• 제목/요약/키워드: DCE

검색결과 132건 처리시간 0.024초

BIODEGRADATION PATHWAYS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) AND METHYL BROMIDE (MeBr)

  • Chung, Keun-Yook
    • 환경위생공학
    • /
    • 제16권3호
    • /
    • pp.1-13
    • /
    • 2001
  • 트리클로로에틸렌 (trichloroethylene, TCE)는 오랜 시간동안 자연환경에서 잔류할 뿐만 아니라 TCE보다 더욱 더 독성이 강한 중간 생성물들을 만들기 때문에 미국과 대부분의 전세계 국가들로부터 주요 1차 환경오염물질로 분류되었다. 그러한 독성물질들은 혐기성 상태에서는 다이클로로 에틸렌(dichloroethylene, DCE)과 바이닐 클로라이드 (vinyl chloride, VC)와 같은 독성물질들이 생성되고 호기성 상태에서는 TCE epoxide계통의 물질들이 생성된다. 또한 훈증제인 메틸 브로마이드 (methyl bromide)는 대기의 오존층을 파괴하는 것으로 알려져 있고, 2001년경에 미국환경보호청 (USEPA)에 의해 사용이 금지될 것이다. TCE는 혐기성 조건하에서 연속적으로 탈염소화되고, 이어서 호기성 조건하에서 완전 산화될 수 있다. 그리하여 연속적인 혐기성 및 호기성 조건하에서 궁극적으로 TCE의 완전분해를 이루게된다. 메틸브로마이드는 화학적으로 가수분해되어 메틸 알콜 (methyl alcohol)로 되거나 유기물에 강하게 결합 (bound)된다. 또한 그것은 생물학적으로 포름알데하이드 (formaldehyde)로 산화되거나 메틸알콜로 가수분해된다. 수많은 연구자들에 의해 행해진 연구들은 TCE와 MeBr은 메탄 혹은 암모니아 산화 세균에 의한 공동대사과정 (cometabolism)을 통해 분해가 증진될 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 두 부류의 세균들이 두 화합물들을 분해시킬 수 있는 monooxygenase를 생산한다는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 이 연구 논문에서 TCE와 MeBr의 생분해와 관련된 가장 최근의 연구논문들로부터 나온 핵심 연구결과들이 요약 검토된다. TCE와 MeBr로 오염된 현장을 정화하기 위해 이러한 기초연구결과들을 토대로 더욱 더 많은 연구가 필요 할 것으로 사료된다.

  • PDF

Potential Impact of Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Reducing Cigarette Demand and Smoking-Related Deaths in Vietnam

  • Hoang, Van Minh;Le, Hong Chung;Kim, Bao Giang;Duong, Minh Duc;Nguyen, Duc Hinh;Vu, Quynh Mai;Nguyen, Manh Cuong;Pham, Duc Manh;Ha, Anh Duc;Yang, Jui-Chen
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
    • /
    • 제17권sup1호
    • /
    • pp.85-90
    • /
    • 2016
  • Two years after implementation of the graphic health warning intervention in Vietnam, it is very important to evaluate the intervention's potential impact. The objective of this paper was to predict effects of graphic health warnings on cigarette packages, particularly in reducing cigarette demand and smoking-associated deaths in Vietnam. In this study, a discrete choice experiment (DCE) method was used to evaluate the potential impact of graphic tobacco health warnings on smoking demand. To predict the impact of GHWs on reducing premature deaths associated with smoking, we constructed different static models. We adapted the method developed by University of Toronto, Canada and found that GHWs had statistically significant impact on reducing cigarette demand (up to 10.1% through images of lung damage), resulting in an overall decrease of smoking prevalence in Vietnam. We also found that between 428,417- 646,098 premature deaths would be prevented as a result of the GHW intervention. The potential impact of the GHW labels on reducing premature smoking-associated deaths in Vietnam were shown to be stronger among lower socio-economic groups.

