• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to figure out the stand structure and growth characteristic with relation to DBH, height, and volume in sixteen Pinus koraiensis plantations of Gangwon province region. Age class was diversely distributed from age class II (16 yr) to age class VIII (77 yr), and, in terms of site index, sixteen regions were superior: nine regions 'high', seven regions 'middle'. The distribution of DBH by sites appeared a bell-shaped curve, and the number of trees was the most in diameter section of 18-22 cm. The dispersion of DBH was various with age and widest ranging from 18 cm to 58 cm in age class VII-VIII. The distribution of height was also a bell-shaped curve with the smaller deviation than the distribution of DBH, and most of trees were in height section of 14-18 m. The correlation of DBH and height was high (r=0.75), and the volume bigger than 1.0 $m^3$ was presented from DBH 35 cm, height 20 m.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권5호
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• pp.736-743
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• 2010

This study examined the ecological attributes of classified forest community by cluster analysis in the mixed forest of Mt. Seokbyung Experimental Forest of Gangwon-Do. The vegetation data were collected in randomly established 51 sample plots (2.04 ha) and analysis adopted the cluster analysis, importance value index, and Shannon's diversity index. Main results were as follows; 1) the study area was classified into 4 clusters (A, B, C and D). 2) The cluster A was dominated by Pinus densiflora with an importance value of 71.6%. The most dominant species in the cluster B and cluster C were Larix leptolepis (57.1%) and Quercus mongolica (40.2%), respectively. Finally, The cluster D was dominated by P. densiflora (30.6%) and Q. mongolica (31.0%) with the mixed forest. 3) In the P. densiflora community (cluster A), distribution of DBH class showed a reverse J-shaped curve. In the L. leptolepis community (cluster B), individuals of dominant species had the bell-shaped distribution. Oak species indicated uniform distribution of DBH class (under 25 cm) in the mixed P. densiflora - Q. mongolica community (cluster D). 4) The species diversity index of the communities in descending order were: Pinus densiflora - Q. mongolica community > Larix leptolepis community > Pinus densiflora community > Quercus mongolica community.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제81권2호
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• pp.146-155
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• 1992

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 임분(林分)의 직경(直徑) 분포(分布) 및 수고(樹高) 분포(分布)에서는 태벌구조(擇伐構造)의 가능성(可能性)을 시사(示唆)하고 있으나 경급별(徑級別) 재적(材積) 분포(分布)에서는 택벌(擇伐)에 이르지 못한 미성숙(未成熟) 구조(構造)를 보여 갱신과정(更新過程)에 있는 것으로 판단(判斷)되는 강원도(江原道) 인제군 기린면 진동리 고재(所在) 천연(天然) 횬효임분(混淆林分)을 대상(對象)으로 이 임분(林分)의 직경(直徑) 및 재적(材積) 생장율(生長率)의 파악(把握)을 통하여 미래(未來) 임분(林分) 구조(構造)의 변화(變化)를 예측(豫測) 함으로서 이 임분(林分)에 대한 택벌작업종(擇伐作業種)의 가능성(可能性)을 점검(點檢)하였다. 매 1년(年) 단위(單位)로 생장율(生長率)을 이용(利用)한 앞으로 30년간(年間)의 임분(林分) 구조(構造)의 예측(豫測)에 의하면 30년후(年後)에 목표직경(目標直徑) 40cm 이상(以上)에서의 본수(本數)와 ha 당(當) 재적(材積), 그리고 매년(每年) 수확(收穫)이 가능(可能)한 대경목(大徑木) 재적(材積)을 충분(充分)히 보유(保有)할 것으로 예측(豫測)되어 택벌목(擇伐木)으로 경영(經營)할 수 있을 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다. 그러나 균형상태(均衡狀態)에 있는 이상적(理想的)인 택벌목(擇伐木)의 대(大), 중(中), 소경목(小徑木)의 경급별(徑級別) 본수(本數) 비율(比率)인 1 : 2 : 7과 재적(材積) 비율(比率)인 5 : 3 : 2를 유지(維持)하지는 못하고 있는데 이는 앞으로 적합(適合)한 조림(造林) 조치(措置)를 통한 조절(調節)이 가능(可能)할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제81권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 1992

