• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.50-71
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• 1997

The intention of this study is to apprehend the con. tents and methods of herb remedies that are commonly conducted when there are health-problem cases of ENT, eyes, teeth and skin. Methods of this study are divided into two stages : 1) For a period of six months from December 1994 to June 1995, some 40 persons who are believed to be well versed with herb remedies have been randomly chosen, and we made a survey on herb remedies by symptoms: and 2) we have endeavored to make their grounds evident through the studies on literatures with the focus on the basic data collected. Their results are as follows: 1) When one feels a pain in ears, such herb remedies are employed as pouring the vapor into ears, which is made by steaming Alaska pollack, or as applying or wiping with the juices of radish or the ginkgo, or' alum. Applying the radish juice is effective for sterilization and fever removal: and applying the ginkgo juice is effective for cleanliness. But, plastering alum, sesame oil or castor oil, or pouring the vapor of Alaska pollack into ears are perhaps effective but do not have any pharmacologic grounds. 2) When one bleeds at the nose, such kinds of herb remedies are applied as stimulating nose or head with cold water, pressing nose or ridge of nose, or filling up nares with mashed mugworts. In addition, they have utilized garlic or leeks. Such methods as stimulating with cold water or just pressing nose and ridge of nose is based on reasonable grounds, i.e. vasoconstriction and vascular compression ; and applying mashed garlic on the sole of foot is good for the circulation of Qui ; and the use of mugworts and leeks is based upon the pharmacological function of hemostasis. 3) When one feels a sore throat such kinds of herb remedies are employed as gargling or rinsing throat with brine, drinking hot gruel or water, or drinking the juice of mugwort, radish, ginger or Chinese quince. Gargling with brine or drinking the juice of mugwort, radish or ginger is based upon the pharmacological function of pain alleviation, fever removal, and detoxication. 4) When a boil is formed in mouth, such herb remedies are applied as spreading honey, brine or alum water, and taking gall nut, Chinese matrimony vine, lotus root, etc, for drugs. Spreading honey, brine or water that is made by infusing gallnut, Chinese matrimony vine, lotus root is based upon such functions as hematosis, astriction, antibacterial, and antiphlogistic, Alum, eggplant and licorice are said to be effective, but their pharmacological effects have no grounds. 5) When one has conjunctivitis such herb remedies are commonly applied as irrigation with brine and dropping breast milk in eyes. Moreover, such other drugs are used as plantain. shepherd's purse, and purslane, etc. The use of brine, breast milk, plantain, shepherd's purse and purslane is based upon such functions as sterilization, antiphlogistic, disinfection and pain relieving. Eriocaulon sieboldianum, bean stem, bean pod and narcissus leaves are said to be effective, but their pharmacological action have no basis. When one has a stye, such herb remedies are applied as extracting eyelashes, stimulating by a massage of middle finger, third finger or big toe, as well as sear ing with a heated bamboo comb that is fine-toothed. Other than these, plantain and nightshade's nuts are used as drugs for it. Extracting eyelashes corresponds with exclusing suppurative node and draining the stye of pus ; and the use of plantain is based upon disinfection: and nightshade's nuts are said to be effective, however, their pharmacological action has no grounds. 6) For a treatment of toothache, such herb remedies are commonly employed as rinsing mouth with brine and holding cold water or gasoline in the mouth ; and as the drugs that are believed to be effective have been Welsh onion, ginger and castor-oil, plant, etc. The use of Welsh onion is based upon pain killing, antiinflammatory actions, and the use of ginger is based upon detoxication and disinfection ; and seeds of castor-oil plants are said to be effective, but they have no pharmacological basis. 