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A Study on the Extraction Rate of Brain Tissues from a $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO Cerebral Blood flow SPECT Examination of a Patient ($^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 뇌혈류 SPECT 검사 시 환자에 따른 뇌조직 추출률에 대한 고찰)

  • Kim, Hwa-San;Lee, Dong-Ho;Ahn, Byeong-Pil;Kim, Hyun-Ki;Jung, Jin-Yung;Lee, Hyung-Nam;Kim, Jung-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.17-26
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: This study mainly focuses on the patients treated with chemically stable radiopharmaceutical product $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO (d,l-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime) which yielded reduced image quality due to a decreased brain extraction rate. $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO will be examined further to determine whether this product may be accounted as a factor for this cause. Material and Methods: From January 2010 until December 2010, out of 272 patients who were all subjected to $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain blood flow SPECT scans resulting from Cerebral Infarction; 23 patients(ages $55.3{\pm}9$, 21 males, 3 females) with decreased tissue extraction rate were examined in detail. The radiopharmaceutical product $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO was used on patients with normal brain tissue exchange rate as well as those with reduced rate in order to prove its' chemical stability. The patients' age, sex, blood pressure, existence of diabetes, drug use, current health status, known side effects from CT/MRI, examination of the patients' past SPECT before/after images were accounted to determine the factors and correlations affecting the rate of blood tissue extractions. Result: After multiple linear regression analysis, there were no unusual correlations between the 6 factors excluding sex, and before/after examination images. Male subjects showed reduced brain tissue extraction rate than the females ($p$ > 0.05) 91.3% male, 8.7% female. Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test was used on the before/after images which yielded a value of 0.06, which did not indicate a significant amount of difference on the 2 tests ($p$ > 0.05). As a result, the before/after images indicated similar brain tissue extraction rates, and there were variations depending on the individual patient. Conclusion: The effects of the chemically stable radiopharmaceutical product $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO depended on the patient's personal characteristics and status, therefore was considered to be a factor in reducing brain tissue extraction rate. The related articles of $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO cerebral blood flow SPECT speculates a cerebrovascular disease and factors resulting from portal veins, and it was not possible to pin point the exact cause of decreasing brain tissue extraction rate. However, the $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO cerebral blood flow SPECT scan proved to be extremely useful in tracking and inspecting brain diseases, as well as offering accurate results from patients suffering from reduced brain tissue extraction rates.

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A Time Series Graph based Convolutional Neural Network Model for Effective Input Variable Pattern Learning : Application to the Prediction of Stock Market (효과적인 입력변수 패턴 학습을 위한 시계열 그래프 기반 합성곱 신경망 모형: 주식시장 예측에의 응용)

