• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-97
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the actual vegetation and Degree of Green Naturality(DGN) and distribution of exotic plants replanted in Bukhansan National Park. The actual vegetation of the surveyed site was classified into eight plant communities and crop land, etc. Substitutional forest were classified into five plant communities; Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Deciduous broadleaf forest, etc. Reforested lands were classified into three forest types: P. koraiensis forest, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, P. rigida forest, etc. The area of DGN 8 consisted of 92.80% in Bukhansan National Park. The replanted plants in Bukhansan National Park was enlisted as 212 taxa, 71 families. The indigenous native among the replanted species were enlisted as 67 taxa(31.6%), 37 families. The exotic plants were enlisted as 145 taxa(68.4%), 58 families. The exotic plants needs to management that for recovery of natural environment, improvement about maintenance of multiplicity and a site of scenery about natural plants in Bukhansan National Park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-56
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• 2001

본 연구는 국토의 친환경적 개발을 위한 제도적 장치 중 하나인 환경성검토의 강화방안을 마련하고자 경기도 남양주시 오남면 팔현리 일대의 골프장개발예정자를 대상으로 한 환경성검토서를 분석하였으며, 또한 대상지의 정확한 평가를 위해 현존식생도, 녹지자연도, 군집의 발달기원, 천이단계, 군집의 희소성, 식물의 희소성 판단의 6개 항목을 선정, 적용한 결과 본 대상지는 개발계획읜 축소. 조정항목으로 판단되었다. 친환경적인 개발을 위한 환경성검토 강화방안을 계획적인 측면에서는 적정대상지의 선정과 이식수목의 산정을 제도적인 측면에서 표토보존 및 이용에 관한 법률과 자연훼손보상제도를 제안하였다. 추가조상대상지역(면적: 1.436, DGN 7이 254, 587$\m^2$. DGN7(8)이 207,235$\m^2$ DGN 5가 163,259$\m^2$, DGN 2는 184,129$\m^2$로 나타나 대상지와 추가조사지역 일부를 포함한 적정대상지를 선정하였다. 이식수종은 성상별로 소나무 1종, 낙엽활엽교목 19종, 낙엽활엽아교목 11종, 낙엽관목 30종, 만경목 11종이었고, 이식가능면적은 639,310$\m^2$이었으나, 보존지역을 제외한 실제 이식가능한 지역은 275, 366$\m^2$으로 나타났다. 대상지의 내 이용가능한 표토량은 137.681㎥이었으며, 보존지역 중 불가피한 훼손면적은 43,938$\m^2$로 나타나 이에 상응하는 가치의 습지나 소생물권 등을 조성하여야 할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.26-38
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to suggest objective basic data for landscape research which cotained interdiciplinary approach between ecological and psychophysical method. For this, the naturalness and preference in greenary space, spatial image structure of physical elements have been analyzed by correlation coefficient and factor analysis algorithm. The results are as follows; 1. The relation between the estimation of naturalness and the preference in natural forest was deeply correlated. And the estimation of naturalness was higher than the estimation of DGN(Degree of Green Naturality). 2. The estimation of naturalnesss was decided by the physical features of forest and was different from the DGN. 3. Factors covering the spatial image of the forests have been found to be the 'overall evaluation', 'ability', 'naturalness' and 'idiosyncracy'. By using the control method for the number of factors, T.V. has been obtained as 61.68%. 4. The factors of the 'overall evauation', 'naturalness' were found to be the main factors determining the visual preference of greenary space.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1999

This study was carried out to clarify the syntaxonomy of the pine forest in Youngdong region by the phytosociological methods. As a result of the investigation of 62 quadrats, Pinus densiflora forest was classified into four subassociations: Typical subassociation, Quercus mongolica subassociation, Rhododendron mucronulatum subassociation, Rhus chinensis subassociation. Many differences in ecological characteristics such as species composition, stratum structure, vegetation coverage and of diameter at breast height(DBH) of class distribution were found among the communities. Soil properties of the pine forest on the study area was relatively poor compared with other pine forests, especially, soil pH was strongly acidic with 4.87. Soil conditions among the subassociations appeared different. Future succession of pine forest by the similarity index of communities was proposed. Estimated degree of green naturality for Typical subassociation and Q. mongolica subassociation correspond to 7th grade, and R. mucronulatum subassociation, 8-1st grade, and R. chinensis subassociation, 8-2nd grade.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1998