7) When one has hives, such herb remedies are commonly applied as rubbing burned straw in affected parts, exposing to its smoke, rubbing with salt, sweeping down with a broom, and spreading and drinking boiled water of trifoliate orange. The use of cassia tora seeds, walnut, aloe and radish is said to be effective. The use of cassia tor a seeds has the functions of intestinal order, anti-paralysis, etc. The use of walnut has resulted in an increase of blood by invigorating spirits ; and the use of aloe is based upon disinfection, antibiotic, anti-salt, antihistamine and detoxication action. But, the effects of radish juice and straw's smoke have no pharmacological grounds. 8) When one gets a boil, such herb remedies are commonly used as applying a plaster, paste of flour mixed with yolk, soy sauce or honey, as well as spreading pounded elm tree. Other remedies that have been said to be effective are ; heating with mugwort, brine, wild rocambole, aloe, onion, squid's bone, etc. The use of mugwort is based upon pain killing, astringent antiinflammatory and tranquility. Wild rocambole is based upon the generation and maintenance functions of cell-joining textures ; elm tree upon antiphlogistic ; aloe upon fever removal and antiphlogistic ; onion on pain killing, fever removal, antiphlogistic and tranquility ; squid's bone on astriction: and brine or vinegar on sterilization. Pine resin and gardenia seed are said to be effective, but they have no pharmacological basis. 9) When one cuts his skin, such herb remedies are commonly employed as spreading mugwort's juice or squid's bone powder, or pressing the wounds. In addition, kalopanax, onion and fine soil are employed. The use of mugwort, kalopanax and squid's bone is based upon such functions as hemostasis, sedation, pain killing, antibacterial ; and fine soil is said to be effective, but it has no pharmacological basis. 10) When one suffers from whitlow, such herb remedies are commonly utilized as heating with boiled soy sauce, spreading soybean paste, or dipping into eggs, etc. Other drugs that have been employed are onion root, brine, eggplant, potato, loach, etc. The use of onion is based upon pain killing and antiphlogistic functions ; and that of brine upon antiphlogistic function. The use of soy sauce or soybean paste, fomentation, eggplant, potato and loach is said to be effective, but it has no pharmacblogic ground. 11) For the treatment of frostbite, such herb remedies are commonly used as dipping the affected part into frozen soybean sack, using boiled water of eggplant stem, garlic caulis, onion, hot pepper, caulis. Onion is based upon antiphlogistic and tranquility actions garlic upon disintection, metabolic exacerbation, tonic and aphrodisiac actions and the use of eggplant and hot pepper is based upon help blood circulation, dissolution and excretion of waste matters in vein. 12) For the treatment of burn, such herb remedies or drugs are commonly used as cleansing with Korean gin, spreading eggs, cleansing with cold water and soap water ; and as brine, cactus, moss, soybean paste, oil, etc. The cleansing with Korean gin, cold water, soap water, brine, vinegar is based upon cleaning and sterilizing functions ; and the use of cucumber is based upon nu. trition provision, and strengthening of resisting power by adjustment of metabolism. The use of potato, cactus, moss, oil and eggs is said to be effective, but their phamacological functions are not clarified. In view of the above results, we can realize that the drugs that have been employed in herb remedies are quite diverse. However, in regard to majority of herb remedies that have been employed by symptoms, the pharmacological functions of their drugs have not been clarified, and they are merely known as effective. Furthermore, they have not been recorded in the literature as yet ; and we confirm that there have been many herb remedies that were executed without the proper knowlege of their effects. It is now our view that the results of this survey may be utilized for consulting data in regard to the use of herb remedies.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2005