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 강원도(江原道) 인제군 기린면 진동리 소재(所在) 천연(天然) 혼효임분(混淆林分)의 구조(構造) 파악(把握)을 통하여 작업종(作業種) 결정(決定)을 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공(提供)하기 위하여 실행(實行)되었다 이를 위하여 대상(對象) 임분(林分)의 직경(直徑), 분포(分布), 수고(樹高) 분포(分布), 그리고 경급별(徑級別) 재적(材積) 분포(分布)가 분석(分析)되었고 이를 이용(利用)하여 택벌임(擇伐林)의 가능성(可能性)이 검토(檢討)되었다. 1. 직경(直徑) 분포(分布)는 전형적(典型的)인 택벌임(擇伐林)에서 볼 수 있는 지수감소형(指數減少型) 구조(構造)를 나타냈고 수고(樹高) 분포(分布)에서도 택벌림(擇伐林)으로 유도(誘導)될 수 있는 높은 가능성(可能性)을 보였는데 이는 이 대상(對象) 임분(林分)이 자생(自生) 천연림(天然林) 특유(特有)의 복층림(複層林) 구조(構造)를 소유(所有)하고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 경급별(徑級別) 재적(材積) 분포(分布)에서는 택벌(擇伐) 임형(林型)에 이르지 못한 미성숙(未成熟) 구조(構造)를 보이고 있는데 그 이유(理由)는 30cm 이상(以上)의 경급(徑級)에서의 본수(本數)의 부족(不足)에 기인(起因)한 것으로 판단(判斷)된다. 이러한 구조상(構造上)의 부확실성(不確實性)은 앞으로의 연구에서 밝혀져야 하는데 특(特)히 직경(直徑)과 재적(材積) 생장율(生長率)의 추정(推定)에 의한 미래(未來) 임분(林分) 구조(構造)의 파악(把握)이 시급(時急)한 것으로 보인다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.355-361
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• 1999

Distribution of size class, population regeneration and changes in the population structure of Quercus mongolica were studied from 1994 to 1999 in Mt. Jumbong (128°27' E, 38° 04' N) of Mt. Sorak National Park and Biosphere Reserve in central Korea. Three 20m × 20m permanent quadrats were set up at the elevation of 900m. The vegetation of the study site was dominated by Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudosieboldianum, but little change was observed in the community structure from 1995 to 1999. Most mortality in the study site was observed in small trees of A. pseudosieboldianum and Tilia amurensis. Mean annual growth in dbh (diameter of breast height) of Q. mongolica for 4 years was only 0.09cm, and no ingrowth of saplings (dbh < 2.5cm) into tree class was observed during the study period. Among the 21 Q. mongolica trees studied in the permanent quadrats. all the smaller trees (dbh < 30cm) were established in 1920 ∼ 1950, while many bigger trees (with 40cm < dbh < 80cm) were established in 1750 ∼ 1800, indicating that its establishment was episodic. Distribution of dbh classes among Q. mongolica trees shows that smaller trees were poorly represented, and no saplings of Q. mongolica occurred in the permanent quadrats studied, indicating that currently Q. mongolica is not regenerating well in the study site. Total seed production of Q. mongolica in 1994 was estimated as 88 acorns per square meter in the study site. Rate of predation including caching of acorns was highest in 1994, then declined sharply thereafter. Most of the acorns which managed to survive in the first year were predated in the second year, and only 5% of the acorns produced in 1994 survived into the third year. No seeds produced in 1994 or seedlings germinated from them succeeded to survive to 5 years after seed production. However, seedling emergence rate and seedling survival were high in the early growing season in 1995. These results suggest that predation can be a significant factor in the regeneration of Q. mongolica. and that Q. mongolica is not regenerating well in Mt. Jumbong and needs large scale disturbances for its new recruitment.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2015