Zoning areas within national parks in Korea are classified into Natural Preservation Zone(NPZ). Natural Environment Zone(NEZ), Settlement Zone(SZ) and Mass Facility Zone(MFZ) based on the Natural Park Act Large-scale development which might cause permanent destruction of natural resources are being done in NEZ which covers 90% of the total natural park area. Thus it is necessary to examine National Park Act which refers the authorized criteria and development activities of NEZ. However, the current environmental impact statement(EIS) does not cover the full impact of the development inside the national park area. Based on these concepts, the study examines the appropriate resources to distinguish the NPZ and NEZ in Mt. Teogyu National Park, then compare the distribution of resource characteristics between two area by using GIS. Through this study, the conclusions are as follows; (1) In terms of scenic resource analysis, the current NPZ does not meet the criteria on the National Park Act Rather, most of the resources which should be located within the NPZ are located within the NEZ. (2) In terms of elevation analysis, Mt. Teogyu National Park, most of NPZ are located on high altitude which is more than l,200m above the mean sea level. Therefore, it shows the elevation is the only criteria for distinguishing NPZ and NEZ. (3) In terms of Degree of Green Naturality(DGN), the second forest areas, the eighth grade of DGN in Mt. Teogyu National Park are distributed much more in the NEZ than NPZ. (4) After examining five factors - scenic resources, elevation, slope and DGN, vegetation- it was found out that zoning of Mt. Teogyu National Park is not adequatly designated. Zoning of national parks should be accomplished based on the precise inventory of the current resources.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.4 s.141
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• pp.307-315
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• 2005

In this study we tried to develop a biological method for evaluating environment using the potter wasps as an indicator. Wasp species in family Eumenidae, were collected from 13 locations including agricultural area using nest trap. The wasps collected were classified and selected candidate species as an environmental evaluation indicator. Seven species were collected and the Anterhynchium flavomarginatum was the most dominant species. The number of the nest of potter wasps was 12.8/m both in the non-fertilizer and the non-pesticide areas and 7.2/m in the general agricultural areas. The number of nests was 13.4/m in the location where the Degree of Green Naturality (DGN) was high (4.28) and it was 1.2/m where the DGN was low (1.00), suggesting that the index of both richness and diversity tend to increase in locations with more nests. Based on these results, A. flavomarginatum, Orancistrocerus drewseni (Saussure), Isodontia nigellus and Chalicodoma sculpturalis were selected as indicator species for the evaluation of environment including agricultural ecosystem. And a standard for grading an environment (I to IV) was made based on the occurrence, the total number of nesting and the species diversity of potter wasps.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.7 no.1 s.13
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• pp.37-48
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to suggest the landscape potential index for visualizing landscape information in the conservation of hilly landscape in urban fringe. For the visual and quantitative approach to topological landscape assessment, numerical entity data of DEM(digital elevation model) were processed with CAD-based utilities that we developed and were mainly focused on analysis of visibility and visual sensitivity. Some results, with reference in assessing greenbelt area of Eodeung Mt. in Gwangju, proved to be considerable in the landscape assessment of suburban hilly landscapes. 1) Since the viewpoints and viewpoint fields were critical to landscape structure, randomized 194 points(spatially 500m interval) were applied to assessing the generalized visual sensitivity, we called. Because there were similar patterns of distribution comparing to those by 56 points and 18 Points given appropriately, it could be more efficient by a few viewpoints which located widely. 2) Regressional function was derived to represent the relationships between probabilities of visibility frequency and the topological factors(topological dominance, landform complexity and relational aspect) of target field. 3) Visibility scores of each viewpoint were be calculated by summing the visual sensitivity indices within a scene. The scores to the upper part including ridge line have been more representative to overall distributions of visual sensitivities. Also, with sum of deviations of sensitivity indices from each single point's specific index to the weighting values of view points could be estimated rotationally. 4) The deviational distributions of visual sensitivity classes in the topological unit of target field were proved to represent the visual vulnerability of the landform. 5) Landscape potential indices combined with the visual sensitivity and the DGN(degree of green naturality) were proposed as visualized landscape information distributed by topological unit.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.8-22
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• 1998

