• 제목/요약/키워드: DPI

검색결과 210건 처리시간 0.027초

GIS의 지형자료 구축을 위한 SCANNING 방법의 오차분석 (A Error Analysis of Scanning for Topological Data Construction in Geographic Information Systems)

  • 유환희
    • 한국측량학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 1992
  • 스캐너가 다른 입력장치에 비해 가격이 비싸지만 최근 래스터 스캐너와 백터라이징 소프트웨어가 GIS의 자료입력을 위해 사용되고 있으며 앞으로 널리 활용될 것이 기대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 스캐닝기법에 의한 자료입력과정에서 래스터 데이터와 백터라이징의 정확도 및 커버리지 생성에 대해 분석하였다. 그 결과 낮은 dpi값으로 스캐닝하므로 해서 발생되는 해상력의 저하는 히스토그램 분석과 선강조방법에 의해 해상력을 향상시킬 수 있었으며, 래스터 데이터의 저장용량과 커버리지의 PMSE로 고려할 때 스캐너의 dpi값은 150 dpi나 200 dpi값이 바람직하다고 판단되었다. 또한 백터라이징 과정에서 래스터 데이타의 추적을 위해 추적매개변수의 선택은 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다.

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Comparison of immune cell populations in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and PBMC cytokine expressions in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and porcine respiratory disease complex

  • Yang, Myeon-Sik;Jeong, Chang-Gi;Nazki, Salik;Mattoo, Sameer ul Salam;Lee, Sang-Myeong;Kim, Won-Il;Kim, Bumseok
    • 한국동물위생학회지
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.201-216
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    • 2019
  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in all age pigs. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a disease caused by opportunistic bacterial infection secondary to a weakened immune system by a preceding respiratory infection. In this study, we tried to compare the immune responses in PRRS and PRDC groups to clearly characterize the disease severity. Eighty-five pigs were infected with various Korean field PRRS virus strains. Infected animals were classified into PRRS (n=32) and PRDC (n=53) groups based on lung lesions such as interstitial pneumonia, suppurative pneumonia, and pleuropneumonia. The immune cell population of bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALc) was evaluated on 14 and 28 days post infection (dpi) and PMBC cytokine expression was measured on 0, 3, 7, 14 dpi to investigate early inflammatory reactions. Pulmonary lesion severity was negatively correlated with alveolar macrophage (AM) in both PRRS and PRDC groups on 14 and 28 dpi. AM in BALc was less populated in PRDC group on 28 dpi compared to PRRS group. AM in BALc was significantly less populated in PRDC group on 28 dpi compared to 14 dpi. In addition, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in BALc was higher populated in PRDC group on 14 dpi and 28 dpi compared to PRRS group. In the case of PBMC cytokine TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, FoxP3, and IL-2, the PRRS group showed higher expression than the PRDC group on 7 dpi, 14 dpi, 7 dpi, 14 dpi, 14 dpi, and 14 dpi, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of IFN-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, and IL-17, the PRDC group showed higher PBMC cytokine expression at 14 dpi, 7 dpi, 14 dpi, 3 dpi, and 3 dpi, respectively, than the PRRS group. Based on these results, our study could characterize differential immune responses in pigs with PRRS or PRDC.

NADPH oxidase 저해제인 diphenyleneiodonium의 p53 발현 및 암세포의 성장억제에 대한 연구 (NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium induces p53 expression and cell cycle arrest in several cancer cell lines)