  • Lee, Mo-Se;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.167-181
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    • 2018
  • Over the past decade, deep learning has been in spotlight among various machine learning algorithms. In particular, CNN(Convolutional Neural Network), which is known as the effective solution for recognizing and classifying images or voices, has been popularly applied to classification and prediction problems. In this study, we investigate the way to apply CNN in business problem solving. Specifically, this study propose to apply CNN to stock market prediction, one of the most challenging tasks in the machine learning research. As mentioned, CNN has strength in interpreting images. Thus, the model proposed in this study adopts CNN as the binary classifier that predicts stock market direction (upward or downward) by using time series graphs as its inputs. That is, our proposal is to build a machine learning algorithm that mimics an experts called 'technical analysts' who examine the graph of past price movement, and predict future financial price movements. Our proposed model named 'CNN-FG(Convolutional Neural Network using Fluctuation Graph)' consists of five steps. In the first step, it divides the dataset into the intervals of 5 days. And then, it creates time series graphs for the divided dataset in step 2. The size of the image in which the graph is drawn is $40(pixels){\times}40(pixels)$, and the graph of each independent variable was drawn using different colors. In step 3, the model converts the images into the matrices. Each image is converted into the combination of three matrices in order to express the value of the color using R(red), G(green), and B(blue) scale. In the next step, it splits the dataset of the graph images into training and validation datasets. We used 80% of the total dataset as the training dataset, and the remaining 20% as the validation dataset. And then, CNN classifiers are trained using the images of training dataset in the final step. Regarding the parameters of CNN-FG, we adopted two convolution filters ($5{\times}5{\times}6$ and $5{\times}5{\times}9$) in the convolution layer. In the pooling layer, $2{\times}2$ max pooling filter was used. The numbers of the nodes in two hidden layers were set to, respectively, 900 and 32, and the number of the nodes in the output layer was set to 2(one is for the prediction of upward trend, and the other one is for downward trend). Activation functions for the convolution layer and the hidden layer were set to ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit), and one for the output layer set to Softmax function. To validate our model - CNN-FG, we applied it to the prediction of KOSPI200 for 2,026 days in eight years (from 2009 to 2016). To match the proportions of the two groups in the independent variable (i.e. tomorrow's stock market movement), we selected 1,950 samples by applying random sampling. Finally, we built the training dataset using 80% of the total dataset (1,560 samples), and the validation dataset using 20% (390 samples). The dependent variables of the experimental dataset included twelve technical indicators popularly been used in the previous studies. They include Stochastic %K, Stochastic %D, Momentum, ROC(rate of change), LW %R(Larry William's %R), A/D oscillator(accumulation/distribution oscillator), OSCP(price oscillator), CCI(commodity channel index), and so on. To confirm the superiority of CNN-FG, we compared its prediction accuracy with the ones of other classification models. Experimental results showed that CNN-FG outperforms LOGIT(logistic regression), ANN(artificial neural network), and SVM(support vector machine) with the statistical significance. These empirical results imply that converting time series business data into graphs and building CNN-based classification models using these graphs can be effective from the perspective of prediction accuracy. Thus, this paper sheds a light on how to apply deep learning techniques to the domain of business problem solving.

Estimation of Internal Motion for Quantitative Improvement of Lung Tumor in Small Animal (소동물 폐종양의 정량적 개선을 위한 내부 움직임 평가)

  • Yu, Jung-Woo;Woo, Sang-Keun;Lee, Yong-Jin;Kim, Kyeong-Min;Kim, Jin-Su;Lee, Kyo-Chul;Park, Sang-Jun;Yu, Ran-Ji;Kang, Joo-Hyun;Ji, Young-Hoon;Chung, Yong-Hyun;Kim, Byung-Il;Lim, Sang-Moo
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.140-147
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study was to estimate internal motion using molecular sieve for quantitative improvement of lung tumor and to localize lung tumor in the small animal PET image by evaluated data. Internal motion has been demonstrated in small animal lung region by molecular sieve contained radioactive substance. Molecular sieve for internal lung motion target was contained approximately 37 kBq Cu-64. The small animal PET images were obtained from Siemens Inveon scanner using external trigger system (BioVet). SD-Rat PET images were obtained at 60 min post injection of FDG 37 MBq/0.2 mL via tail vein for 20 min. Each line of response in the list-mode data was converted to sinogram gated frames (2~16 bin) by trigger signal obtained from BioVet. The sinogram data was reconstructed using OSEM 2D with 4 iterations. PET images were evaluated with count, SNR, FWHM from ROI drawn in the target region for quantitative tumor analysis. The size of molecular sieve motion target was $1.59{\times}2.50mm$. The reference motion target FWHM of vertical and horizontal was 2.91 mm and 1.43 mm, respectively. The vertical FWHM of static, 4 bin and 8 bin was 3.90 mm, 3.74 mm, and 3.16 mm, respectively. The horizontal FWHM of static, 4 bin and 8 bin was 2.21 mm, 2.06 mm, and 1.60 mm, respectively. Count of static, 4 bin, 8 bin, 12 bin and 16 bin was 4.10, 4.83, 5.59, 5.38, and 5.31, respectively. The SNR of static, 4 bin, 8 bin, 12 bin and 16 bin was 4.18, 4.05, 4.22, 3.89, and 3.58, respectively. The FWHM were improved in accordance with gate number increase. The count and SNR were not proportionately improve with gate number, but shown the highest value in specific bin number. We measured the optimal gate number what minimize the SNR loss and gain improved count when imaging lung tumor in small animal. The internal motion estimation provide localized tumor image and will be a useful method for organ motion prediction modeling without external motion monitoring system.

