• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.186-197
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• 1995

Site-specific allometric equations relating aboveground tree component biomass and leaf area to tree diameter, basal area, sapwood cross-sectional area and sapwood volume were developed using the destructive harvesting method for Pinus rigida Mill., Larix leptolepis Gordon, and Quercus serrata Thunb. stands in Yangpyeong, Kyonggi Province. There were significantly strong correlations between aboveground tree component biomass or leaf area and diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, sapwood area and sapwood volume. For a similar diameter tree, the three species had a similar stem wood biomass. However, carbon allocation patterns to stem bark, foliage, branch and total aboveground biomass differed among the three species. Specific leaf area and the ratio of leaf area to sapwood cross-sectional area of the three species were significantly different. Allometric equations seemed To be related to leaf habit or leaf longevity. To elucidate the effect of leaf habit or leaf longevity on allometry and canopy characteristics clearly, more intensive studies are needed.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analysis the growth characteristics and the diameter at breast height (10 cm) reached ages in natural stand and platation for the optimal planting density and planting timing of Acer mono for. rubripes. There was high correlation between the DBH and crown diameter (E-W: r=0.82, S-N: r=0.76) in natural stand, and between the DBH and crown diameter (E-W: r=0.76, S-N: r=0.90) in plantation. In natural stand, average reached age on DBH 10 cm was $21.1{\pm}7.0$, and was $9.2{\pm}1.3$ in plantation. Therefore, the collectable timing of sap in artificial planting short approximately 2.3 times over the natural regeneration.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 1972

A comparison between the productivity of the evergreen needle pine(Pinus densiflora) and of the deciduous broad leaved oak(Quercus mongolica) stands, which is located near Choon-Chun city, Kangwon dist. have been established. The pine stand had a stand density of 938 trees per ha and oak stand had of 638 trees per ha. The diameter at breast height (D) and the height of tree (H) of each tree were measured in sample plot of 800$m^2$. Twelve standard sample trees chose from the sample area felled down, and then weighed the stem, branches and leaves separately, according to both the stratified clip technique and the stem analysis. The vertical distribution of photosynthetic system was arranged effectively for high productivity in the productive structure of both trees. The allometric relation between D2H and dry weight of stem (Ws), branches (Wb) and leaves (Wl) of pine were approximated by log Ws=0.6212 log D2H-0.5383 log Wb=0.4681 log D2H-0.7236 log Wl=0.2582 log D2H-5.1567 and those of oak were approximated by log Ws=0.5125 log D2H＋0.0231 log Wb=0.5125 log D2H-0.3755 log Wl=0.8721 log D2H-2.9710 From the above, the standing crops of pine and oak in the sample area were estimated to be as much as 38.83ton and 48.11 ton of dry matter, above ground, per ha, respectively. Annual net production as the sum of the biomass newly formed during one year was appraised at 12.66ton/ha.yr in pine stand and at 8.74 ton/ha.yr in oak. The reason of high productivity of pine stand compared with oak might be resulted from much more about 4 times of the amount of the photosynthetic system, but less non-photosynthetic one of pine than those of oak. To increase the productivity of the forest stands investigated it was necessary to make densly a stand density, to be abundant in the inorganic nutrients and to preserve much water in soil to conserve the litters.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.79-91
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• 1992

With recent development in spaceborne imaging radar system, there are growing interests using satellite synthetic aperture radar(SAR) data in various applications. This study attempted to identify the relationships between several forest stand characteristics and radar backscatter, measured from space altitude altitude at three incidence angles. Shuttle Imaging Radar-B(SIR-B) data were collected over a forested area in northern Florida in October, 1984. By using various sources of reference data (forest type maps, inventory records, aerial photographs, and Landsat Thematic Mapper data), about 400 forest stands of known characteristics were carefully located in the radar data. Relative radar backscatter for the three incidence angles of SIR-B data were compared with known forest stand parameters such as mean tree height, diameter at breast height(DBH), stand density, biomass, and relative amount of understory vegetation. The results show that these stand parameters have statistically significant correlations with the radar backscatter. In addition, the SIR-B radar backscatter from a certain stand parameter turned out differently at the three different incidence angles. Finally, the types and characteristics of currently available satellite SAR data are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.258-266
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop a carbon storage distribution map of Pinus rigida stands in Muju-gun by using of the National Forest Inventory data and digital forest map. The relationships between the stand variables such as height, age, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown density and aboveground biomass of Pinus rigida were analyzed. The results showed that the crown density had the highest positive correlation with a value of 0.74 followed by the height variable with value of 0.61. The aboveground biomass regression models were developed to estimate biomass and carbon storage map. The results of this study showed that the average carbon storage was 58.2 ton C/ha while the total carbon stock of rigida pine forests in Muju area was estimated to be 430,963 C ton.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