  • 조홍재;김강미;송주동;박영철
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제17권6호통권86호
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    • pp.778-782
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    • 2007
  • Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI)는 NADPH oxidase 같은 flavoenzymes의 저해제로써 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인간 대장암 세포주 HCT-116 (wild-type p53)와 HT-29 (p53 mutant) 및 인간 유방암 세포주인 MCF-7(wild-type p53)의 세포성장 과정에서의 DPI의 효과를 살펴보았다. DPI는 농도 및 시간 의존적으로 암세포주의성장을 막았으며 G2/M phase에서 cell cycle arrest를 일으켰다. Cell cycle arrest의 가장 높은 값은 DPI 처리후 12 시간에서 관찰할 수 있었다. 한편 DPI는 아폽토시스 그리고 cell cycle arres 에 관여하는 유전자 발현에 관여하는 p53의 표현을 크게 증가시켰으며, 이는 DPI처리 후 6시간 후 부터 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 NADPH oxidase의 조합을 억제하는 catechol 계인 apocynin은 p53의 발현을 유도하지 못하였다. 이것은 DPI에 의해 유도되는 p53의 발현증가는 NADPH oxidase활성의 저해와 관련되어 있지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 결론적으로 DPI는 HCT-116, HCT-15 및 MCF-7 암세포주에서 ROS에 비 의존적으로 wild-type p53 발현의 증가를 유도하며, 이 증가된 p53은 DPI에 의해 유도되는 성장 억제 및 C2/M phase에서의 cell cycle arrset과정의 조절기전에 관여한다는 것을 시사한다.

듀얼 프로세서 기반 DPI (Deep Packet Inspection) 엔진을 위한 효율적 패킷 프로세싱 방안 구현 및 성능 분석 (Implementation and Performance Analysis of Efficient Packet Processing Method For DPI (Deep Packet Inspection) System using Dual-Processors)

  • 양준호;한승재
    • 정보처리학회논문지C
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    • 제16C권4호
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    • pp.417-422
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    • 2009
  • 특화된 하드웨어의 도움 없이 범용 다중 프로세서 플랫폼에서 DPI(Deep Packet Inspection) 시스템을 구현하는 방법은 비용 측면에서 매력적이다. 문제는 성능인데, 일반적으로 다중 프로세서 시스템에서는 작업들을 여러 프로세서에 적절하게 배분하는 로드밸런싱 방법과 DPI 프로세싱 전용 개별 프로세서를 지정하여 시스템의 성능을 향상 시킨다. 그러나, 우리는 DPI 시스템의 경우 위와 같은 단순한 프로세서 통제 방안이 반드시 최선책이 아니라고 생각한다. 본 논문에서는 작업의 종류에 따라 정해진 프로세서에 할당한 후, 프로세서 상태에 따라 역할을 변경하는 방식을 제안한다. 우리는 제안하는 방식을 리눅스 기반 듀얼 프로세서 시스템에 구현하고 실험을 통해 그 성능을 기존의 로드밸런싱 방식과 비교하였다. 제안된 방식에서는 하나의 프로세서는 인터럽트 처리를 포함한 일반적 패킷 프로세싱 역할만을 담당토록 하고 다른 프로세서는 DPI엔진을 전담하도록 역할로 분리시켜 캐시접근실패 (cache miss) 과 스핀락(spin lock) 발생빈도를 낮추었으며, DPI 전담 프로세서가 처리한계에 이르렀을 경우에는 두 프로세서 모두 DPI를 위해 자원을 사용토록 하여, 기존의 리눅스 로드 밸런싱 방식 DPI 시스템 대비 약 60%의 성능향상을 달성하였다.

Transcriptional profiles of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) using microarray approaches

  • Myung-Hwa, Jung;Jun-Young, Song;Sung-Ju, Jung
    • 한국어병학회지
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    • 제35권2호
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    • pp.141-155
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    • 2022
  • Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes high mortality and economic losses in the rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) aquaculture industry in Korea. Viral open reading frames (ORFs) expression profiling at different RBIV infection stages was investigated using microarray approaches. Rock bream were exposed to the virus and held for 7 days at 23 ℃ before the water temperature was reduced to 17 ℃. Herein, 28% mortality was observed from 24 to 35 days post infection (dpi), after which no mortality was observed until 70 dpi (end of the experiment). A total of 27 ORFs were significantly up- or down-regulated after RBIV infection. In RBIV-infected rock bream, four viral genes were expressed after 2 dpi. Most RBIV ORFs (26 genes, 96.2%) were significantly elevated between 7 and 20 dpi. Among them, 12 ORF (44.4%) transcripts reached their peak expression intensity at 15 dpi, and 14 ORFs (51.8%) were at peak expression intensity at 20 dpi. Expression levels began to decrease after 25 dpi, and 92.6% of ORFs (25 genes) were expressed below 1-fold at 70 dpi. From the microarray data, in addition to the viral infection, viral gene expression profiles were categorized into three infection stages, namely, early (2 dpi), middle (7 to 20 dpi), and recovery (25 and 70 dpi). RBIV ORFs 009R, 023R, 032L, 049L, and 056L were remarkably expressed during RBIV infection. Furthermore, six ORFs (001L, 013R, 052L, 053L, 058L, and 061L) were significantly expressed only at 20 dpi. To verify the cDNA microarray data, we performed quantitative real-time PCR, and the results were similar to that of the microarray. Our results provide novel observations on broader RBIV gene expression at different stages of infection and the development of control strategies against RBIV infection.