Protective Effects of Korean Panax Ginseng Extracts against TCDD-induced Toxicities in Rat (랫드에서 TCDD 투여에 의해 유도된 생체독성의 고려홍삼 추출물에 의한 억제 효과)

  • Choi, Soo-Jin;Sohn, Hyung-Ok;Shin, Han-Jae;Hyun, Hak-Cheol;Lee, Dong-Wook;Song, Yong-Bum;Lee, Soo-Hyun;Gang, Dong-Ho;Lim, Hak-Seob;Lee, Cheol-Won;Moon, Ja-Young
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.382-389
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    • 2008
  • To achieve a better understanding of protective effects of water extracts of Panax ginseng against TCDD-induced toxicities, we monitored physiological and clinical changes in rat for 4 weeks after administrations of each Panax Ginseng extract or TCDD, and co-administration of the two materials. For this study, 120 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 190-210 g each (8 weeks old) were divided into four groups: TCDD-administered, co-administered group with TCDD and ginseng extract, ginseng extract-administered, and control group. The TCDD-administered group received single dose of TCDD in a corn oil vehicle ($25\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight) by intraperitoneal administration on Day 1. The Panax ginseng extracts-administered group received intraperitoneally 100 mg/kg body weight every other day for one month. For the co-administered group with TCDD and ginseng extracts, Panax ginseng extracts were intraperitoneally administered to rats at 100 mg/kg body weight every other day for one month after a single intraperitoneal dose of $25\;{\mu}g$ of TCDD/kg body weight on Day 1. Panax ginseng extracts attenuated the mortality induced by TCDD administration. The extracts also slightly attenuated the TCDD-induced body weight loss. Administration of TCDD alone increased liver weight at 2, 5, and 16 days after administration of TCDD. Administration of Panax ginseng extracts rather decreased liver weight through whole the experimental period, but which was statistically insignificant. Administration of TCDD alone at $25\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight increased both serum enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 32 days, indicating that liver damage occurred maximally at that time. Ginseng extract administration caused insignificant changes in serum ALT, but gradually decreased in AST as the exposure time increased. Coadministration of TCDD and ginseng extracts caused serum AST activity to significant recovery to normal value at 16 days and 32 days after exposure to TCDD. The extracts also significantly decreased the TCDD-induced ALT activity after 16 days of TCDD administration. These results suggest that Panax ginseng extracts may possess a protective effect against TCDD-induced toxicities including hepatotoxicity in rats.

Quantitative Assessment Technology of Small Animal Myocardial Infarction PET Image Using Gaussian Mixture Model (다중가우시안혼합모델을 이용한 소동물 심근경색 PET 영상의 정량적 평가 기술)

