• Title/Summary/Keyword: DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT

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Factors Affecting Sap Exudation of Juglans Mandshurica and Acer Mono : (III) Inje Region in Korea (가래나무 수액와 고로쇠나무의 출수량에 미치는 영향 인자 분석 : (III) 인제 지역)

  • Choi, Won-Sil;Choi, In-Gyu;Park, Mi-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.40 no.6
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    • pp.378-388
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to investigate the optimum condition for sap exudation of Juglans mandshurica in comparison with Acer mono Max. trees in a site of Inje-Gun, Gangwon-Do, Korea. Amount of sap exudation, air temperature, relative air humidity and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) were monitored for the period of February 1 through March 31, 2008, and correlation analysis of several factors affecting on sap exudation was carried out. Sap exudation from J. mandshurica initiated on Feb. 28 as the same time in case of A. mono and continued for a month, and enhanced in early March compared to around the middle of March for A. mono. The amount of sap of A. mono was linearly proportional to the diameter at breast height (DBH) but there was no apparent relationship for J. mandshurica. As the amount of sap exudation per tree increased then sap exudation per unit DBH was also linearly proportional in both J. mandshurica and A. mono. The amount of sap exudation per unit DBH of J. manshurica were $0.3{\pm}0.1{\ell}/cm$ on average, which was one third times of $0.9{\pm}0.1{\ell}/cm$ for A. mono. During the days of enhanced sap exudation, the atmospheric conditions such as air temperature and relative humidity around J. manshurica trees were very similar with those of A. mono. The minimum temperature was a significant factor affecting the amount of sap of J. mandshurica whereas the range of temperature was the principal factor for A. mono. In conclusion, the sap of J. mandshurica exudated in atmospheric conditions similar to A. mono, but the amount of sap was affected by different atmospheric factors compared to A. mono.

The Relationship between Stand Mean DBH and Temperature at a Watershed Scale: The Case of Andong-dam Basin (유역단위에서의 임목평균흉고직경과 기온 간의 관계: 안동댐 유역을 중심으로)

  • Moon, Jooyeon;Kim, Moonil;Lim, Yoonjin;Piao, Dongfan;Lim, Chul-Hee;Kim, Seajin;Song, Cholho;Lee, Woo-Kyun
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.287-297
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to identify the relationship between climatic factors and stand mean Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) for two major tree species; Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica in Andong-dam basin. Forest variables such as age, diameter distribution and number of trees per hectare from the $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ National Forest Inventory data were used to develop a DBH estimation model. Climate data were collected from six meteorological observatory station and twelve Automatic Weather System provided by Korea Meteorological Administration to produce interpolated daily average temperature map with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. Andong-dam basin reflects rugged mountainous terrain, so temperature were adjusted by lapse rate based correction. As a result, predictions of model were consistent with the previous studies; that the rising temperature is negatively related to the growth of Pinus densiflora whereas opposing trend is observed for Quercus mongolica.

Biomass Productivity and its Vertical Allocation of Natural Pinus densiflora Forests by Stand Density (백두산 동북부지역 소나무 천연림에서 밀도에 따른 임분의 Biomass 생산성 및 수직 배분)

  • ;Xianyu Meng
    • Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.92-99
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    • 1999
  • This study was carried out to understand the primary production of biomass, vertical biomass distribution in the stand and the difference of biomass production for part of the trees by stand density for natural Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Baekdoo located in northeastern China. The primary production of biomass was estimated by the layers of trees, shrubs, herbs for five density classes. For the biomass estimation of the Pinus densiflora trees in stern, stembark and the above-ground tree, the regression model of logW = a + blog(D$^2$H) + c(D$^2$H) was adapted for all of the density classes where W is dry weight, D$_1$ diameter at breast height, and H, tree height. For the biomass estimation in branch and needle, and the needle area, the regression model of logW=a+blogD+cD was adapted for all of the density classes. With increasing stand density the biomass of trees increased but that of shrubs and herbs decreased. Net primary production of biomass in parts of the tree also increased with increasing stand density. However the percentage of the needle biomass among the total biomass in the above-ground tree decreased with increasing stand density. Consequently, primary production rate of biomass in the above-ground tree increased. The primary production of biomass for each part of the trees in natural Pinus densiflora natural forests showed in descending order : stern, needle, branch, and stembark regardless of stand density.

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Methodological Consideration for Estimating Growing Stock of Young Forests based on Early Growth Characteristics of Standing Trees in Korea (우리나라 입목의 초기 생장 특성에 따른 유령림의 임목축적 산출방안 고찰)

  • Moon, Ga Hyun;Moon, Na Hyun;Yim, Jong Su;Kang, Jin Taek
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.109 no.3
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    • pp.300-312
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    • 2020
  • The growing stocks of young forests that are less than10 years of age have been excluded from the Korean forest resource statistics, despite the existence of standing trees; however, sustainable forest management and carbon removals in the forestry section require complete information regarding forest resources. This study developed a method to estimate the growing stocks for young forests from National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. After reviewing previous research on growth characteristics for young forests, we conducted stem analysis of major species, and examined stand characteristics by site index, based on real yield tables. Our statistical analysis results showed that there were few standing trees with diameters at breast height (DBH) above 6 cm in young stands, and that it would have taken 12 years, on average, to reach 6 cm DBH. This suggests that mean tree height by diameter should be assessed at the root, in order to assess growing stocks for young stands through the NFI. Moreover, the database system should be improved to differentiate tree species, since diverse shrubs, including trees, have been surveyed.

