• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.509-519
• /
• 1998

The effect of N-Nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) on the glycoconjugates of rat lingual salivary gland was examined by prelectin histochemical methods. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 250-300g were divided into control and experimental groups. Each rat of experimental groups was administrated NDMA(17mg/kg) orally and sacrificed in 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after NDMA administration. The regional differences and change of glycoco-njugates were elucidated by prelectin histochemical methods, such as periodic acid Schiff's(PAS) reaction, alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5, AB pH 0.4, AB pH 2.5-PAS, aldehyde fuchsin(AF) pH 1.7-AB pH 2.5 and high iron diamine(HID)-AB pH 2.5 staining. The major morphological changes in the von Ebner’s gland of NDMA administrated groups were withering and des-truction of serous acini, diminution and disappearance of cytoplasmic granules and vacuolation in cytoplasm of serous cells, and mucinous changes of duct epithelial cells. These changes were noted in NDMA administrated groups for 12 to 72 hours. In the lingual mucous gland of NDMA administrated groups, the major morphological changes were enlargement, fusion and destruction of mucous acini, loss of cytoplasmic granules and vacuolated generation in cytop-lasm of mucous cells, and mucinous change of duct epithelial cells. These changes were severe in NDMA administra-ted groups for 12 to 72 hours. In NDMA administrated groups of lingual von Ebner's gland for 12 and 72 hours, the neutral glycoconjugates be-come diminished remarkably compared to the control group. The decreased amount of neutral glycoconjugates tended to be gradually recovered from 96 hours group. The acidic glycoconjugates which were not detected in control group were found in a few serous cells of these gland of NDMA administrated groups for 6 to 48 hours and 120 ho-urs. The remarkable decrease of neutral and acidic glycoconjugates was observed in the lingual mucous glands 3, 24 and 48 hours after NDMA administration, and the striking decrease of acidic glycoconjugates was found in 72 hours groups. Among acidic glycoconjugates, sulfated glycoconjugates tended to decrease in NDMA administrated groups for 72 hours, while sialic glycoconjugates were increased in NDMA administrated groups for 3, 12 and 48 hours.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.367-397
• /
• 2014

Dans le contentieux m$\acute{e}$dical, il est difficile de prouver l'existence d'un lien de causalit$\acute{e}$ entre la faute m$\acute{e}$dicale et les pr$\acute{e}$judices subis par la victime. R$\acute{e}$partir bien de façon raisonnable la charge de la preuve du lien causal est alors une des questions pr$\acute{e}$occup$\acute{e}$es par la doctrine cor$\acute{e}$enne. La Cour supr$\hat{e}$me cor$\acute{e}$enne semble toutefois facilliter l'indemnisation des victimes dans les cas o$\grave{u}$ la responsabilit$\acute{e}$ du m$\acute{e}$decin a ${\acute{e}}t{\acute{e}}$ mise en cause, et cela en admettant des fois une solution op$\acute{e}$rant un renversement de la charge de la preuve du lien causal. Une telle attitude a ${\acute{e}}t{\acute{e}}$ m$\hat{e}$me affirm$\acute{e}$e dans un arr$\hat{e}$t rendu r$\acute{e}$cemment en cas de dommage caus$\acute{e}$ par le fait du produit de sant$\acute{e}$, notamment pour le cas de contamination virale par voie de transfusion. La Cour a $\acute{e}$galement reconnu que l'action se pr$\acute{e}$scrit $\grave{a}$ partir du moment de la consolidation du pr$\acute{e}$judice. Aux termes de cette $\acute{e}$tude, on pourra constater que le juge français reconna$\hat{i}$t aussi l'assouplissement de la charge de la preuve du lien de causalit$\acute{e}$ en mati$\acute{e}$re d'action m$\acute{e}$dicale. Il faudra toutefois souligner que le ph$\acute{e}$nom$\acute{e}$ne ne soit pas g$\acute{e}$n$\acute{e}$ralis$\acute{e}$ en droit français, d'autant plus que la pr$\acute{e}$somption de l'existence de la causalit$\acute{e}$ en la mati$\grave{e}$re a $\acute{e}$t$\acute{e}$ admise de mani$\grave{e}$re restrictive par la l$\acute{e}$gislation sp$\acute{e}$cifique. Tel $\acute{e}$tait notamment le cas pour les accidents de la contamination par le virus du sida ou de l'h$\acute{e}$patite C survenus apr$\grave{e}$s la transfusion. En d$\acute{e}$finitive, on peut dire qu'en droit français, le principe est maintenu en cas de manquement $\grave{a}$ une obligation de r$\acute{e}$sultat n$\acute{e}$e du contrat m$\acute{e}$dical, tandis que la Cour de cassation admet parfois en mati$\grave{e}$re de droit commun de la responsabilit$\acute{e}$ contractuelle la pr$\acute{e}$somption de causalit$\acute{e}$ en cas d'inex$\acute{e}$cution des obligations de r$\acute{e}$sultat. En fait, la pr$\acute{e}$somption de causalit$\acute{e}$ dans le contentieux m$\acute{e}$dical pourra mener les m$\acute{e}$decins $\grave{a}$ se diriger vers les traitements d$\acute{e}$fensifs. Cette situation peut m$\hat{e}$me conduire $\grave{a}$ emp$\hat{e}$cher le d$\acute{e}$veloppement de la science m$\acute{e}$dicale, enfin $\grave{a}$ une situation d$\acute{e}$savantageuse aux patients. Il y a alors lieu de se m$\acute{e}$fier des int$\acute{e}$r$\hat{e}$ts d$\acute{e}$s$\acute{e}$quilibr$\acute{e}$s entre le m$\acute{e}$decin et le patient. De ce point de vue, on peut estimer que le droit français donne des suggestions aux juristes cor$\acute{e}$ens dans la recherche des solutions plus ad$\acute{e}$quates en ce qui concerne la charge de la preuve du lien causal en mati$\acute{e}$re de responsabilit$\acute{e}$ m$\acute{e}$dicale.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND: The carbon (C) isotope ratio (${\delta}^{13}C$) of dissolved organic C (DOC) is an indicator of water pollution source. In this study, the potential use of two pre-treatments for the ${\delta}^{13}C$ analysis, alkaline persulfate oxidation coupled with carbonate precipitation (precipitation) and freeze drying (drying), were compared to suggest a more feasible pre-treatment method. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two reference materials with different ${\delta}^{13}C$ values were used for the experiments; chemical grade glucose ($-12.0{\pm}0.02$‰) and pig manure compost extract ($-23.3{\pm}0.04$‰). In the precipitation method, the measured ${\delta}^{13}C$ values were consistently lower than the theoretically calculated values as dissolved $CO_2$ could not be removed due to the alkaline property of the reagents and the dissolution of air $CO_2$ into the alkaline solution. The drying method also resulted in more negative ${\delta}^{13}C$ than the calculated ${\delta}^{13}C$; however, the difference was systematic ($3.9{\pm}0.3$‰) and there was a strong correlation (${\delta}^{13}C_{calculated}=0.87{\times}{\delta}^{13}C_{measured}-0.624$, $r^2=0.98$) between the calculated and measured ${\delta}^{13}C$. Calibration of ${\delta}^{13}C$ using the relationship between the calculated and the measured ${\delta}^{13}C$ values produced reliable and accurate ${\delta}^{13}C$ values. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the drying method is more accurate pre-treatment method to minimize the influence of air $CO_2$ compared to the precipitation method for the determination of ${\delta}^{13}C$ of DOC.