연구배경 : 본 연구는 COPD환자를 대상으로 기관지확장제인 tiotropium 1일 1회, 1회 1캅셀 $18{\mu}g$과 ipratropium 1일 4회, 1회 2퍼프(퍼프당 $20{\mu}g$)의 유효성 및 안전성을 비교 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 초기 선별방문 후, 환자는 2주간의 관찰기간에 들어갔으며, 이 기간을 마친 환자는 이중맹검, 무작위배정 하에 위약과 함께 1일 1회 tiotropium 또는 1일 4회 ipratropium을 투여 받았다. 유효성평가는 폐기능검사, 일중 PEFR측정, 환자평가 설문조사, 보조치료약물(살부타몰) 사용량으로 하였다. 폐기능검사는 치료시작 시(0일), 치료 14일후와 치료종료 시(28일)에 하였는데, 이때 투약 5분 전, 투약 후 30분, 60분, 120분 및 180분에 시행하였다. 결 과 : 16개 기관에서 134명의 환자가 분석되었다. 환자의 평균 (표준편차) 나이는 66 (7)세이었고 $FEV_1$은 예측치의 42 (12)%였다. 4주 치료 후 trough $FEV_1$ 반응은 ipratropium군에 비해 tiotropium군에서 유의하게 높았으며 PEFR경우에도 4주 동안 지속적으로 아침 흡입 전 측정한 PEFR이 tiotropium군에서 높게 나타났다(차이: 12.52-13.88 l/min). 4주 치료 기간동안 tiotropium은 좋은 내약성과 함께, ipratropium과 유사한 안전성을 나타냈다. 결 론 : 1일 1회 흡입용 항콜린제제인 tiotropium이 1일 4회 흡입용제제인 ipratropium에 비해 COPD환자를 치료하는데 더 우수한 기관지확장 반응을 보여주었고 안전성에서는 유사하였다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-71
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• 2010

본 연구는 가맹사업자의 자기효능감에 주목하여 정부가 예비가맹사업자들을 보호하기 위해 가맹본부에 다양한 규제와 정책을 사용하는 것이 최선의 방법이 아니라는 것에 관심을 두고 있다. 본 연구에서는 경로-목표이론(path-goal theory)에서 제시한 가맹본부의 리더십 행동 유형과 가맹사업자의 관계결속의 영향관계에 있어서 가맹사업자의 특성으로 자기효능감의 조절효과를 규명하고, 실증 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 연구의 시사점을 발견할 수 있었다. 첫째, 가맹본부의 리더십 행동유형이 관계결속에 긍정적 효과를 가져 온다는 사실이 확인됨으로써 가맹본부는 가맹사업자에게 맞는 리더십 행동유형을 적용할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 둘째, 가맹사업자의 자기효능감이 관계결속에 긍정적 효과가 있을 뿐만 아니라, 리더십 행동유형과 관계결속 사이에 상당한 조절효과가 있기 때문에 가맹본부는 가맹사업자들의 개인차(individual difference) 관리가 필요하다. 셋째, 정부는 가맹본부를 규제할 것만이 아니라 가맹본부가 가맹사업자들의 특성을 확실하게 파악하고 기업의 목표달성을 위한 정당한 통제가 가능하도록 제도적 지원을 해야 할 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1979

토양정밀조사결과 우리나라에서 밝혀진 235 개(個)의 토양통에 대하여 분류체계를 확립(確立)코저 미국(美國)의 신토양분류법에 준(準)하였는바 60개(個)의 아군으로 구분할 수 있었다. 그러나 수도재배기간중(水稻栽培期間中) 담수상태(湛水狀態)를 유지(維持)하게되는 답토양들은 신분류법(新分類法)에 분류기준(分類基準)이 확립(確立)되어 있지않아 토양형태적특성에 입각(立脚)하여 분류(分類)코저 할때 무리(無理)가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 답토양의 분류상(分類上) 문제시(問題視)된 것은 토양아군의 수준(水準)에서 18개(個)였으며 이들 새로운 아군에 대하여 분류기준(分類基準)을 설정(設定)(Setup)하였는 바 그 분류시안(分類試案)의 내용(內容)을 요약(要略)하면 다음과 같다. Anthro aquic, Aquic Udipsamments; 관개수(灌漑水)의 영향(影響)을 받아 표토(表土)로 부터 50cm이상(以上) 회색화작용(灰色化作用)을 받은 사질계충적토(砂窒系沖積土)이며 사두(沙頭)및 김천통등(金川統等)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthroaquic Udipsamments; 관개수(灌漑水)의 영향(影響)을 받아 표토(表土)로 부터 50cm 이내(以內)에서 회색화작용(灰色化作用)을 받은 사질계충적토(砂窒系沖積土)로 백수통(白岫統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Halic Psammaquents; 개답년대(開畓年代)가 오래되지 않은 간척지의 염해답으로 낙천통이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthroaquic, Aquic Udifluvents; 관개수(灌漑水)의 영향(影響)을 받아 표토(表土)에서 50cm이상(以上) 회색화작용(灰色化作用)을 받은 사양질 및 식양질계 충적토로 마영통(馬嶺統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthroaquic Udifluvents: 관개수(灌漑水)의 영향(影響)을 받아 표토(表土)로부터 50cm이내(以內)에서 회색화작용(灰色化作用)을 받은 사양질 및 식양질계 충적토로 행곡통(杏谷統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fluventic Haplaquepts: 지하수위(地下水位)가 높아 토양은 전층이 회색화(灰色化)된 습답으로 유기물(有機物)의 함량(含量)은 토심(土深)이 깊어짐에 따라 불규칙적(不規則的)으로 감소(減少)되는 회색토(灰色土)로 백구 및 학성통등(鶴城統等)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fuventic Thapto-Histic Haplaquepts: Fluventic Haplaquepts와 유사(類似)하나 토양단면내에 유기물층이 개재된 습답으로 공덕(孔德) 및 서탄통(西炭統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fluventlc Aeric Haplaquepts: Fluventic Haplaquepts보다 지하수위(地下水位)가 비교적(比較的) 낮으므로 토양배수가 약간 불량(不良)한 회색토(灰色土)로 만경(萬頃) 및 전북통등(全北統等)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fluventic Thapto-Histic Aeric Hapldquepts: Fluventic Thapto-Histic Haplaquepts보다 지하수위(地下水位)가 비교적(比較的) 낮으므로 토양배수가 약간 불량(不良)한 회색토(灰色土)로 봉남통(鳳南統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fluventic Aeric Sulfic Haplaquepts: Fluventic Aeric Haplaquepts에 비(比)하여 토심(土深) 50~150cm 사이에 황색반문(黃色斑紋)(PH<4.0)인 유화물집적층이 있는 회색토(灰色土)로 