A Study on Correlation between Species Composition and Environmental Factors in Abies koreana Forest (구상나무림의 종조성과 환경인자간 상관관계)

  • Park, Byeong Joo;Kim, Ji Dong;Lee, Jun Woo;Cho, Seung wan;Heo, Tae Im;Lee, Dong Hyuk;Byeon, Jun Gi
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.144-155
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    • 2021
  • This study was conducted to analyze community structure and species composition of Abies koreana forest. Field survey was carried out from June, 2019 to 2020, September. 121 plots (20×20 m) were set up, 5 herb layer plots (3×3 m) were constructed for each plot, and there, Diameter at Breast Height(DBH), height, environmental factor were measured. It was analyzed that water stress did not have a significant effect on the factors affecting the growth of A. koreana in Mt. Halla-san, and in the case of Mt. Deokyu-san, the more forest stands located at the ridge, the higher the tree density. It was found that the factors affecting the distribution of Abies koreana were not consistent according to the environment of study site.

Diagnosis of the growth status and actual condition of the remaining old trees in the village - Focused on Hyeongok-myeon in Gyeongju-si - (마을 내 잔존 노거수의 생육현황 및 실태진단 - 경주시 현곡면을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Young-Hun;Deng, Bei-Jia;Chen, Geng;You, Ju-Han
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.109-123
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of future countermeasures by diagnosing the growth status and actual condition of undesignated old trees distributed in Hyeongok-myeon, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The number of old trees surveyed was 2 weeks in Gajeong-ri, 2 weeks in Haguri, 3 weeks in Nae-Tae-ri, 1 week in Nawon-ri, 6 weeks in Oryu-ri, 3 weeks in Sangguri, and 2 weeks in Sohyeon-ri, The trees species composition was 6 trees Celtis sinensis Pers., 1 Diospyros lotus L. trees, 4 trees Salix chaenomeloides Kimura trees, 2 Styphnolobium japonicum L. trees, and 7 Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino trees. Growth status is 7.1~22.0m in height, 14.6~25.1m in long axis, 10.2~19.2m in short axis, root diameter is 76.0~236.4cm, diamter at breast height is 67.0~220.0cm, soil acidity is pH4.9~7.0, soil The hardness was measured to be 4.0-27.0mm. The result grade of the scoring data of health information is represented by monitoring generally, monitoring critically, and absolute monitoring, and it was confirmed that out of the 20 trees population in Hyeongok-myeon, the general monitoring grade was 7 weeks, the major monitoring grade was 13 weeks, and there was no absolute monitoring grade. Accordingly, the number of old trees of the general surveillance level was maintained at the current level, and ecological surgical operations were introduced for the major surveillance level, but the case of village forests should be different, and sequential treatments were the old tree urgently needed. The level and bark of the target tree, the state of the crown, the root exposure, the presence of pests and pests, the vitality and the ground condition, the degree of pollution are normal, poor, or very poor, operation and protection management, soil improvement, removal of cover, and disinfection were urgently needed for the old trees with the surveyed data. In order to compensate for these matters, continuous monitoring and management measures for the old number should be sought.

Assessment and Prediction of Stand Yield in Cryptomeria japonica Stands (삼나무 임분수확량 평가 및 예측)

  • Son, Yeong Mo;Kang, Jin Taek;Hwang, Jeong Sun;Park, Hyun;Lee, Kang Su
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.104 no.3
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    • pp.421-426
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    • 2015
  • The objective of this paper is to look into the growth of Cryptomeria japonica stand in South Korea along with the evaluation on their yields, followed by their carbon stocks and removals. A total of 106 sample plots were selected from Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and Jeju, where the groups of standard are grown. We only used 92 plots data except outlier. As part of the analysis, the Weibull diameter distribution was applied. In order to estimate the diameter distribution, the growth estimation equation for each of the growth factors including the height, the diameter at breast height, and the basal area was drafted out and the verification for each equation was examined. The site index for figuring out the forest productivity of Cryptomeria japonica stand for each district was also developed as a Schumacher model and 30yr was used as a reference age for the estimation of the site index. It was found that the site index for Cryptomeria japonica stand in South Korea ranges from 10 to 16 and this result was used as a standard for developing the stand yield table. According to the site 14 in the stand yield table, the mean annual increment (MAI) of the Cryptomeria japonica reaches $7.6m^3/ha$ on its 25yr and its growing stock is estimated to be at $190.1m^3/ha$. This volume is about $20m^3$ as high as that of the Chamaesyparis obtusa. Furthermore, the annual carbon absorptions for a Cryptomeria japonica stand reached the peak at 25yr, which is 2.14 tC/ha/yr, $7.83tCO_2/ha/yr$. When compared to the other conifers, this rate is slightly higher than that of a Chamaecyparis obtusa ($7.5tCO_2/ha/yr$) but lower than that of the Pinus koraiensis ($10.4tCO_2/ha/yr$) and Larix kaempferi ($11.2tCO_2/ha/yr$). With such research result as a base, it is necessary to come up with the ways to enhance the utilization of Cryptomeria japonica as timbers, besides making use of their growth data.

