• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2008

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an infectious and highly contagious virus of swine. In order to develop the transgenic tobacco culture cells producing PEDV antigen protein, four vectors expressing PEDV spike protein (SP) gene under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter were constructed. Four fragments of the SP region of PEDV, SP1 (444 bp, 1487-1930 bp), SP2 (1.7 kb, 2300-3987 bp), SP3 (1.4 kb, 1559-2950 bp), and SP4 (2.6 kb, 9-2643 bp) were amplified by PCR and then C-MYC tag was fused to the end of each SP gene, respectively. These cassettes are inserted into the pCAMBIA2300 (named as 35S::SP1-M, 35S::SP2-M 35S::SP3-M, and 35S::SP4-M, respectively). Tobacco (cv. BY-2) cultured cells were transformed by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring expression vector. We selected kanamycin-resistant calli and checked for the presence of the introduced SP gene using PCR, resulting 70% of them showed the foreign gene. We selected the lines with high-level expression of PEDV antigen protein based on dot blot analysis. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the PEDV SP gene was integrated into the genome of the tobacco cultured cells. Northern blot analysis showed that the introduced gene was highly expressed in transgenic cultured cells. Transgenic tobacco cultured cells-derived antigen induced immunogenicity in mice as determined by a plaque reduction neutralization assay. These results suggest that the vectors expressing PEDV spike protein gene in this study will be useful for the development of transgenic plants and cultured cells producing PEDV antigene protein.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.327-332
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis on meat quality, growth performance and fecal malodor gas emission in finishing pigs. Thirty-six pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, $83.53{\pm}1.01\;kg$ average initial body weight) were used in a 35 d growth assay. Dietary treatments were 1) CON (basal diet), 2) B1 (basal diet + B. subtilis 0.1%) and 3) B2 (basal diet + B. subtilis 0.2%). The pigs were distributed into four pigs per pen with three replicate pens per treatments by completely randomized design. For the entire period, the final weight, ADO, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. There were no significant differences in meat quality (sensory evalution, meat color, TBARS, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and M. longissimus dorsi area) among the treatments. $H_2S$ was significantly decreased in B2 treatment compared to CON and B1 treatments (p<0.05). However, ammonia, mercaptans and acetic acid were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, B. subtilis 0.2% treatments decreased fecal $H_2S$ gas emission in finishing pigs.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This study was conducted to effect a complex fertilizer treatment on a recovery of damaged turfgrass caused by competing with tree at area under trees, and to seek for effective management system on damaged areas under trees in golf courses. Available phosphorous and potassium were enough to grow up turfgrass in plots of East valley and Ji San Golf Club. But these plots were acid soil ranged from pH 5.3 to pH 5.5, so that lime fertilizer was required for improving the chemical of soil. The effect on complex fertilizer showed significant f3r the recovery of damaged turfgrass. Turfgrass recovery ratio by complex fertilizer was better in low-density(LD) section of fertilizer than in high-density(HD) section of control. As the result of surveying turfgrass characters according to dates, dry matters in HD sections of control plots were higher than these in LD sections of fertilizer plots in 6 Aug. before sprinkling a complex fertilizer. But dry matters in LD section of fertilizer were, on the contrary, higher than in 6 Sep. after sprinkling complex fertilizer. In view of the result so far conducted, a turfgrass recovery to LD sections of complex fertilizer was batter than that of HD sections of control. Sprinkling complex fertilizer on turfgrass damaged by competing with trees will maintain the turfgrass growth, even though happen to compete between trees and turfgrass.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the production process and the chemical composition of saccharogenic mixed grain beverages (SMGBs). Various SMGBs were prepared through saccharification with Aspergillus (A.) oryzae CF1003 (A), A. acidus KACC46420 (B), Rhizopus (R.) delemar KACC46149 (C), R. oryzae KACC45714 (D), R. oryzae KACC46148 (E), A~E mixed strains (F), A. oryzae CF1001 (G), A. acidus CF1005 (H) and A+H mixed strains (I)-starter at $53^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The saccharogenic power of the strains was higher in samples F and G. The soluble solid ($^{\circ}Brix$) of SMGBs were the highest in Sample C. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content of various SMGBs showed a range of 77.9~80.7%, 3.7~7.5%, 0.37~0.97% and 1.81~7.47%, respectively. The viscosity of various SMGBs were in the range of 60~528. Further, free amino acid contents of SMGBs were in the range of 347~1,352 ${\mu}g/$ 100 g, respectively. From these results, we could secure the possibility and basic information for the development of SMGBs products. For future studies, we need to improve the taste and functionality of the products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2020

This study aimed at comparing the antioxidant activity of premature mandarin (PM) vinegars by varying harvest periods (July, August, and September) and raw material conditions (PM fruit, PMF; PM fruit with 10% dried Citri Unshius Pericarpium Immaturus (CUPI), PMF-D, and PM fruit with 10% roasted CUPI, PMF-R). We found that the PM harvested in July exhibited the highest phenol content. Meanwhile, the July and August harvests showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. The phenol content of PMF-R vinegar was 0.62±0.02 ㎍ GAE/mL, more than two times higher than that of PMF vinegar. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity and reducing power were the highest in the PMF-R vinegar, at 4.71±0.07 and 7.47±0.28 nL/mL, respectively. Therefore, it could be expected that PM vinegar prepared by adding roasted CUPI and harvested in July would exhibit high antioxidant activity and could be used as functional vinegar.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.61-72
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• 2014

This paper analyzed transition pathways toward a low carbon society in Korea to meet global $2^{\circ}C$ climate target. Lower economic growth, industrial structure change, enhance of energy demand management, decarbonization of power sector, and replacement of low carbon fuel could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from fuel combustion in 2050 by 67% against in 2011, or by 74% against in BAU (Business-As-Usual). Lower economic growth contributes to 13% of cumulative emission reduction relative to BAU, industrial structure change 9%, enhance of energy demand management 72%, decarbonization of power sector 5% and replacement of low carbon fuel 1% respectively. Final energy consumption in 2050 needs to be reduced to 50% relative to 2011, or to 41% relative to BAU. Nuclear, coal and renewable energy represent 31%, 40%, 2% respectively among electricity generation in 2011, but 38%, 2%, 32% in 2050. CCS represents 23% of total generation in 2050. Emission intensity of electricity in 2050 was decreased to 19% relative to 2011, or to 24% relative to BAU. Primary energy in 2050 was decreased to 64% compared to 2011, or to 44% compared to BAU. Final energy consumption, primary energy supply and GHG emission from fuel combustion from 1990 to 2011 increased by 176%, 197%, 146%. Radical change from historical trend is required to transit toward a low carbon society by 2050. Appropriate economic growth, structural change to non-energy intensive industries, energy technology research, development and deployment (RD&D) in terms of enhancement of energy efficiency and low carbon energy supply technologies, and fuel change to electricity and renewable energy are key instruments.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2004

In recent years, an increasing number of studies on pig in vitro maturation(IVM) and in vitro fertilization(IVF) have been separated. the wide range of new technologies, including that in applied molecular genetics, has increased this interest. the production of viable porcine embryos in vitro is a prerequisites for the successful production of transgenic pigs to date. The efficiency of IVM/IVF techniques in the porcine is lower than that obtained in other species such as cattle and mouse. The several problems are generally thought to be the cause of poor results: the low rate of MPN formation derived from inadequate IVM of oocytes, the high incidence of polyspermy after IVF and cell blocking at 4 cell during embryos culture. For there reasons overcoming, many studies have been conducted to improve in vitro embryo-genic competence of oocytes. In the last several years, many maturation culture media have been evaluated and various exogenous factors such as hormones and grows factors have been tested to improve the efficiency of porcine in vitro system. In the study several antioxidants have been examined to improve in vitro fertilization and development of porcine oocytes. In this study, several antioxidants were examined to determine the effects on the development of oocytes to the cleavage, morula and blastocyst stage when added at the maturation(IVM) or in vitro fertilization(IVF) or in vitro culture(IVC) of porcine embryos. Porcine oocytes were matured, fertilized and embryos were cultured in defind conditioned medium in vitro with or without supplementation with the antioxidents of cysteine, catalase and glutathione. 1. Significant improvement of blastocyst rate (27.2％ versus 15.4％, p<0.05) were achieved when catalase(500U/$m\ell$) were added to TCM-199 medium and morula rate(72.0％ versus 53.9％, p<0.05) were significantly higher when glutathione(1.0mM/$m\ell$) were added to TCM-199 medium than those of control. 2. In mTBM medium for oocytes fertilization, the addition of cysteine, catalase and glutathione had no positive effect on embryonic development. glutathione had no positive effect on embryonic development. In conclusion, this study shows that addition of catalase, gluththione during IVM improved the rate of porcine embryo development.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2010

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection results in severe economic loss in the poultry industry. In the previous reports, F strain, one of the MG live vaccine strains, could protect the bird from field infection of MG strains. In this study, efficacy of PoulShot$^{(R)}$ MG-F vaccine againset mycoplasma gallisepticum infection was evaluated for filed application in commercial layers. Commercial layers from two different farms received with PoulShot$^{(R)}$ MG-F, MG-F live vaccine at 9~14 weeks of age. Serological immune response to MG vaccine, the persistency of MG vaccine strain in the upper respiratory tracts and egg production rate were evaluated in the vaccinated, contacted or nonvaccinated flocks. The serological response was first detected at 3 weeks after vaccination (WAV) and persisted for 31 WAV. The MG vaccine strains were also persisted for 31 WAV based on the reisolation and PCR detection. There was no difference between the vaccinated or non-vaccinated flocks in the egg production rate but in the abnormality rate of eggs. Based on the above results, we suggested that the PoulShot$^{(R)}$, MG-F live vaccine was fully immunogenic and had characteristics of long persistence in the upper respiratory trachea which will reduce economic loss caused by MG infection in the layer farms.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.261-270
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• 2014

This study was conducted to establish the method for preserving chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) for developmental engineering or preservation of species. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of simple freeze-thaw treatment on viability of PGCs in chickens and to the optimal protocol for PGCs freezing. PGCs obtained from the germinal gonade of an early embryos of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) of Isa Brown, Korean Ogye (KO), White Leghorn and Commercial breeds, using the MACS method were suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents (e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG)). The gonadal cells, including PGCs, were then frozen in 1 of the following cryoprotectant treatments : 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 0% cryoprotectant (DMSO, EG, PG) as a control. Effects of exposure to simple freezing, with different concentrations of the cryoprotectant solution, were examined. After simple freezing, the viability of PGCs after freeze-thawing was significantly higher for Commercial breeds ($88.7{\pm}2.4%$) than KO ($85.1{\pm}0.4%$), Isa Brown ($84.6{\pm}0.2%$) and White Leghorn ($85.9{\pm}0.1%$) (p<0.05) using 10% EG cryoprotectant. Therefore, these systems may contribute in the improvement of cryopreservation for a scarce species in birds preservation. This study established a method for preserving chicken PGCs that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid ($LN_2$) at a germplasm repository and ease of entry into a database.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.126-130
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• 2012

Purpose : Methode an effective block was investigated to deal with volatile radioactive gas, short lived radioactive waste generated as a result of the routinely produced radiopharmaceuticals FDG (2-deoxy-2-[$^{18}F$]fluoro-D-glucose) and compound with $^{11}C$. Materials and Methods : All components of the radiation stack monitoring and data management system for continuous radioactive gas detection in the air extract system purchase from fixed noble gas monitor of Berthold company. TEDLAR gas sampling bags purchase from the Dongbanghitech company. TEDLAR gas sampling bags (volume: 10 L) connected via paraflex or PTFE tubing and Teflon 3 way stopcock. When installing TEDLAR gas sampling bags in Hot cell on the inside and not radioactive gas concentrations were compared. According to whether the Hot cell inside a activated carbon filter installed, compare the difference in concentration of the radioactive gas $^{18}F$. Comparison of radiation emission concentration difference of module a FASTlab and TRACElab. Results : Activated carbon filter are installed in the Hot cell, a measure of the concentration of radioactive gas was 8 $Bq/m^3$. Without activated carbone filter in the hot cell was 300 $Bq/m^3$. Tedlar bag prior to installation of the radioactive gases a measure of the concentration was 3,500 $Bq/m^3$, $^{11}C$ synthesis of the measured concentration was 27,000 $Bq/m^3$. After installed a Tedlar bag and a measure concentration of the radioactive gases was 300 $Bq/m^3$ and $^{11}C$ synthesis was 1,000$Bq/m^3$. Conclusion : $^{11}C$ radioactive gas that was ejected out of the Hot cell, with the use of a Tedlar gas sampling bag stored inside. A compound of 11C is not absorbed onto activated carbon filter. But can block the release out by storing in a Tedlar gas sampling bag. We was able to reduce the radiation exposure of the worker by efficient radiation protection.