With the aim of accumulating data that can be used to infer the basis for the acculturation of trees called 'Goe,' this study aims to identify the survival status of the pagoda and zelkova trees known as 'Goe' trees by comparing and analyzing the status of pagoda trees (Sophora japonica) and zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata) designated as a protected tree in Korea. The results of this study are as follows; Zelkova serrata designated as a protected tree grows the most, with 2,147 trees (29.4%) in Cheonnam, followed by Chungnam (16.5%) and Gyeongbuk (14.4%). However, Sophora japonica showed a different result from zelkova Serrata as the total number of 210 Sophora japonica (55.7%) in Gyeongbuk and Daegu is much larger than that of zelkova Serrata. As a result, in the Yeongnam region, where the Confucianism of Yeongnam was actively practiced, the existence of Sophora japonica is much larger than that of the Zelkova Serrata, which is not a coincidence, and it is difficult to determine it only based on their flora and planting distribution. Results of comparing protected trees of Sophora japonica and Zelkova Serrata showed that the average age of Zelkova Serrata wass 289 years, while that of Sophora japonica was 302 years, and that the average height of Zelkova Serrata wass 18 m, which is higher than the height of 16 m of Sophora japonica. The average diameter at breast height of Zelkova Serrata was 398 cm and that of Sophora japonica was 314 cm, which indicates that Zelkova Serrata is relatively big. Therefore, it can be assumed that Zelkova Serrata has a larger growth potential than Sophora japonica, and the possibility of growth as a big tree is also high, but it seems that the explanation that "they are relatively long-lived" is not clearly determined.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.196-206
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• 2020

Background: The Himalayan forests are of great importance to sustain the nature and community resource demands. These forests are facing pressures both from anthropogenic activities and ongoing global climatic changes. Poor natural regeneration has been considered a major problem in mountainous forests. To understand the population structure and regeneration status of Larix (Larix griffithiana and Larix himalaica), we conducted systematic vegetation surveys in three high-altitude valleys namely Ghunsa (Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, KCA), Langtang (Langtang National Park, LNP), and Tsum (Manaslu Conservation Area, MCA) in Nepal Himalaya. The average values of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and sapling height were compared for three sites and two species using Kruskal-Wallis test. Population structure was assessed in terms of proportion of seedlings, saplings, and trees. Regeneration was analyzed using graphical representation of frequencies of seedlings, saplings, and trees in histograms. Results: The results showed that the population structure of Larix in terms of the proportion of seedling, sapling, and tree varied greatly in the three study areas. KCA had the highest record of seedling, sapling, and tree compared to other two sites. Seedlings were the least among three forms and many plots were without seedlings. We found no seedling in MCA study plots. The plot level average DBH variation among sites was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 7.813, df = 2, p = 0.02) as was between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 5.9829, df = 1, p = 0.014). Similarly, the variation in average tree height was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 134.23, df = 2, p < 0.001) among sites as well as between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 128.01, df = 1, p < 0.001). All the sites showed reverse J-shaped curve but more pronounced for KCA and MCA. In comparing the two species, Larix griffithiana has clear reverse J-shaped diameter distribution but not Larix himalaica. Conclusion: The varied responses of Larix manifested through regeneration status from spatially distinct areas show that regeneration limitations might be more pronounced in the future. In all the three studied valleys, regeneration of Larix is found to be problematic and specifically for Larix griffithiana in MCA and Larix himalaica in LNP. To address the issues of disturbances, especially serious in LNP, management interventions are recommended to sustain the unique Himalayan endemic conifer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.364-371
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• 2019