Study of the Electrochemical Redox Characteristics of Some Triazolopyrimidines

  • Maghraby, A.A. El;Elenien, G.M. Abou;Shehata, K.I.
    • 전기화학회지
    • /
    • 제10권3호
    • /
    • pp.159-168
    • /
    • 2007
  • An electrochemical study related to the redox characteristics of Ethyl-3-acetyl-6-methyl-1, 4-diphenyl-4, 3a-dihydro-1, 3, 4-triazolino[3, 4-a] pyrimidine-5-carboxylate ester and its derivatives (1a-f) and (2a-e) in nonaqueous solvents such as 1, 2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (AN), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and tetrahydrofurane (THF) using $0.1\;mol\;dm^{-3}$ tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as a supporting electrolyte at platinum, glassy carbon and gold electrodes, has been performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) is also carried out to elucidate the course of different electrochemical reactions through the separation and identification of the intermediates and final electrolysis products. The redox mechanism is suggested and proved. It was found that all the investigated compounds in all solvents are oxidized in a single irreversible one electron donating process following the well known pattern of the EC-mechanism to give a dimer. On the other hand, these compounds are reduced in a single irreversible one electron step to form the anion radical, which is basic enough to proton from the media forming the radical which undergoes tautomerization and then dimerization processes to give also another bis-compound through N-N linkage formation.

PCE 포함한 각종 유기염소화합물 분해능을 보유한 C. bifermentans DPH 균주의 동정 및 성질 (The Identification and Anlaysis of C. bifermentans DPH, an Anaerobic Bacterium that can Dechlorinate by Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethylene or Other Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds)

  • 정용철;정권;유영식;김민영;신재영
    • 한국환경보건학회지
    • /
    • 제26권2호
    • /
    • pp.6-13
    • /
    • 2000
  • PCE(tetrachloroethylene) 분해능을 보유한 그람 양성, 내생포자 형성의 혐기성균이 일본 기후현의 한 전자제품공장으로부터 분리되었다. 이 균은 생화학적 특성 및 16S rRNA 분석결과에 의하여 C. bifermentans인 것을 거쳐 cDCE(cis-1,2-dichloroethylene)로 전환되었다. 전자공여체로서 효모엑기스는 PCE 분해에 있어 가장 효과적이었으며 효모엑기스를 공급한 조건에서의 PCE 탈염소화 속도는 0.41 $\mu$mol/h.mg protein 이었다. 한편 본 균주는 PCE 뿐만 아니라 각종 유기염소화합물에 대해서도 분해능을 보유하고 있는 신종의 PCE 분해균으로서 각종 유기염소화합물에 오염된 지하수 및 토양에서의 In situ bioremediation 적용에 있어 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

  • PDF

An Energy Efficient Multi-hop Cluster-Head Election Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Zhao, Liquan;Guo, Shuaichao
    • Journal of Information Processing Systems
    • /
    • 제17권1호
    • /
    • pp.63-74
    • /
    • 2021
  • According to the double-phase cluster-head election method (DCE), the final cluster heads (CHs) sometimes are located at the edge of cluster. They have a long distance from the base station (BS). Sensor data is directly transmitted to BS by CHs. This makes some nodes consume much energy for transmitting data and die earlier. To address this problem, energy efficient multi-hop cluster-head election strategy (EEMCE) is proposed in this paper. To avoid taking these nodes far from BS as CH, this strategy first introduces the distance from the sensor nodes to the BS into the tentative CH election. Subsequently, in the same cluster, the energy of tentative CH is compared with those of other nodes, and then the node that has more energy than the tentative CH and being nearest the tentative CH are taken as the final CH. Lastly, if the CH is located at the periphery of the network, the multi-hop method will be employed to reduce the energy that is consumed by CHs. The simulation results suggest that the proposed method exhibits higher energy efficiency, longer stability period and better scalability than other protocols.

컴포넌트 기반 지리 정보 시스템을 위한 엔터프라이즈 서버의 설계 및 구현 (Design and Implegmentation of an Enterprise Server for Component-based Geographic Information Systems)