Monitoring on the Vegetation Structure and Dynamics of Abies Koreana Populations in Jirisan National Park (지리산국립공원 구상나무개체군의 식생구조와 동태 모니터링)

  • Chun, Young-Moon;Kim, Sang-Min;Park, Eun-Hee;Park, Sun-Hong;Lee, Ho-Young;Kim, Jin-Weon
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.408-423
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    • 2021
  • We established and monitored survey sites in seven regions of Mt. Jiri to investigate population decline and change of the Korean fir (Abies koreana) over a ten-year period from 2009 to 2018. With the exception of one site (Seseok), the six remaining ones all showed a four-layer stratification structure. The importance value of Korean firs in all of the survey areas decreased significantly by 28.5%, from 55.7% in 2009 to 39.8% in 2018. The average population of objects with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5cm or more in all survey sites was 711 objects/ha in 2018, and the cumulative death rate from 2009 to 2018 was 10.8%. Among the death types, DS (dead standing) was the most dominant, comprising 82.4% of the total survey area. However, in Banyabong 1, which had a high gradient of 35°, the death types other than DS accounted for 44.2%. We estimate that A. koreana can maintain a stable population as its distribution type for each diameter class in the Saeseokpyeongjeon site showed a reverse-J shape. The average annual ring growth in all survey sites was 1.09 mm/year, with the most abundant growth observed in the Seseokpyeongjeon site, which was formed mainly by a subtree layer. The growth ring survey showed the estimated average age of A. koreana population in the Byeoksoryeong and Banyabong 1 sites to be 102 and 91 years, respectively, a general downward trend of vitality since 2013.

Crown Fuel Characteristics and Fuel Load Estimation of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. in Bonghwa, Gyeongbuk (경북 봉화 지역 소나무림에 대한 수관연료 특성과 연료량 추정)

  • Jang, Mina;Lee, Byungdoo;Seo, Yeonok;Kim, Sungyong;Lee, Young Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.100 no.3
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    • pp.402-407
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    • 2011
  • The objectives of this study were to analyze the crown vertical structure, crown bulk density, and to develop regression models for predicting crown fuel load using the data from 10 destructively sampled Pinus densiflora trees in Bonghwa, Gyeongbuk. The fuel loads were observed higher in the middle portion of the vertical distribution of crown followed by the lower portion and upper portion of Pinus densiflora, respectively. Approximately 25% crown fuel load was found in the needle while 33% was observed in the branches with <1 cm diameter with a total of 58% available fuel loads. The average crown bulk density was $0.45kg/m^3$, and $0.27kg/m^3$ of this was available in the needles and branches with <1 cm diameters. The resulting models in linear equations were able to account for 84% and 88% of the observed variation, while the allometric equations with diameter at breast height as the single predictor showed better results to account for 90% and 95% of the observed variation in the available crown fuel loads and total crown fuel loads, respectively. The suggested equations in this study could provide quantitative fuel load attributes for crown fire behavior models and fire management of red pine stands in Bonghwa areas.

Characteristics of Fraxinus chiisanensis Distibution and Community Structure of Mt. Minjuji on Chungcheongbuk-do (충북 민주지산 물들메나무 분포 및 군락구조 특성)

  • Choi, Dong-Suk;An, Ji-Young;Oh, Choong-Hyeon
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.35 no.6
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    • pp.632-643
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    • 2021
  • The objective of this study was to examine vegetation community structure and distribution of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji of Chungcheongbuk-do by setting up and surveying 8 plots (400 m2 each). Mean Importance Value (MIV) of Fraxinus chiisanensis in 8 plots was 35.19% in average (ranging from 26.07~42.74%). Since it is the dominant species in all plots, it is expected to maintain the present vegetation structure. The analysis of the DBH (diameter at breast height) showed that the diameter of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji ranges from 2 to 43cm. The majority of Fraxinus chiisanensis is expected to maintain current state unless disturbance or rapid environmental change occurs. The Species Diversity (H') was 0.8498~1.0261, Evenness (J') was 0.8160~0.9256, Dominance Index (D) was 0.0789~0.1840, Maximum Diversity (H'max) was 1.0414~1.2041. The analysis of annual ring and radial growth showed that the average age of Fraxinus chiisanensis in Mt.Minjuji was 29.1years(ranging from 22~58years). The average annual radial growth of Fraxinus chiisanensis was the highest in community G with 5.84mm and the lowest in community B with 2.80mm. The similarity index analysis revealed that the similarity index between community B and E, C and F, H was the highest with 69.0%, and the similarity index between community E and F was the lowest with 29.6%. Both the area of Fraxinus chiisanensis community of Mt.Minjuji and its population size are very small. Therefore, this area needs to be designated as Forest Genetic Resource Reserve.