This study was conducted to provide the basic information for a reasonable forest management plan and sustainable forest management by developing a dominant tree height growth model using diameter at breast height (DBH) and site index curves for Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa growing in Jeolla-do. The altitude, slope, orientation, soil type, height and DBH of a dominant tree, and the ages of trees were measured for 3055 Pinus densiflora trees (611 plots) and 3345 Chamaecyparis obtusa trees (699 plots), and these data were used to develop a customized afforestation map. In the dominant tree height growth model, the relationship to DBH was used in the Petterson, Michailow, and log equations. Also, a dominant tree height growth model in relationship to age used the Chapman-Richards, Schumacher, and Gompertz equations. The Petterson equation, which has a lower mean square error, was used to model dominant tree height growth in relationship to DBH. In the model of dominant tree height growth in relationship to age, three kinds of equations were considered to have little statistical difference. Therefore, the Chapman-Richards equation was chosen for modeling on the national level. Thirtyyears was used as the base age, which is an important factor for estimating the site index curves. In the results, a more varied range of site index family curves with 6-18 was developed for Pinus densiflora, and with 6-22 for Chamaecyparis obtusa. As the new site index curves indicated influences on growth of Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa, a reasonable forest management plan will be possible in the future for Jeolla-do.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.853-860
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• 2003

Plants sequester atmospheric CO$_2$, a major agent of climate change, during the growing periods and mitigate its rising accumulation in the atmosphere. Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica are the native tree species dominant in the temperate forests of Korea. This study quantified the annual CO$_2$ uptake by the two species at forest sites in Chuncheon in the middle of the country. The quantification was based on seasonal measurements of CO$_2$ exchange rates under natural conditions by an infrared gas analyzer over the growing season (1999). The monthly CO$_2$ uptake per unit leaf area ranged from 1.6-6.7 mg/d㎡/h for P. densiflora and from 3.7-8.9 mg/d㎡/h for Q. mongolica, with a maximum in mid-summer. An equation for each species was generated to estimate easily the annual CO$_2$ uptake by total leaf area per tree, which subtracted the CO$_2$ release (i.e. respiration) by leaves and woody organs from the gross CO$_2$ uptake (diurnal uptake and release by leaves). Annual CO$_2$ release by leaves and woody organs accounted for 58-73％ of the gross CO$_2$ uptake across tree specimens. Annual CO$_2$ uptake per tree increased with increasing dbh (stem diameter at breast height) for the study diameter range, and was greater for Q. mongolica than for P. densiflora in the same dbh sizes. This was mainly associated with a greater total leaf area in the former. For example, the annual CO$_2$ uptake by one tree with dbh of 25 cm was 35.6 kg/yr for P. densiflora and 47.9 kg/yr for Q. mongolica. The results from this study can be applied to evaluate an atmospheric CO$_2$ reduction of woody plants by forest type and age class.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2007

Nest density was determined and tree and soil characteristics around Nycticorax nycticorax breeding sites and non-breeding sites on Bamsum Island in Seoul were analyzed from May 2005 to October 2006 to identify breeding site preferences of N. nycticorax and the effects of N. nycticorax nesting density on nesting tree structure and soil characteristics. N. nycticorax preferred trees of low height ($3.5{\sim}6$ m) and small diameter at breast height in high density Salix communities. Excrement of heron juveniles was dropped on the soil under the nests. The soil nutrient content under nests (P: 126.0 mg/kg, N: 202.8 mg/kg, EC: 549 ${\mu}S/cm$, pH 4.7) was much higher than that of control soils from Bamsum Island not enriched by heron excrement (P: 41.5 mg/kg, N: 42.0 mg/kg, EC: 342 ${\mu}S/cm$, pH 5.1). Formation of Salix communities on the shores of Bamsum Island is ongoing, and their structure has been directly influenced by annual flooding. After flooding, the nutrient content differences between heron-affected soils and control soils were not significant. This might be the reason that Salix communities on Bamsum were not affected by nesting herons as in other terrestrial communities where herons nest. This result indicates that flooding plays an important role in sustaining Salix communities on Bamsum Island where herons nest. The results of this study may increase understanding of N. nycticorax breeding behavior which may be useful for conservation planning.