등구통이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fluventic Sulfaquepts: 이들 토양은 주(主)로 강하류(江下流)에서 바다로 유입(流入)되는 지점(地点) 및 간석 소택지에 분포(分布)되며 표토(表土)에서 50cm이내(以內)에 유화물집적층이 있는 습답으로 봉림(鳳林) 및 해척통(海拓統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Fluventic Aeric Sulfaquepts: Fluventic Sulfaquepts 보다 지하수위(地下水位)가 비교적(比較的) 깊으므로 토양 배수(排水)가 약간 불량(不良)한 회색토(灰色土)로 김해통(金海統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthro aquic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts: 관개수(漑水)의 영향(影響)을 받아 표토(表土)로 부터 50cm이상(以上) 회색화(灰色化)되고 염기포화도가 높은(>60%) 토양이며 장유(長有) 및 칠곡통등(漆谷統等)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthro aquic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts: Anthro aquic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts와 유사(類似)하나 회색화작용(灰色化作用)은 표토(表土)로부터 50cm이내(以內)에서만 나타나는 토양이며 월곡(月谷) 및 경산통등(慶山統等)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthro aquic Fluventic Dystrochrepts; Anthro aquic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts에 비(比)하여 염기포화도가 낮은(<60%) 토양으로 고천(高川) 및 비곡통등(秘谷統等)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthre aquic Eutrandepts; 염기포화도가 높은 (>50%) 화산회토(火山灰土)로 대정통(大靜統)이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthre aquic Hapludalfs; 관개수(灌漑水)의 영향(影響)을 받아 표토(表土)로부터 50cm 이내(以內)에서 회색화작용(灰色化作用)을 받은 적황색토(赤黃色土)로 화동(華東) 및 용수통등이 이에 속(屬)한다. Anthro aquic Aquic Hapludalfs; Anthro aquic Hapludalfs에 비(比)하여 회색화작용(灰色化作用)을 더 받은(표토(表土)에서 50cm이상(以上)) 적황색토(赤黃色土)로 덕평(德坪) 및 극락통등이 이에 속(屬)한다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.59-89
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• 2009

본 논문은 5대 국제항공테러범죄협약, 다시 말해서 UN의 전문기구인 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)에서 제정된 1963년 도쿄협약, 1970 헤이그협약, 1971 몬트리올협약, 1988년 몬트리올 의정서 그리고 1991년 가소성폭약협약에 규정된 관할권조항의 내용과 그 문제점을 연구하였는데 국제항공테러 협약의 관할권을 연구하면서 얻은 결론을 다음과 같다. 첫째, 항공테러협약의 관할권규정에서 공통으로 발견되는 것은 어느 협약도 관할권의 우선순위를 명시하지 않고 있다는 점이다. 결국 하이재킹 된 항공기가 착륙한 국가와 항공기등록국간 관할권문제가 발생하는데 대부분의 경우 착륙국이 하이재커를 처벌하는 예가 많다. 둘째, 국제법상 전통적인 관할권이론에서 많은 이론이 제기되었던 소극적 국적주의(passive personality principle)가 국제항공테러협약의 제정 이후 각종 국제테러협약에서 점차적으로 발전되어가고 있는 경향을 볼 수 있다. 1973년의 뉴욕협약 제3조 1항, 1979년 인질협약 제5조 1항 (d) 그리고 1988년 로마협약 제6조 2항 (b)가 그 예이다. 또한 1979년 인질협약 제5조 1항 (c)와 1988년 로마협약 제6조 2항 (c)에서는 자국에게 작위 또는 부작위를 강요하기 위한 범행의 경우에도 그 대상국가가 관할권을 행사할 수 있도록하고 있다. 만일 장래에 국제항공테러협약이 개정이 될 경우에는 국제항공 테러범죄를 좀 더 효과적으로 억제하기 위하여 소극적 국적주의를 고려할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 헤이그협약이나 몬트리올협약은 범인의 국적주의를 부여하고 있지않으나 인질협약은 제5조 1항 (b)에 인질억류범의 국적국가에게 관할권을 부여하고 있다. 만일 A국가의 국민이 어떤 국가나 제3자의 작위나 부작위를 강요할 목적으로 B국가에서 인질을 억류했다면 A국가도 그자에 대한 관할권을 행사할 권리를 가진다는 것이다. 따라서 만일 국제항공테러협약이 개정이 될 때는 이 문제도 고려할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 인질협약 제 5조 1항 (b)는 무국적자가 상주하는 국가에서 만약 그가 인질억류범죄를 행했고, 그 국가가 그렇게 하는 것이 적절하다고 고려하는 경우 그에 대하여 관할권을 행사할 권리를 부여한다. 이와 같은 목적에서 볼 때 무국적거주자를 국민과 동일하게 보고 있는데 헤이그협약이나 몬트리올협약에서는 없는 조항이다. 만일 국제항공테러협약이 개정이될 때는 이 문제도 함께 고려할 필요가 있다고 생각한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.68-86
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• 1976

1. 식품(食品) 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態) 각(各) 지역별(地域別) 남녀(男女) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)한 1차(次) 및 2차(次) 조사(調査)의 1일(日) 1인당(人當) 평균(平均) 식품(食品) 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態)는 다음과 같다. 1) 양구지역(楊口地域)의 아동(兒童)의 총(總) 식품(食品) 섭취량(攝取量)은 $508.1g{\sim}647.1g$ 범위(範圍)로서 이중(中) 식물성식품(植物性食品) 및 동물성식품(動物性食品)의 섭취비율(攝取比率)은 각각(各各) $83.0{\sim}91.3%$% 및 $5.5{\sim}11.7%$범위(範圍) 이었다. 2) 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)의 총식품(總食品) 섭취량(攝取量)은 $586.6g{\sim}697.9g$ 범위(範圍)로서 이중(中) 식물성식품(植物性食品) 및 동물성식품(動物性食品)의 섭취비율(攝取比率)은 각각(各各) $88.2{\sim}89.0%$ 및 $6.3{\sim}7.6%$ 범위(範圍) 이었다. 2. 