The phytomass and productivity of the evergreen needle pines(Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) and of the deciduous broad- leaved oaks(Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabililis and Quercus mongolica) in the watershed forests of South Han River, central part of Korea was estimated by the allometry. The allometic relations between D$^2$H and dry weight of stem(Ws), branches(Wb) and leaves(Wl) of these forests were as follows: Pinus densiflora community : logWs=0.58482D$^2$H-0.42417 logWb=0.6234D$^2$H-1.2321 logWl=0.2247D$^2$H-0.09359 Pinus rigida community : logWs=0.9218D$^2$H-1.4692 logWb=1.0064D$^2$H-2.2278 logWl=0.6275D$^2$H-1.1715 Quercus acutissima community : logWs=0.96659D$^2$H-1.56975 logWb=0.86315D$^2$H-2.17944 logWl=0.79876D$^2$H-1.97137 Quercus variabilis community : logWs=0.4753D$^2$H＋0.20026 logWb=0.5725D$^2$H-0.92006 logW1=0.61649D$^2$H-1.4288 Quercus momgolica community : logWs=0.5526D$^2$H-0.1228 logWb=0.5188D$^2$H-0.9787 logWl=0.7754D$^2$H-2.6273 From the above formulae, the phytomass of Pinus densiflora was estimated to be much as 1,200,000 ton, Pinus rigida 610,000 ton, Quercus acutissima 289 ton, Quercus variabilis 2,800ton and Quercus mongolica 570,000 ton in the surveyed area, respectively. Accordingly, the phytomass of Pinus densiflora forest was occupied about 43.9 % in toto and was higher thanthose of other forests. The phytomass of watershed forests belonging to Degree 8 and Degree7 divided by degree of green naturality(DGN) was 74,000 ton and 2,000,000 ton, resfectively. Accordingly, the watershed forests in South Han River were mainly composed of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forests belonging to Degree 7.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.4 s.137
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• pp.267-273
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• 2004

To select indicator insects, the abundance of which is one of the major criteria for the evaluation of agricultural environment, was designated and monitored in the three sites (Hongcheon A, B, and Yangpyeong) from 2001 to 2003. Characteristics of rice cultivation are usual cultivation with 2 or 3 times sprayed chemical agents per year in Hongcheon A site, duck cultivation with non-sprayed chemical agent, green manure and mowing in Hongcheon B site, and pond snail with non-sprayed chemical agent, green manure and mowing in Yangpyeong site. Dominant floral species are Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zuccarini) H. Gross, Echinochioa crus-galli (L.) Beauvois, and Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. in Hongcheon A site, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zuccarini) H. Gross, and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauvois in Hongcheon B site, and Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., and Persicaria langiseta (De Btuyn) Kitagawa in Yangpyeong site. Degree of green naturality (DGN) was higher in Hongcheon B site (2.0) and Yangpyeong site (3.6) than in Hongcheon A site (1.6). Number of species and individual of insects collected in the three sites were abundant on August and September. The species diversity was higher in Hongcheon B and Yangpyeong than in Hongcheon A. And Coleoptera was dominant in the all sites. The dominance index (DI) was the lowest, but diversify index (H'), evenness index (E) and richness index (RI) were the highest in Hongcheon B site. Based on three results, indicator insects for the evaluation of agricultural environment were selected as Dolichus halensis in Hongeheon A site, as Pheropsophus. javanus and Polionemobius mikado in Hongcheon B and Yangpyeong sites.