  • Woo, Sang-Keun;Lee, Yong-Jin;Lee, Won-Ho;Kim, Min-Hwan;Park, Ji-Ae;Kim, Jin-Su;Kim, Jong-Guk;Kang, Joo-Hyun;Ji, Young-Hoon;Choi, Chang-Woon;Lim, Sang-Moo;Kim, Kyeong-Min
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.42-51
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    • 2011
  • Nuclear medicine images (SPECT, PET) were widely used tool for assessment of myocardial viability and perfusion. However it had difficult to define accurate myocardial infarct region. The purpose of this study was to investigate methodological approach for automatic measurement of rat myocardial infarct size using polar map with adaptive threshold. Rat myocardial infarction model was induced by ligation of the left circumflex artery. PET images were obtained after intravenous injection of 37 MBq $^{18}F$-FDG. After 60 min uptake, each animal was scanned for 20 min with ECG gating. PET data were reconstructed using ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) 2D. To automatically make the myocardial contour and generate polar map, we used QGS software (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center). The reference infarct size was defined by infarction area percentage of the total left myocardium using TTC staining. We used three threshold methods (predefined threshold, Otsu and Multi Gaussian mixture model; MGMM). Predefined threshold method was commonly used in other studies. We applied threshold value form 10% to 90% in step of 10%. Otsu algorithm calculated threshold with the maximum between class variance. MGMM method estimated the distribution of image intensity using multiple Gaussian mixture models (MGMM2, ${\cdots}$ MGMM5) and calculated adaptive threshold. The infarct size in polar map was calculated as the percentage of lower threshold area in polar map from the total polar map area. The measured infarct size using different threshold methods was evaluated by comparison with reference infarct size. The mean difference between with polar map defect size by predefined thresholds (20%, 30%, and 40%) and reference infarct size were $7.04{\pm}3.44%$, $3.87{\pm}2.09%$ and $2.15{\pm}2.07%$, respectively. Otsu verse reference infarct size was $3.56{\pm}4.16%$. MGMM methods verse reference infarct size was $2.29{\pm}1.94%$. The predefined threshold (30%) showed the smallest mean difference with reference infarct size. However, MGMM was more accurate than predefined threshold in under 10% reference infarct size case (MGMM: 0.006%, predefined threshold: 0.59%). In this study, we was to evaluate myocardial infarct size in polar map using multiple Gaussian mixture model. MGMM method was provide adaptive threshold in each subject and will be a useful for automatic measurement of infarct size.

Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characteristics, and Origin of Noble Gas for Low-temperature Hot Spring Waters in the Honam Area (호남지역 저온형 온천수의 수리지화학적 및 안정동위원소 특성과 영족기체의 기원에 관한 연구)

  • Jeong, Chan-Ho;Hur, Hyun-Sung;Nagao, Keisuke;Kim, Kyu-Han
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.635-649
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    • 2007
  • Geochemical composition, stable isotopes $({\delta}^{18}O,\;{\delta}D,\;{\delta}^{34}S)$ and noble gases(He, Ne and Ar) of nine hot spring water and three groundwater for five hot springs(Jukam, Hwasun, Dokog, Jirisan, Beunsan) from the Honam area were analyzed to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and the hydrogeochemical evolution of the hot spring waters, and to interpret the source of sulfur, helium and argon dissolved in the hot spring waters. The hot spring waters show low water temperature ranging from 23.0 to $30.5^{\circ}C$ and alkaline characteristics of pH 7.67 to 9.98. Electrical conductivity of hot spring waters is $153{\sim}746{\mu}S/cm$. Groundwaters in this area were characterized by the acidic to neutral pH range$(5.85{\sim}7.21)$, the wide electrical conductivity range $(44{\sim}165{\mu}S/cm)$. The geochemical compositions of hot spring and groundwaters can be divided into three water types: (1) $Na-HCO_3$ water type, (2) Na-Cl water type and (3) $Ca-HCO_3$ water type. The hot spring water of $Ca-HCO_3$ water type in early stage have been evolved through $Ca(Na)-HCO_3$ water type into $Na-HCO_3$ type in final stage. In particular, Jurim alkaline(pH 9.98) hot spring water plotted at the end point of $Na-HCO_3$ type in the Piper diagram is likely to arrive into the final stage in geochemical evolution process. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data of the hot spring water samples indicate that the hot spring waters originated from the local meteoric water showing latitude and altitude effects. The ${\delta}^{34}S$ value for sulfate of the hot spring waters varies widely from 0.5 to $25.9%o$. The sulfur source of most hot spring waters in this area is igneous origin. However, The ${\delta}^{34}S$ also indicates the sulfur of JR1 hot water is originated from marine sulfur which might be derived ken ancient seawater sulfates. The $^3He/^4He\;and\;^4He/^{20}Ne$ ratios of the hot spring waters range from $0.0143{\times}10^{-6}\;to\;0.407{\times}10^{-6}\;and\;6.49{\sim}584{\times}10^{-6}$, respectively. The hot spring waters are plotted on the mixing line between air and crustal components. It means that the He gas in the hot spring waters was mainly originated from crustal sources. However, the JR1 hot spring water show a little mixing ratio of the helium gas of mantle source. The $^{40}Ar/^{36}Ar$ ratios of hot spring water are in the range from $292.3{\times}10^{-6}\;to\;304.1{\times}10^{-6}$, implying the atmospheric argon source.