영양소(營養素) 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態) 각(各) 지역별(地域別) 남녀(男女) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)한 1차(次) 및 2차(次) 조사(調査)의 1일(日) 1인당(人當) 평균(平均) 각(各) 영양소(營養素)의 섭취(攝取) 상태(狀態)는 다음과 같다. 1) 열량(熱量) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 1500 kcal에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $1120{\sim}1415kcal$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $1407{\sim}1556kcal$ 범위(範國)이었다. 2) 단백질(蛋白質) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 45g 에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $33.1{\sim}42.6g$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $35.5{\sim}42.6g$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 그러나 이들 단백질(蛋白質) 섭취량중(攝取量中) $5.5{\sim}11.7%$만이 동물성(動物性) 단백질(蛋白質) 이였다. 3) 지방(脂肪) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 20g 에 비(比)하며 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $13.9{\sim}24.3g$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州池域) 아동(兒童)이 $10.4{\sim}12.1g$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 4) 당질(糖質) 섭취량(攝取量)은 양구(楊口) 및 여주지역아동(麗州地域兒童) 각각(各各) 총열량(總熱量) 섭취량(攝取量) 의 $70.6{\sim}83.8%$ 범위(範圍)를 차지 하였다. 5) 칼슘 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 500 mg 에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $282.4{\sim}355.0mg$이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $284.6{\sim}429.0mg$ 이었다. 6) 철(鐵) 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 10mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $6.0{\sim}12.1mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $6.4{\sim}16.7mg$ 범위(範圍)로 상당수의 아동(兒童)이 권장량에 미달(未達) 되었다. 7) 비터민 A 섭취량(攝取量)은 양구지역(楊口地域)이 $703.4{\sim}1495.6\;IU$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $750.5{\sim}1521.2\;IU$ 범위(範圍)로서 ${\beta}-carotene$으로서의 권장량 5100 I.U,에 비(比)하여 매우 부족되었다. 8) 비타민 $B_1$ 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 0.8mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $0.6{\sim}0.8mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $1.0{\sim}1.3mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 9) 비타민 $B_2$ 섭취량(攝取量) 0.9mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $0.4{\sim}0.7mg$ 범위(範圍) 이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $0.8{\sim}1.0mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 10) 비타민 C 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 40mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $17.6{\sim}37.0mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $43.3{\sim}58.0mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 11) 나이아신 섭취량(攝取量)은 권장량 10mg에 비(比)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $9.3{\sim}15.2mg$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $10.8{\sim}16.9mg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 3. 체위(體位) 1) 신장(身長) : 양구지역(楊口地域) 남자아동(男子兒童)은 4세(歲) 및 5세(歲)에서 표준치(標準値)보다 다소(多少) 작았고 6세(歲)는 컸는데 여자아동(女子兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 모두 표준치(標準値) 보다컸다. 이에 비(比)하여 여주지역(麗州地域) 남자아동(男子兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 표준치(標準値)에 비(比)하여 컸으나 여자아동(女子兒童)은 5세(歲)에 다소(多少) 작았다. 2) 체중(體重) : 양구지역(楊口地域) 남자아동(男子兒童)은 4세(歲) 및 5세(歲)에서 표준치(標準値)보다 다소(多少) 미달(未達) 되었으나 6세(歲)는 높았는데 여자아동(女子兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 모두 표준치(標準値)와 비슷하였다. 이에 비(比)하며 여주지역(麗州地域) 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 표준치(標準値)와 비슷 하거나 다소(多少) 높았으나 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 다소(多少) 낮았다. 3) 상완위(上腕圍) : 남녀(男女) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)하여 1차(次) 및 2차조사(次調査) 성적(成績)은 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)이 $15.1cm{\sim}16.8cm$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)이 $15.6cm{\sim}16.6cm$ 범위(範圍) 이었다. 4) 흉위(胸圍) : 양구지역(楊口地域) 남녀(男子) 아동(兒童)은 각(各) 연령별(年齡別) 표준치(標準催)와 큰 차이(差異) 없었는데 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 다소(多少) 낮았다. 5) 좌고(座高) : 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)의 전(全) 연령(年齡)을 통(通)하여 양구지역(楊口地域) 아동(兒童)은 $54.2cm{\sim}61.8cm$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여주지역(麗州地域) 아동(兒童)은 $54.8cm{\sim}61.1cm$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 4. 임상증상(臨床症狀) 1) 양구지역(楊口地域) : 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 구각염이 약(約) 30% 충치가 약(約) 20%이었으며 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 전(全) 대상자(對象者) 31명중(名中) 1명(名)이 갑상선 비대 이었고 구각염이 약(約) 10%, 충치가 약(約) 20%이었다. 2) 여주지역(麗州地域) : 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)도 구각염이 약(約) 20%, 충치가 약(約) 22%이었으며 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 구각염이 약(約) 47%, 충치가 약(約) 20%이었다. 5. 