  • 이강준;홍동숙;박지웅;한기준
    • 한국공간정보시스템학회 논문지
    • /
    • 제1권2호
    • /
    • pp.5-20
    • /
    • 1999
  • 최근 정보기술(Information Technology : IT) 분야의 새로운 소프트웨어 패러다임 (paradigm)은 분산 컴퓨팅 기법이 가져온 컴포넌트 기술이다. 컴포넌트 기술은 프로그램 개발에 소요되는 시간을 상당히 단축시킬 수 있으며, 인터넷/인트라넷 환경에 적합한 분산 컴퓨팅 환경을 쉽게 구축할 수 있도록 설계되어 있다. 이러한 소프트웨어 기술의 변화는 지리 정보 시스템(GIS) 분야에도 커다란 영향을 주었으며. 또한 지리정보 시스템의 기술적 정책적 측면에서 컴포넌트 기술이 매우 필요하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 분산 GIS 컴포넌트들의 효과적인 개발과 운용을 위해 선 마이크로 시스템에서 산업 표준으로 제시한 Enterprise JavaBeans Specification 1.1을 적용하여 GIS 컴포넌트를 위한 엔터프라이즈 서버를 개발한다. 사용자는 엔터프라이즈 서버를 활용하여 GIS 컴포넌트 개발을 위한 UML과 디자인 패턴 등을 관리하며, 개방형 지리 데이타 상호 운용성 사양인 OpenGIS를 준수하는 GIS 컴포넌트 컨테이너를 개발하고. 공간 XML 엔진을 이용하여 공간 메타데이타를 관리하며 그리고 개발된 GIS 컴포넌트들의 테스트 및 검증을 위한 TESTBED 서버를 구현할 수 있다.

  • PDF

Voltammetric Studies on Some Thiadiazoles and Their Derivatives

  • Maghraby, A. A. El;Abou-Elenien, G. M.;Rateb, N. M;Abdel-Tawab, H. R.
    • 전기화학회지
    • /
    • 제12권1호
    • /
    • pp.54-60
    • /
    • 2009
  • The redox characteristics of 2-arylaldehydehydrazono-3-phenyl-5-substituted-2, 3-dihydro-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles (1a-h) have been investigated in nonaqueous solvents such as 1, 2-dichloroethane (DCE), dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (AN), Tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at platinum electrode. Through controlled potential electrolysis, the oxidation and reduction products of the investigated compounds had been separated and indentified. The redox mechanism had been suggested and proved. It had been found that all the investigated compounds were oxidized in two irreversible one-electron processes following the well-known pattern of The EC-mechanism; the first electron loss gives the corresponding cation-radical which is followed by proton removal from the ortho-position in the N-phenyl ring forming the radical. The obtained radical undergoes a second electron uptake from the nitrogen in the N = C group forming the unstable intermediate (di-radical cation) which undergoes ring closure forming the corresponding cation. The formed cation was stabilized in solution through its combination with a perchlorate anion from the medium. On the other hand, these compounds are reduced in a single two-electron process or in a successive two one-electron processes following the well known pattern of the EEC-mechanism according to the nature of the substituent; the first one gives the anion-radical followed by a second electron reduction to give the dianion which is basic enough to abstract protons from the media to saturate the (C = O) bond.

Evaluation of Different Culture Conditions of Clostridium bifermentans DPH-1 for Cost Effective PCE Degradation

  • Humayra Afroze Syeda;Hasegawa Yuki;Nomura Izumi;Chang Young C.;Sato Takeshi;Takamizawa Kazuhiro
    • Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
    • /
    • 제10권1호
    • /
    • pp.40-46
    • /
    • 2005
  • Clostridium bifermentans strain DPH-1 has already been found to dechlorinate perchloroethylene (PCE) to cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) via trichloroethylene (TCE). In this study, our investigation on different culture conditions of this DPH-1 strain was extended to find a more efficient and cost effective growth medium composition for this DPH-1 strain in bioremediation practices. Temperature dependency of strain DPH-1 showed that the growth starting time and PCE degradation at $15^{\circ}C$ was very slow compared to that of $30^{\circ}C$, but complete PCE degradation occurred in both cases. For the proper utilization of strain DPH-1 in more cost effective bioremediation practices, a simpler composition of an effective media was studied. One component of the culture medium, yeast extract, had been substituted by molasses, which served as a good source of electron donor. The DPH-1 strain in the medium containing molasses, in the presence of $K_{2}HPO_4\;and\;KH_{2}PO_4$, showed identical bacterial multiplication (0.135 mg protein $mL^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PCE degradation rates ($0.38\;{\mu}M/h$) to those of the yeast extract containing medium.