Induction of antiviral mechanisms by interferon-related genes in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) infected with rock bream iridovirus (RBIV)

  • Myung-Hwa Jung
    • 한국어병학회지
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.213-228
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    • 2023
  • We evaluated the transcriptional response of interferon (IFN)-related genes in rock bream iridovirus (RBIV)-infected rock bream under high-, low-, or no-mortality conditions induced by different stocking water temperatures. Under the high susceptibility condition (group A, water temperature 26℃, 100% mortality), only the Mx gene was expressed early, with prolonged expression, and with heavy viral loads of approximately 106~107 major capsid protein gene copies/μL from 4 to 10 days post infection (dpi). However, IRF1, IRF3, IRF8, STAT1, ISG15, PKR, Viperin, GVIN1, IFI44, and ISG56 were activated at later time points (8 dpi) and then quickly decreased (10 dpi). For the low susceptibility condition, the water temperature was set at 23℃ for 7 days (group B) and then reduced to 17℃. Group B exhibited a 28% mortality rate, in which persistent and effective antiviral responses were observed for long periods of time. In particular, at 20 and 22 dpi, when virus replication was peaked at approximately 107/μL, the expressions of most of the IFN-related genes (IRF1, IRF3, IRF8, Mx, STAT1, ISG15, PKR, Viperin, GVIN1, IFI44, and ISG56) were significantly higher in group B than in the control group. Moreover, prolonged and higher levels of IRF3 (at least 30 dpi), IRF8 (at least 30 dpi), ISG15 (at least 30 dpi), PKR (at least 28 dpi), Viperin (at least 30 dpi), and IFI44 (at least 30 dpi) were also observed in the recovery stage of infection. Under the no-susceptibility condition at 17℃ (0% mortality), significantly elevated levels of IRF3, Mx, ISG15, and PKR were observed mostly until 20 dpi. The findings indicate that RBIV infection can induce an efficient IFN-mediated antiviral immune response in low- and no-susceptibility conditions. The findings could be valuable for effective control of viral pathogens in fish.

The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium suppresses Ca2+ signaling and contraction in rat cardiac myocytes

  • Qui Anh Le;Tran Nguyet Trinh;Phuong Kim Luong;Vu Thi Van Anh;Ha Nam Tran;Joon-Chul Kim;Sun-Hee Woo
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.335-344
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    • 2024
  • Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) has been widely used as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (Nox) to discover its function in cardiac myocytes under various stimuli. However, the effects of DPI itself on Ca2+ signaling and contraction in cardiac myocytes under control conditions have not been understood. We investigated the effects of DPI on contraction and Ca2+ signaling and their underlying mechanisms using video edge detection, confocal imaging, and whole-cell patch clamp technique in isolated rat cardiac myocytes. Application of DPI suppressed cell shortenings in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 of ≅0.17 µM) with a maximal inhibition of ~70% at ~100 µM. DPI decreased the magnitude of Ca2+ transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content by 20%-30% at 3 µM that is usually used to remove the Nox activity, with no effect on fractional release. There was no significant change in the half-decay time of Ca2+ transients by DPI. The L-type Ca2+ current (ICa) was decreased concentration-dependently by DPI (IC50 of ≅40.3 µM) with ≅13.1%-inhibition at 3 µM. The frequency of Ca2+ sparks was reduced by 3 µM DPI (by ~25%), which was resistant to a brief removal of external Ca2+ and Na+. Mitochondrial superoxide level was reduced by DPI at 3-100 µM. Our data suggest that DPI may suppress L-type Ca2+ channel and RyR, thereby attenuating Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and contractility in cardiac myocytes, and that such DPI effects may be related to mitochondrial metabolic suppression.