This study was to evaluate the growth and spatial distribution characteristics of Rhus javanica population. The study was conducted between 2015 January and July at the cut-slope revegetation site in Dae-Ji Mountain. Seeds of native species were sowed on the disturbed cut-slope in 2002. There were 119 vascular plant species 55 families and 94 genera on the cut-slope. Compositae, Rosaceae, and Leguminosae plants were dominant species, which are pioneer species in dry and barren site. Canopy of trees covered 44.1% total area, which was 8.3% increase from 2008. Rhus javanica, main species, dominated all DBH classes except DBH >24cm. Albizzia julibrissin showed high frequency in the 6~17cm DBH class and Salix koreensis was abundant at >12cm. Elaeagnus umbellata, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Alnus sibirica, and Acer pictum were not observed. Rhus javanica population was the most frequently observed on the south facing cut-slope. The average DBH of Rhus javanica was $7.3({\pm}3.7)cm$ and the average height of them was $5.2({\pm}1.7)m$. Annual average DBH growth was 7.9mm/yr and the maximum growth(12.0mm/yr) was the $3^{rd}$ year. It decreased after $6^{th}$ years. Although Rhus javanica population in the Dae-Ji Mountain was a seed originated plantation, the forest had reverse J shape diameter frequency distribution. It indicated that the forest is uneven-aged forest. The Rhus javanica population was expected to sustain.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stocks of Quercus serrata with drawing volume of trees in each tree height and DBH applying the suitable stem taper equation and tree specific carbon emission factors, using collected growth data from all over the country. Information on distribution area, tree number per hectare, tree volume and volume stocks were obtained from the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory (2006~2010), and method provided in IPCC GPG was applied to estimate carbon storage and removals. Performance in predicting stem diameter at a specific point along a stem in Quercus serrata by applying Kozak's model,$d=a_1DBH^{a_2}a_3^{DBH}X^{b_1Z^2+b_2ln(Z+0.001)+b_3{\sqrt{Z}}+b_4e^Z+b_5({\frac{DBH}{H}})}$, which is well known equation in stem taper estimation, was evaluated with validations statistics, Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. Consequently, Kozak's model turned out to be suitable in all validations statistics. Stem volume tables of Quercus serrata were derived by applying Kozak's model and carbon stock tables in each tree height and DBH were developed with country-specific carbon emission factors ($WD=0.65t/m^3$, BEF=1.55, R=0.43) of Quercus serrata. As a result of carbon stock analysis by age class in Quercus serrata, carbon stocks of IV age class (11,358 ha, 36.5%) and V age class (10,432; 33.5%) which take up the largest area in distribution of age class were 957,000 tC and 1,312,000 tC. Total carbon stocks of Quercus serrata were 3,191,000 tC which is 3% compared with total percentage of broad-leaved forest and carbon sequestration per hectare(ha) was 3.8 tC/ha/yr, $13.9tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권4호
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• pp.437-446
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• 1995

본 논문은 강원대학교 임과대학 부속 연습림의 잣나무림(林)(I~V 영급(齡級))을 대상으로 현지조사 자료와 항공사진(航空寫眞) 측정자료와의 관계를 이용하여 영급별 흉고직경의 변동계수(變動係數), Weibull분포(分布)에 의한 ha당 본수 및 재적 등의 임분구조(林分構造)를 추정하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 사진측정 수관직경으로 부터 흉고직경을 구하고 이를 단면적(斷面積) 평균목직경(平均木直徑)으로 변환하여 산출한 영급별 평균 흉고직경의 변동계수(變動係數)는 I영급 28.88%, II영급 24.13%, III영급 23.29%, IV영급 20.17% 및 V영급 18.79%이며, 2) Weibull분포에 의한 영급별(齡級別) ha당 본수(本數)는 I영급 2,875본, II영급 2,100본, III영급 1,875본, IV영급 800본 및 V영급(齡級) 325본으로 3) 영급별 ha당 재적(材積)은 I영급 $22.9m^3/ha$, II영급 $66.8m^3/ha$, III영급 $101.3m^3/ha$, IV영급 $209.6m^3/ha$ 및 V영급 $266.8m^3/ha$으로 추정되었다. 4) 따라서 임분구조 추정에 효과적으로 항공사진이 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권1호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2010

본 연구는 경기도 용인 지역 전나무(Abies holophylla Maxim.) 임분의 구조를 분석하고, 이 지역 전나무 임분의 지속가능성을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 용인시의 정수리, 대대리, 호동 지역 전나무 임분에서 매목조사를 실시하고, 관목층의 구조와 치수의 발생을 조사하였다. 산림 관리나 작업이 이루어지지 않았던 정수리와 대대리 임분에서 전나무는 중요도 40%로 임분을 우점하고 있었으며, 연속적인 연령과 직경분포를 보이고 있었다. 반면 호동 지역 임분은 간벌과 택벌 등의 산림 작업이 이루어졌던 지역으로 전나무가 흉고직경 10-45 cm 범위에 분포하나 대부분 25-30 cm 직경급에 몰려 있고, 단일수관층을 가지고 있었다. 전나무의 연령과 흉고직경의 상관 관계는 유의한 것으로 나타나긴 하였으나 높지 않았고($R^2$=0.2, P=0.03), 비슷한 연령대라도 다양한 흉고직경 값을 가졌다. 정수리 임분의 연속적인 직경 분포와 다층수관구조는 전나무가 조림 후 지속적으로 갱신이 이루어져 왔음을 보여주었다. 전나무의 치수는 ha당 2000-33000본까지 발생하였으나, 2-5 cm 직경급의 전나무는 ha당 70-150본 정도로 치수 단계에서 유령목으로 자라나는 동안의 생존율은 낮았다. 지속적인 천연갱신과 연간 약 0.6 cm의 직경생장율은 조사 지역의 환경이 전나무 서식에 비교적 적합한 지역임을 나타낸다. 또한 전나무 임분은 향후에도 지속적으로 유지될 것으로 보여 내음성 수종인 전나무를 대상으로 한 택벌림 경영의 가능성을 제시해주고 있다.