• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.303-316
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• 2021

Digital content protection has recently become an important requirement in biometrics-based authentication systems due to the challenges involved in designing a feasible and effective user authentication method. Biometric approaches are more effective than traditional methods, and simultaneously, they cannot be considered entirely reliable. This study develops a reliable and trustworthy method for verifying that the owner of the biometric traits is the actual user and not an impostor. Watermarking-based approaches are developed using a combination of a color face image of the user and a mobile equipment identifier (MEID). Employing watermark techniques that cannot be easily removed or destroyed, a blind image watermarking scheme based on fast discrete curvelet transform (FDCuT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) is proposed. FDCuT is applied to the color face image to obtain various frequency coefficients of the image curvelet decomposition, and for high frequency curvelet coefficients DCT is applied to obtain various frequency coefficients. Furthermore, mid-band frequency coefficients are modified using two uncorrelated noise sequences with the MEID watermark bits to obtain a watermarked image. An analysis is carried out to verify the performance of the proposed schema using conventional performance metrics. Compared with an existing approach, the proposed approach is better able to protect multimedia data from unauthorized access and will effectively prevent anyone other than the actual user from using the identity or images.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.1173-1176
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• 2005

Depending on the characteristics of each 3D-DCT block, images can be classified into three types: images with motion and textures, images with high textures and little motion, images with little textures and little motion. In this paper, we propose an adaptive watermarking method using these characteristics of each 3D-DCT block. and the human visual system. The proposed method classifies patterns of 3D-DCT blocks based on the motion and texture information, and classifies the image type according to the ratio of these patterns. The watermark is inserted proportional to the 3D-DCT coefficients by using pattern adaptive JND, which. makes the proposed watermarking robust by inserting watermarks in as many blocks as possible. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of invisibility and robustness than the previous method.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.239-240
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• 2007

We suggest an image watermarking algorithm. We perform the modified Log-Polar Mapping (LPM) and the DFT/DCT on the original image and embed the watermark. Binary images are used for watermarks. Watermarking strength is adaptively adjusted depend on the mapped data Experimental results show that this method is robust to JPEG and rotation distortions.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1631-1637
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• 2005

Based on the generalized Gaussian pdf of DCT coefficients of images, Hernandez et al. propose the ML test applied watermark decoder. For images with watermarks shaped by the visibility thresholds of DCT coefficients and the luminance masking of human visual system, they conclude that the ML test with an appropriately chosen parameter associated with the pdf of DCT coefficients outperforms the correlation based decoder. In this paper, the parameter is estimated using various methods including a novel one for watermarks shaped by the visibility thresholds of DCT coefficients and the luminance masking as Hernandez et al. did and with the contrast masking added, and its effect on performance is compared.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.7C
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• pp.696-705
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• 2005

The rapid progress of the software has enabled individuals to copy and remake digital contents, which was only done by professionals. However, this rapid growth of software has brought many other defects. As a solution to the problems, contents producer needs to have certification and inspection of its contents text and hold the proprietary rights. In this paper, the new video watermarking scheme is proposed which is appropriate for the requirements mentioned for digital video contents and it is applied to MPEG-2 video encoder and decoder. In order to insert watermark sequence for digital video data, watermarking used blocks reordering algorithm and SCL(secret code list). It is satisfied two properties of cryptography that confidentiality and integrity. We test the proposed algorithm to see its performance in terms of watermark capacity, compression robustness and visual quality impact. According to the experiment of proposed watermarking algorithm, we obtained satisfactory results that watermark can still be extracted after MPEG-2 re-encoding at lower bit rates. It is important property for data hiding and user authentication in video data.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.406-412
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• 2006

In this paper, we analyzed the performance of digital watermarking by using audio signal as well as logo image watermark. By utilizing the OFDM/QPSK system under AWGN channel environment, watermarked image are transmitted and detected. Experimental results showed that audio signal-based watermark embedding scheme is superior to that of logo image-based, which is able to restore a signal at SNR=3[dB].

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

Digital watermarking provides electronic means for proving the copyrights of distributed digital media copies. Research on digital watermarking for images is recently directed toward that for color images extensively used in real life, based on the substantial results in digital watermarking for gray-scale images. Color images have multiple channels, each of which corresponds to a gray-scale image. While there are some watermarking techniques for color images that just apply those for gray-scale images to one channel of the color images, the correlation characteristics between the channels are not considered in them. This paper proposes a zero-watermarking technique that makes keys via combining an image dependent watermark, created through comparing two channels of the color image and copyright watermark scrambled. Due to zero-watermarking, it does not change anything of cover(host) images. Watermark images are robust against some common attacks such as sharpening, blurring, JPEG lossy compression, scaling, and cropping.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.302-307
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• 2002

Digital watermarking is the technique, which embeds an invisible signal including signal including owner identification and copy control information into multimedia data such as audio, video, and images for copyright protection. A new MPEG watermark embedding algorithm using complex block effect based on the Human Visual System(HVS) is introduced in this paper. In this algorithm, $8{\times}8$ dark blocks are selected, and the watermark is embedded in the DC component of the discrete cosine transform(DCT) by using quantization and modulus calculation. This algorithm uses a blind watermark retrieval technique, which detects the embedded watermark without using the original image. The experimental results show that the proposed watermark technique is robust against MPEG coding, bitrate changes, and various GOP(Group of Picture) changes.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.231-234
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• 2001

In this paper, we present a robust watermarking technique based on a DCT-domain watermarking approach and an order statistic(OS) filter. The proposed technique inserts one watermark into each of four coefficients within a 2 ${\times}$ 2 block which is scanned on DCT coefficients in the zig-zag ordering from the medium frequency range. The detection algorithm uses an adaptive trimmed mean operator as a local estimator of the embedded watermark to obtain the desired robustness in the presence of additive Gaussian noise and JPEG compression attacks. The performance is analyzed through statistical analysis and numerical experiments. It is shown that the robustness properties against additive noise and JPEG compression attacks are more enhanced than the previous techniques.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.9-20
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• 2000

In this paper we compare two frequency domain digital watermarking methods for digital Images, namely DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) based and DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform) based methods. Unlike DCT coefficients, which always have real values, DFT coefficients normally have complex values Therefore, the DFT coefficients have amplitude and phase components Among them, the phase components are known to carry more Important information for the Images. So, we insert the watermark to the phase of the DFT coefficients only This DFT watermarking method is compared with the conventional DCT based watermarking method for the object-based watermarking problem. Experimental results show that the DFT-phase based method IS more robust to general Image processing attacks including resize, lossy compression(JPEG), blurring and median filtering. On the other hand, the DCT based method is more robust to the malicious attack which inserts different watermarks.