A Study on the Establishment of Comparison System between the Statement of Military Reports and Related Laws (군(軍) 보고서 등장 문장과 관련 법령 간 비교 시스템 구축 방안 연구)

  • Jung, Jiin;Kim, Mintae;Kim, Wooju
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.109-125
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    • 2020
  • The Ministry of National Defense is pushing for the Defense Acquisition Program to build strong defense capabilities, and it spends more than 10 trillion won annually on defense improvement. As the Defense Acquisition Program is directly related to the security of the nation as well as the lives and property of the people, it must be carried out very transparently and efficiently by experts. However, the excessive diversification of laws and regulations related to the Defense Acquisition Program has made it challenging for many working-level officials to carry out the Defense Acquisition Program smoothly. It is even known that many people realize that there are related regulations that they were unaware of until they push ahead with their work. In addition, the statutory statements related to the Defense Acquisition Program have the tendency to cause serious issues even if only a single expression is wrong within the sentence. Despite this, efforts to establish a sentence comparison system to correct this issue in real time have been minimal. Therefore, this paper tries to propose a "Comparison System between the Statement of Military Reports and Related Laws" implementation plan that uses the Siamese Network-based artificial neural network, a model in the field of natural language processing (NLP), to observe the similarity between sentences that are likely to appear in the Defense Acquisition Program related documents and those from related statutory provisions to determine and classify the risk of illegality and to make users aware of the consequences. Various artificial neural network models (Bi-LSTM, Self-Attention, D_Bi-LSTM) were studied using 3,442 pairs of "Original Sentence"(described in actual statutes) and "Edited Sentence"(edited sentences derived from "Original Sentence"). Among many Defense Acquisition Program related statutes, DEFENSE ACQUISITION PROGRAM ACT, ENFORCEMENT RULE OF THE DEFENSE ACQUISITION PROGRAM ACT, and ENFORCEMENT DECREE OF THE DEFENSE ACQUISITION PROGRAM ACT were selected. Furthermore, "Original Sentence" has the 83 provisions that actually appear in the Act. "Original Sentence" has the main 83 clauses most accessible to working-level officials in their work. "Edited Sentence" is comprised of 30 to 50 similar sentences that are likely to appear modified in the county report for each clause("Original Sentence"). During the creation of the edited sentences, the original sentences were modified using 12 certain rules, and these sentences were produced in proportion to the number of such rules, as it was the case for the original sentences. After conducting 1 : 1 sentence similarity performance evaluation experiments, it was possible to classify each "Edited Sentence" as legal or illegal with considerable accuracy. In addition, the "Edited Sentence" dataset used to train the neural network models contains a variety of actual statutory statements("Original Sentence"), which are characterized by the 12 rules. On the other hand, the models are not able to effectively classify other sentences, which appear in actual military reports, when only the "Original Sentence" and "Edited Sentence" dataset have been fed to them. The dataset is not ample enough for the model to recognize other incoming new sentences. Hence, the performance of the model was reassessed by writing an additional 120 new sentences that have better resemblance to those in the actual military report and still have association with the original sentences. Thereafter, we were able to check that the models' performances surpassed a certain level even when they were trained merely with "Original Sentence" and "Edited Sentence" data. If sufficient model learning is achieved through the improvement and expansion of the full set of learning data with the addition of the actual report appearance sentences, the models will be able to better classify other sentences coming from military reports as legal or illegal. Based on the experimental results, this study confirms the possibility and value of building "Real-Time Automated Comparison System Between Military Documents and Related Laws". The research conducted in this experiment can verify which specific clause, of several that appear in related law clause is most similar to the sentence that appears in the Defense Acquisition Program-related military reports. This helps determine whether the contents in the military report sentences are at the risk of illegality when they are compared with those in the law clauses.

