably be deleted by end-shortening, thereby killing the descendants of the original cells. Telomeric DNA has an unusual sequence consisting of up to 1,000 or more tandem repeat of a simple sequence. For example, chromosome of mammal including human has the repeating telomeric sequence of TTAGGG and that of higher plant is TTTAGGG. This non-genic tandem repeat prevents the death of cell despite the continued shortening of chromosome length. In contrast with the somatic cells germ line cells have the mechanism to fill-up the 5' end gap of telomere, thus maintaining the original length of chromosome. Cem line cells exhibit active enzyme telomerase which functions to maintain the stable length of telomere. Some of the cloned animals are reported prematurely getting old. It has to be ascertained whether the multipotent stem cells in the tissues of adult mammals have the original telomeres or shortened telomeres.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1995.02a
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• pp.3-32
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• 1995

The Highway Capacity Manual specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of delay per vehicle. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for ass~ssing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections based on the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans. Conflict opportunity models were developed for those crossing, diverging, and stopping maneuvers which are associated with left-turn and rear-end accidents. Safety¬based level-of-service criteria were then developed based on the distribution of conflict opportunities computed from the developed models. A case study evaluation of the level of service analysis methodology revealed that the developed safety-based criteria were not as sensitive to changes in prevailing traffic, roadway, and signal timing conditions as the traditional delay-based measure. However, the methodology did permit a quantitative assessment of the trade-off between delay reduction and safety improvement. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of a wide variety of prevailing conditions such as traffic composition, intersection geometry, traffic volumes, and signal timing (1). At the present time, however, performance is only measured in terms of delay per vehicle. This is a parameter which is widely accepted as a meaningful and useful indicator of the efficiency with which an intersection is serving traffic needs. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for assessing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. For example, it is well¬known that the change from permissive to protected left-turn phasing can reduce left-turn accident frequency. However, the HCM only permits a quantitative assessment of the impact of this alternative phasing arrangement on vehicle delay. It is left to the engineer or planner to subjectively judge the level of safety benefits, and to evaluate the trade-off between the efficiency and safety consequences of the alternative phasing plans. Numerous examples of other geometric design and signal timing improvements could also be given. At present, the principal methods available to the practitioner for evaluating the relative safety at signalized intersections are: a) the application of engineering judgement, b) accident analyses, and c) traffic conflicts analysis. Reliance on engineering judgement has obvious limitations, especially when placed in the context of the elaborate HCM procedures for calculating delay. Accident analyses generally require some type of before-after comparison, either for the case study intersection or for a large set of similar intersections. In e.ither situation, there are problems associated with compensating for regression-to-the-mean phenomena (2), as well as obtaining an adequate sample size. Research has also pointed to potential bias caused by the way in which exposure to accidents is measured (3, 4). Because of the problems associated with traditional accident analyses, some have promoted the use of tqe traffic conflicts technique (5). However, this procedure also has shortcomings in that it.requires extensive field data collection and trained observers to identify the different types of conflicts occurring in the field. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections that would be compatible and consistent with that presently found in the HCM for evaluating efficiency-based level of service as measured by delay per vehicle (6). The intent was not to develop a new set of accident prediction models, but to design a methodology to quantitatively predict the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans.