• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2019

This study quantified carbon reduction services through direct harvesting of Ilex rotunda and Machilus thunbergii, which are the typical urban landscape tree species in southern Korea. A total of 20 open-grown tree specimens (10 specimens for each species) were selected reflecting various sizes of stem diameter at breast height of 1.2 m (DBH) at a regular interval. The study measured biomass for each part of the tree specimens including roots to compute total carbon storage per tree. Annual carbon uptake per tree was also calculated analyzing the DBH growth rate of stem disk specimens. Quantitative models were developed using DBH as an independent variable to easily estimate storage and annual uptake of carbon by tree growth for each species. All the models had a high goodness-of-fit with R²=0.95-0.99. The difference in carbon reduction services between DBH sizes increased with increasing DBH. The storage and annual uptake of carbon from a tree with DBH of 10 cm were 13.5 kg and 2.4 kg/yr for I. rotunda, and 19.1 kg and 3.6 kg/yr for M. thunbergii, respectively. The tree of this size stored the amount of carbon equivalent to that emitted from a gasoline use of approximately 24 L for I. rotunda and 34 L for M. thunbergii, respectively. The study provides actual measurement data to quantify carbon reduction services of urban open-grown landscape trees for the warm-temperate species that have been little known until now.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2022

Background: Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a major commercial species, and the importance of the oak trees (Quercus spp.) is increasing due to various factors such as environmental and ecological values. However, more information is required to clearly understand the growth characteristics of these species especially regarding thinning intensity. This study was performed to provide the basic information to develop the silvicultural guideline and field manual by analyzing tree and stand characteristics in line with thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation and oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Results: Diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume changes by the thinning intensity in the Korean white pine plantation were significantly different from those in the oak-dominated deciduous natural forest. In particular, DBH distribution in the pine stand appeared that there were more large diameter trees as the thinning intensity was higher. DBH periodic annual increment (PAI) of the pine stand was higher as the thinning intensity was stronger and the growth period was shorter. This trend was similarly shown in the natural deciduous forest, but the amount of PAI was smaller than in pine stand. The volume PAI after thinning was not decreased over time. In each stand type, the PAI tended to be lower as stand density was higher. The volume PAI in the pine stand was significantly higher than that in the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. Dead trees occurred the most in the unthinned plots of each stand type, and those were higher in the natural deciduous forest. Ingrowth trees were observed only in the natural deciduous forest, and its distribution was the lowest in unthinned plots; Korean white pine as ingrowth occurred the most frequently among many tree species. Conclusions: Different effects of thinning treatment on DBH and volume PAI, mortality, and ingrowth were observed for each stand. With respect to forest growth, Korean white pine plantation was superior to the oak-dominated natural deciduous forest. The results of this study offer fundamental information for the development of silvicultural guidelines for Korean white pine plantations and oak-dominated natural deciduous forests in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2010

본 연구는 전라남도 광양시 백운산의 고로쇠나무 수액의 출수와 영향인자들을 분석하여 최적의 수액출수 조건을 얻고자 출수량, 고로쇠나무 흉고직경, 시험지의 기온과 상대습도를 2008년 1월 15일~3월 28일의 기간에 측정하여 출수량과 다른 측정값들과의 상관성 분석을 수행하였다. 수액 출수량은 고로쇠나무의 직경이 클수록 증가하였으며 출수에 필요한 최소 흉고직경은 17.1 cm로 분석되었고, 출수 시기는 직경별로 차이가 없었다. 수액 출수가 관찰될 때 일최저기온은 $-2.4{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, 그리고 일최고기온은 $6.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}C$로 영상과 영하의 기온이 교차 하였고, 반면에 하루 종일 영상 혹은 영하의 기온을 유지시 출수가 관찰되지 아니하였다. 수액 출수량과 기온 및 대기습도와의 상관분석에서 수액출수량은 일최고기온, 일교차, 일최고습도, 일최저습도, 일평균습도에 유의성이 있었으며, 수액출수량과 일최고기온의 상관계수는 0.768 (P < 0.01)로 가장 높게 나타났다. 줄이들 인자들에 대한 편상관 분석결과 일최고기온이 주요 영향인자이었다. 수액 출수에는 일중 영하와 영상의 기온이 교차해야 하고 일최고기온이 높을수록, 그리고 고로쇠나무의 흉고직경이 클수록 출수량이 높았다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

A total of 45 Pinus sylvestnis var. mongolica trees from 9 plots in northeast China were destructively sampled to develop aboveground prediction equations for inventory application. Sampling plots covered a range of stand ages (12-47-years-old) and densities (450-3,840/ha). The distribution of aboveground biomass of whole-trees and tree component (stems, branches and leaves) of individual trees were studied and 4 equations were developed as functions of diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (HT). All the equations have good estimation effect with high prediction precision over 90%. Forest biomass was estimated based on the individual biomass prediction equations. It was found forest biomass of all organs increased with the increasing of stand age and density. And the period of 45-50 years was the suitable harvest time for Pinus sylvesris plantation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2018

The tropical forests in developing countries are faced with the problem of illegal exploitation of trees. However, dearth of empirical means of expressing the dimensions, structure, quality and quantity of a removed tree has imped conviction of offenders. This study aimed at developing a model that can effectively estimate individual tree basal area (BA) from stump diameter (Ds) for Tectona grandis stands in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria, for timber valuation in case of illegal felling. Thirty-six $25m{\times}25m$ temporary sample plots (TSPs) were laid randomly in six age strata; 26, 23, 22, 16, 14, and 12 years specifically. BA, Ds and diameter at breast height were measured in all living T. grandis trees within the 36 TSPs. Least square method was used to convert the counted stumps into harvested stem cross-sectional areas. Six basal area models were fitted and evaluated. The BA-Ds relationship was best described by power model which gave least values of Root mean square error (0.0048), prediction error sum of squares (0.0325) and Akaike information criterion (-15391) with a high adjusted coefficient of determination (0.921). This study revealed that basal area estimation was realistic even when the only information available was stump diameter. The power model was validated using independent data obtained from additional plots and was found to be appropriate for estimating the basal area of Tectona grandis stands in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2015

Comparison of the standard and instruction for grade and quality of landscape plants between Korea and foreign countries indicates that the individual country characteristically develops and uses their own standards for landscape plants. Ultimate aim of these regulations is to develop the standard of landscape plants classified by kinds, types and purposes to improve the quality of landscape plants. This study analyzed the differences of standards and instructions for landscape plants between Korea and other countries such as Germany, Switzerland, America, Canada and Japan. Our results indicated that Korea and Japan used the diameter at 1.2m above from ground surface for the diameter at breast height(DBH) whereas Germany and Switzerland at 1.0m above from ground surface. In case of America and Canada, the standard of landscape plants included crown width, height and DBH of plants. In Germany, the standard for creeping plants and herbaceous flowers was determined by the type and the root size of plants with the standard of containers(seven to eleven types). This research would be helpful for developing the practical and environmentally suitable guideline for the grade and quality of landscape plants and also for developing the standardized distribution structures and cultivation techniques for landscape plants in Korea.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

The distribution and form of pine wood nematode (PWN) were investigated in Jinju-si and Sacheon-si areas, where infested with pine wilt disease (PWD). The average PWN population per g of the tubulation part in the wilted Japanese balck pine were 381.2 and 341 in Jinju-si and Sacheon-si, respectively. The PWN population per g of affected Japanese black pine with wilt rate below 60% were 556 and 518 in Jinju-si and Sacheon-si, respectively. The ratios of PWN and other plant-parasitic nematode in the wilted Japanse black pines were 48% vs. 52% in Jinju-si and 53% vs. 47% in Sacheon-si after exposure to PWD for 1 year. The survivorship of pine wood nematode in the sampled trees after 1 year was 0-10% in the Jinju-si area and 5-20% detected in the Sacheon-si area. In the forest areas affected by PWN, the highest survival rates were 37.2% and 39.8% at 25 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in Jinju-si and Sacehon-si, respectively, while the highest wilt rates were 30.5% and 28.3% at 30 cm DBH in Jinju-si and Sacehon-si, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.853-860
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• 2003

Plants sequester atmospheric CO$_2$, a major agent of climate change, during the growing periods and mitigate its rising accumulation in the atmosphere. Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica are the native tree species dominant in the temperate forests of Korea. This study quantified the annual CO$_2$ uptake by the two species at forest sites in Chuncheon in the middle of the country. The quantification was based on seasonal measurements of CO$_2$ exchange rates under natural conditions by an infrared gas analyzer over the growing season (1999). The monthly CO$_2$ uptake per unit leaf area ranged from 1.6-6.7 mg/d㎡/h for P. densiflora and from 3.7-8.9 mg/d㎡/h for Q. mongolica, with a maximum in mid-summer. An equation for each species was generated to estimate easily the annual CO$_2$ uptake by total leaf area per tree, which subtracted the CO$_2$ release (i.e. respiration) by leaves and woody organs from the gross CO$_2$ uptake (diurnal uptake and release by leaves). Annual CO$_2$ release by leaves and woody organs accounted for 58-73％ of the gross CO$_2$ uptake across tree specimens. Annual CO$_2$ uptake per tree increased with increasing dbh (stem diameter at breast height) for the study diameter range, and was greater for Q. mongolica than for P. densiflora in the same dbh sizes. This was mainly associated with a greater total leaf area in the former. For example, the annual CO$_2$ uptake by one tree with dbh of 25 cm was 35.6 kg/yr for P. densiflora and 47.9 kg/yr for Q. mongolica. The results from this study can be applied to evaluate an atmospheric CO$_2$ reduction of woody plants by forest type and age class.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제112권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

산림 바이오매스는 임목의 크기와 산림의 성숙도, 임지의 생산성(Productivity)을 대표할 수 있는 인자로 활용된다. 따라서 이를 정량적으로 평가하는 것은 산림경영과 수확뿐만 아니라 이산화탄소(CO₂) 흡수를 포함한 생태계 기능과 서비스의 평가를 위해서도 매우 중요하다. 상대생장식(Allometric equation)은 식물의 상대생장관계(Relative growth rate)를 통해 각 부분의 값을 추정하는 방법으로, 과거부터 현재까지 폭 넓게 활용되는 방법론이다. 최근 대기중의 CO₂ 농도증가와 이에 따른 기후변화로 인해 수목의 상대생장관계가 바뀌고 있다는 연구결과들이 도출되면서, 기존에 개발된 상대생장식과 계수들에 대한 재검토 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국가산림자원조사(NFI) 자료를 통해 우리나라 주요 4개 수종[소나무(Pinus densiflora; PD), 낙엽송(Larix kaempferi; LK), 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis BL.; QV), 신갈나무(Quercus mongolica; QM)]의 수고-DBH 상대생장관계를 분석하고, 이를 기존 수확표 정보와 비교하여 지난 10년간 상대생장의 변화 유무 및 정도를 파악하고자 하였다. 분석결과 모든 수종에서 NFI 차수가 증가할수록, 동일 DBH에 대한 기대 수고값이 증가한 것으로 확인되었다. 예를 들면, 모형 분석결과 PD, LK, QV, QM의 DBH 25 cm에 대한 수고의 기댓값은 5차 NFI 자료에서는 12.48, 19.17, 14.47, 13.19 m로, 7차 NFI 자료에서는 13.61(+9.1%), 21.58(+12.7%), 15.76(+8.9%), 13.93 m (+5.6%) 로 추정되어 수종별로 5~13%정도 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 현재 우리나라 산림의 주요 수종들의 임목 생장은, 과거 조사자료를 통해 파악된 수종별 수고-DBH 발달경향과 비교 했을 때, 직경생장보다 수고생장을 더 활발하게 하고 있다는 것을 의미한다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2021

The importance of forests and trees in climate change mitigation and soil nutrient cycling cannot be overemphasized. This study assessed the above-ground carbon stock of two exotic and two indigenous tree species - Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Khaya grandifoliola and Nauclea diderrichii and their litter impact on soil nutrient content of an arboretum within the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Data were collected from equal sample plots from the four species' compartments. Tree growth variables including total height, diameter at breast height, crown height, crown diameter and merchantable height were measured for the estimation of above-ground carbon stock. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm from each compartment and analyzed for particle size distribution, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, pH, Manganese, Iron, Copper and Zinc. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference (p<0.05) in the carbon contents of the four species and the soil nutrient contents of the different species' compartments. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationships between the carbon contents, growth parameters and soil parameters. The highest and lowest carbon stock per hectare was observed for G. arborea (151.52 t.ha^-1) and K. grandifoliola (45.45 t.ha^-1) respectively. Cation exchange capacity and base saturation were highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and K. grandifoliola respectively. The pH was highest and lowest for soil under G. arborea and T. grandis respectively. Carbon stock correlated positively with dbh, crown diameter, merchantable height and Zn and negatively with base saturation. The study revealed that G. arborea and N. diderrichii can effectively be used for reforestation and afforestation programmes aimed at climate change mitigation across Nigeria. Therefore, policies to encourage and enhance their planting should be encouraged.