생화학적(生化學的) 검사(檢査) 상태(狀態) 1) Hemoglabin 함량(含量)은 양구(楊口) 및 여주지역(麗州地域)의 전(全) 연령별(年齡別)을 통(通)하여 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 $11.0g{\sim}11.6g%$ 범위(範圍)이었고 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 $10.3g{\sim}11.5g%$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 2) 빈혈해당치(貧血該當値)를 WHO 가 정(定)한 l1g/100ml 이하(以下)로 보았을때 양구지역(楊口地域)의 남자아동(男子兒童)은 $16.7%{\sim}26.7%$, 여자아동(女子兒童) $33.3{\sim}50.0%$ 및 여주지역(麗州地域)의 남자(男子) 아동(兒童)은 33.3%, 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 $73.3%{\sim}100.0%$가 빈혈해당자(貧血該當者)에 속했다. 그러나 빈혈(貧血)의 정도(程度)는 심(深)한 경우는 거의 없고 거의 대부분(大部分)이 경(輕)한 빈혈(貧血)임이 특이(特異)하였다. 3) Hematocrit 치(値)는 전(全) 대상자(對象者)를 통(通)하며 $39.9%{\sim}41.6%$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 4) 혈장단백질(血奬蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 전(全) 대상자(對象者)를 통(通)하여 평균(平均) $6.6{\sim}7.4%$ 범위(範圍)이었는데 ICNND의 결핍해당치(缺乏該當値) 6.0g% 이하(以下)에는 양구지역(楊口地域) 4세(歲) 여자아동(女子兒童) 1명(名) 뿐이었다. 6. 기생충 상태(狀態) 1) 양구지역(楊口地域) : 남자아동(男子兒童)은 회충이 약(約) 62%, 편충이 약(約) 62%이었고 여자(女子) 아동(兒童)은 회충이 약(約) 73%, 편충이 약(約) 60%가 충란이 검출(檢出)되었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.3361-3394
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• 1974

The purpose of this thesis is to disclose some characteristics of water consumption in relation to the quantities of dry matters through the growing period for two statured varieties of paddy rice which are a tall statured variety and a short one, including the water consumption during seedling period, and to find out the various coefficients of evapotranspiration that are applicable for the water use of an expected yield of the two varieties. PAL-TAL, a tall statured variety, and TONG-lL, a short statured variety were chosen for this investigation. Experiments were performed in two consecutive periods, a seedling period and a paddy field period, In the investigation of seedling period, rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometers (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) were set up in a way of two levels (PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties) with two replications. A standard fertilization method was applied to all plots. In the experiment of paddy field period, evapotanspiration and evaporation were measured separately. For PAL-TAL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 43 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometer (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) and the evaporation measurements of 25 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evaporimeter (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$15cm) have been taken for seven years (1966 through 1972), and for TONG-IL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 19 plots and the evaporation measurements of 12 plots have been collected for two years (1971 through 1972) with five different fertilization levels. The results obtained from this investigation are summarized as follows: 1. Seedling period 1) The pan evaporation and evapotranspiration during seedling period were proved to have a highly significant correlation to solar radiation, sun shine hours and relative humidity. But they had no significant correlation to average temperature, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure, and were appeared to be negatively correlative to average temperature and wind velocity, and positively correlative to the atmospheric pressure, in a certain period. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered. 2) The evapotranpiration and its coefficient for PAL-TAL variety were 194.5mm and 0.94∼1.21(1.05 in average) respectively, while those for TONG-lL variety were 182.8mm and 0.90∼1.10(0.99 in average) respectively. This indicates that the evapotranspiration for TONG-IL variety was 6.2% less than that for PAL-TAL variety during a seedling period. 