낙동강 하구역 진우도와 신자도 전면의 최근 지형 변화: 2007년-2012년 (Recent Morphological Changes off the Shoreface of Jinwoodo and Sinjado in the Nakdong River Estuary: 2007-2012)

  • 박진구;김부근;이희준;이상룡
    • Ocean and Polar Research
    • /
    • 제36권2호
    • /
    • pp.87-101
    • /
    • 2014
  • Recently, more attention has been paid to the geomorphological changes in the Nakdong River Estuary, because those changes are caused by artificial activities including weirs, reclamation and construction. In order to analyze quantitatively the recent geomorphological variability in the Nakdong River Estuary, we surveyed the depth and elevation of submarine topography near Jinwoodo and Sinjado from March 2007 to February 2012. A statistical method (based on Digital Shoreline Analysis System) and an Empirical Orthogonal Functions method were used to evaluate the morphological changes. According to the statistical variables (DCE, NDC, EPR, LRR), the highest amount and rate of accumulation were recorded around the Gadeokdo whereas the greatest amount of erosion appeared around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado. In particular, a dynamic variation of morphology was clearly observed in the vicinity of the sub-tidal channel located between Jinwoodo and Sinjado, which seems to be attributable to channel migration. As a result of the EOF method, the first mode (48.7%) is most closely related to the pattern of morphological variability that might be associated with the westerly movement of sediment by longshore current. The spatial variability of the second mode (16.6%) was high in the shoreface of Sinjado, showing a 4-year periodicity of temporal variability. The strong correlation (coefficient 0.73) between the time coefficient and suspended sediment discharge from Nakdong River emphasizes the role of sediment discharge to deposition in this area. The spatial variability of the third mode (11.3%) was distributed mainly around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado, which is related to the movement of the coastline of Sinjado. Based on the last 5 year's data, our results suggest that the study area is characterized on the whole by a depositional pattern, but the extent of sedimentation is different locally.

Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotubes on Metal Binder/Glass Substrate

  • 조주미;이승엽;김유석;박종윤
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
    • /
    • pp.386-386
    • /
    • 2011
  • 탄소나노튜브는 큰 길이 대 직경 비와 뛰어난 전기적 특성으로 인해 차세대 전계 방출 소자로 주목 받고 있다. 실질적인 전계방출 디스플레이로의 응용을 위한 대면적 제작과 유리 기판 사용을 위해 이용되었던 페이스트(paste)법은 높은 전기장 하에서 장시간 전계방출시 탄소나노튜브 전계방출원과 페이스트(paste)간의 낮은 접착력 때문에 발생하는 탄소나노튜브의 탈루현상(omission)과 유기물질(organic paste)에서 발생하는 탈기체(out-gassing) 문제점이 있었다. 최근 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위해 유기물질(organic paste)를 대체하여 금속바인더(metal binder) 물질을 사용한 결과들이 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유리기판 위에 제작된 탄소나노튜브 전계방출원의 수명 향상을 위하여 금속바인더와 후속 열처리법의 변화에 따른 전계방출 안정성을 분석하였다. 금속바인더는 접합층/ 접착층(soldering layer/ adhesive layer)으로 구성되어 있으며, 일반적인 소다석회유리(soda-lime glass)에 스퍼터(DC magnetron sputtering system)를 이용하여 증착하였다. 접착층은 유리기판과 접합층의 접착력 향상을 위해 사용되며, 접합층은 기판과 탄소나노튜브 전계방출원을 접합하는 역할과 전계방출 측정시 전극이 되기 때문에 우수한 전기 전도성과 내산화성을 필요로 한다. 본 실험에서는 일반적으로 유리기판과 접착력이 좋다고 알려진 Cr, Ti, Ni, Mo을 접착층으로 사용하였으며, 접합성과 전기전도성, 내산화성이 뛰어난 귀금속 계열의 금속을 접합층으로 사용하였다. 탄소나노튜브를 1,2-디클로로에탄(1,2-dichloroethane, DCE)에 분산시킨 용액을 스프레이방법을 이용하여 증착시켰으며, 후속 열처리 방법을 통하여 접합층과 결합시켰다. 금속바인더와 후속 열처리법의 변화에 따른 접착력과 표면형상(morphology)의 변화를 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscopy)를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 다이오드 타입에 디씨 바이어스(DC bias)를 사용하여 전계방출특성을 측정하였다[1,2].

  • PDF