DPI 기술 적용에 따른 사용자 개인정보 문제 해결방안 (The Solution of User Privacy Issues in DPI technology)

  • 오지수;이승현;박민우;정태명
    • 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국정보처리학회 2012년도 추계학술발표대회
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    • pp.1060-1063
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    • 2012
  • 기존의 네트워크 관문에서 트래픽을 검사하는 장치들은 Application 계층의 데이터를 검사할 수 없어 보안에 한계가 있다. 이를 보완하기 위해 Application 계층까지 패킷을 분석할 수 있는 Deep Packet Inspection (DPI)기술이 개발되어 보안 강화에 사용되고 있다. 하지만 기업에서 DPI 기술을 이용하여 고객의 개인정보를 무단으로 수집 및 이용하면서 DPI 기술에 따른 개인정보 침해가 우려된다, 본 논문에서는 DPI 기술을 통한 사용자 정보 수집 시 개별 사용자의 동의를 받을 수 있는 방안을 제안하며, 이를 통해 DPI 기술에 따른 사용자 개인정보 문제를 해결하고자 한다.

Effect of Dental Practicality Index training using an online video on decision-making and confidence level in treatment planning by dental undergraduates

  • Zhai Wei See;Ming Sern Lee;Abhishek Parolia;Shalini Kanagasingam;Shilpa Gunjal;Shanon Patel
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제49권1호
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    • pp.8.1-8.12
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    • 2024
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dental Practicality Index (DPI) training using an online video on the treatment planning decisions and confidence level of dental undergraduates (DUs). Materials and Methods: Ninety-four DUs were shown 15 clinical case scenarios and asked to decide on treatment plans based on 4 treatment options. The most appropriate treatment plan had been decided by a consensus panel of experienced dentists. DUs then underwent DPI training using an online video. In a post-DPI-training test, DUs were shown the same clinical case scenarios and asked to assign the best treatment option. After 6 weeks, DUs were retested to assess their knowledge retention. In all 3 tests, DUs completed the confidence level scale questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test and the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: DPI training significantly improved the mean scores of the DUs from 7.53 in the pre-DPI-training test to 9.01 in the post-DPI-training test (p < 0.001). After 6 weeks, the mean scores decreased marginally to 8.87 in the retention test (p = 0.563). DPI training increased their confidence level from 5.68 pre-DPI training to 7.09 post-DPI training. Conclusions: Training DUs using DPI with an online video improved their decision-making and confidence level in treatment planning.

파이프라인형 DPI 시스템에서 효율적인 소비전력 감소를 위한 동작주파수 설계방법 (Adaptive Frequency Scaling for Efficient Power Management in Pipelined Deep Packet Inspection Systems)

  • 김한수
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제19권12호
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    • pp.133-141
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    • 2014
  • 여러 네트워크 보안기술 중 가장 효과적이고 신뢰할 수 있는 기술인 DPI 시스템에 쓰이는 파이프라인형 AC-DFA 구조에서, 효율적으로 전력 소모를 줄이는 방법을 제안하였다. 이는 메모리 접근 횟수가 전력 소모에 가장 큰 영향을 끼친다는 것과, 파이프라인형 AC-DFA의 스테이지 사용 횟수가 뒤쪽 스테이지로 갈수록 급격하게 감소한다는 관찰결과에 따른 것이다. 이에, 사용되지 않는 스테이지의 동작 클럭을 감소시켜 불필요하게 소모되는 전력을 줄이는 시스템을 구현하였다. 제안하는 방법을 적용한 DPI 시스템에 여러 종류의 문자열이 입력될 때의 전력 소모를 측정한 결과, 기존의 DPI 시스템에 비해 약 25 %의 전력 절감 효과를 가져왔다. 제안한 방법은 파이프라인형 DPI 구조 및 다중 패턴 문자열 검색의 어떤 응용에도 손쉽게 적용될 수 있을 것이다.