3) The evapotranspiration ratio (the ratio of the evapotranspiration to the weight of dry matters) during the seedling period was 599 in average for PAL-TAL variety and 643 for TONG-IL variety. Therefore the ratio for TONG-IL was larger by 44 than that for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The K-values of Blaney and Criddle formula for PAL-TAL variety were 0.78∼1.06 (0.92 in average) and for TONG-lL variety 0.75∼0.97 (0.86 in average). 5) The evapotranspiration coefficient and the K-value of B1aney and Criddle formular for both PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties showed a tendency to be increasing, but the evapotranspiration ratio decreasing, with the increase in the weight of dry matters. 2. Paddy field period 1) Correlation between the pan evaporation and the meteorological factors and that between the evapotranspiration and the meteorological factors during paddy field period were almost same as that in case of the seedling period (Ref. to table IV-4 and table IV-5). 2) The plant height, in the same level of the weight of dry matters, for PAL-TAL variety was much larger than that for TONG-IL variety, and also the number of tillers per hill for PAL-TAL variety showed a trend to be larger than that for TONG-IL variety from about 40 days after transplanting. 3) Although there was a tendency that peak of leaf-area-index for TONG-IL variety was a little retarded than that for PAL-TAL variety, it appeared about 60∼80 days after transplanting. The peaks of the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters at each growth stage were overlapped at about the same time and especially in the later stage of growth, the leaf-area-index, the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters for TONG-IL variety showed a tendency to be larger then those for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The evaporation coefficient at each growth stage for TONG-IL and PAL-TALvarieties was decreased and increased with the increase and decrease in the leaf-area-index, and the evaporation coefficient of TONG-IL variety had a little larger value than that of PAL-TAL variety. 5) Meteorological factors (especially pan evaporation) had a considerable influence to the evapotranspiration, the evaporation and the transpiration. Under the same meteorological conditions, the evapotranspiration (ET) showed a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x), while the evaporation (EV) a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ET=al+bl logl0x (bl>0) EV=a2+b2 log10x (a2>0 b2<0) At the base of the weight of total dry matters, the evapotranspiration and the evaporation for TONG-IL variety were larger as much as 0.3∼2.5% and 7.5∼8.3% respectively than those of PAL-TAL variety, while the transpiration for PAL-TAL variety was larger as much as 1.9∼2.4% than that for TONG-IL variety on the contrary. At the base of the weight of rough rices the evapotranspiration and the transpiration for TONG-IL variety were less as much as 3.5% and 8.l∼16.9% respectively than those for PAL-TAL variety and the evaporation for TONG-IL was much larger by 11.6∼14.8% than that for PAL-TAL variety. 6) The evapotranspiration coefficient, the evaporation coefficient and the transpiration coefficient and the transpiration coefficient were affected by the weight of dry matters much more than by the meteorological conditions. The evapotranspiratioa coefficient (ETC) and the evaporation coefficient (EVC) can be related to the weight of dry matters (x) by the following equations: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETC=a3+b3 logl0x (b3>0) EVC=a4+b4 log10x (a4>0, b4>0) At the base of the weights of dry matters, 800kg/10a∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.968∼1.474 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.939∼1.470, the evaporation coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.504∼0.331 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.469∼0.308, and the transpiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.464∼1.143 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.470∼1.162. 7) The evapotranspiration ratio, the evaporation ratio (the ratio of the evaporation to the weight of dry matters) and the transpiration ratio were highly affected by the meteorological conditions. And under the same meteorological condition, both the evapotranspiration ratio (ETR) and the evaporation ratio (EVR) showed to be a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) as follows: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETR=a5+b5 logl0x (a5>0, b5<0) EVR=a6+b6 log10x (a6>0 b6<0) In comparison between TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, at the base of the pan evaporation of 343mm and the weight of dry matters of 800∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 413∼247, while those for PAL-TAL variety, 404∼250, the evaporation ratios for TONG-IL variety were 197∼38 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 182∼34, and the transpiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 216∼209 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 222∼216 (Ref. to table IV-23, table IV-25 and table IV-26) 8) The accumulative values of evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity for both PAL-TAL and TONG-IL varieties were almost constant in every climatic year without the affection of the weight of dry matters. Furthermore the evapotranspiration intensity appeared to have more stable at each growth stage. The peaks of the evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity, for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, appeared about 60∼70 days after transplanting, and the peak value of the former was 128.8${\pm}$0.7, for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 122.8${\pm}$0.3, and the peak value of the latter was 152.2${\pm}$1.0 for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 152.7${\pm}$1.9 (Ref.to table IV-27 and table IV-28) 9) The K-value in Blaney & Criddle formula was changed considerably by the meteorological condition (pan evaporation) and related to be a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) for both PAL-TAL and TONG-L varieties as follows; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, K=a7+b7 logl0x (b7>0) The K-value for TONG-IL variety was a little larger than that for PAL-TAL variety. 10) The peak values of the evapotranspiration coefficient and k-value at each growth stage for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties showed up about 60∼70 days after transplanting. The peak values of the former at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 1.14∼1.82 for TONG-IL variety and 1.12∼1.80, for PAL-TAL variety, and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000 kg/10a, were 1.11∼1.79 for TONG-IL variety and 1.17∼1.85 for PAL-TAL variety. The peak values of the latter, at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 0.83∼1.39 for TONG-IL variety and 0.86∼1.36 for PAL-TAL variety and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000kg/10a, 0.85∼1.38 for TONG-IL variety and 0.87∼1.40 for PAL-TAL variety (Ref. to table IV-18 and table IV-32) 11) The reasonable and practicable methods that are applicable for calculating the evapotranspiration of paddy rice in our country are to be followed the following priority a) Using the evapotranspiration coefficients based on an expected yield (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-18 or Fig. IV-13). b) Making use of the combination method of seasonal evapotranspiration coefficient and evapotranspiration intensity (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-27) c) Adopting the combination method of evapotranspiration ratio and evapotranspiration intensity, under the conditions of paddy field having a higher level of expected yield (Ref. to table IV-23 and table IV-27). d) Applying the k-values calculated by Blaney-Criddle formula. only within the limits of the drought year having the pan evaporation of about 450mm during paddy field period as the design year (Ref. to table IV-32 or Fig. IV-22).