Field Survey on Pig Slurry Utilization for Crop Cultivation in the Agricultural Farm (양돈분뇨 액비를 이용한 경종농가의 작물재배 실태조사)

  • Choi, D.Y.;Noh, J.S.;Lee, S.C.;Kim, H.N.;Ahn, K.J.;Cho, I.K.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.141-150
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    • 2006
  • To optimise the efficient use of nutrients in pig slurry is to cultivate friendly environmental crops. This field survey is to investigate the actual conditions of pig slurry utilization for cultivation of crops in the agricultural farm, based on the survey for 407 selected farms in 9 provinces included 78 counties in Korea. The results obtained in this survey were summarized as follow ; The motive which came to use pig slurry in the agricultural farm were production of friendly environmental crops (29.7%), economy of chemical fertilizer (25.1%), spontaneously (19.2%), inducement of neighboring farmhouse (16.0%), increase of soil fertility (9.3%), and the others (0.7%), respectively. The proportions of pig slurry application land were 56.5% for.ice paddy, 22.6% for dry field, 13.3% for orchard, 4.4% for controlled agriculture and 3.2% for other, respectively. The number of times of pig slurry utilization per year were once (48.9%), twice (31.9%), thrice (14.0%), and the others (5.2%), respectively. The controversial points of pig slurry utilization were malodor (54.1%), insufficiency of spread equipment (22.1%), inconvenience (14.5%), over application (3.4%), over cost (2.9%), heavy metal (1.7%), sanitation (1.0%) and the other (0.2%), respectively. The results indicated that pig slurry could be used as fertilizer source of friendly environmental crops, but further studies are needed to determine the application method and value of the pig slurry for crop cultivation.

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Evaluation of Metal Volume and Proton Dose Distribution Using MVCT for Head and Neck Proton Treatment Plan (두경부 양성자 치료계획 시 MVCT를 이용한 Metal Volume 평가 및 양성자 선량분포 평가)

  • Seo, Sung Gook;Kwon, Dong Yeol;Park, Se Joon;Park, Yong Chul;Choi, Byung Ki
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.25-32
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: The size, shape, and volume of prosthetic appliance depend on the metal artifacts resulting from dental implant during head and neck treatment with radiation. This reduced the accuracy of contouring targets and surrounding normal tissues in radiation treatment plan. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to obtain the images of metal representing the size of tooth through MVCT, SMART-MAR CT and KVCT, evaluate the volumes, apply them into the proton therapy plan, and analyze the difference of dose distribution. Materials and Methods : Metal A ($0.5{\times}0.5{\times}0.5cm$), Metal B ($1{\times}1{\times}1cm$), and Metal C ($1{\times}2{\times}1cm$) similar in size to inlay, crown, and bridge taking the treatments used at the dentist's into account were made with Cerrobend ($9.64g/cm^3$). Metal was placed into the In House Head & Neck Phantom and by using CT Simulator (Discovery CT 590RT, GE, USA) the images of KVCT and SMART-MAR were obtained with slice thickness 1.25 mm. The images of MVCT were obtained in the same way with $RADIXACT^{(R)}$ Series (Accuracy $Precision^{(R)}$, USA). The images of metal obtained through MVCT, SMART-MAR CT, and KVCT were compared in both size of axis X, Y, and Z and volume based on the Autocontour Thresholds Raw Values from the computerized treatment planning equipment Pinnacle (Ver 9.10, Philips, Palo Alto, USA). The proton treatment plan (Ray station 5.1, RaySearch, USA) was set by fusing the contour of metal B ($1{\times}1{\times}1cm$) obtained from the above experiment by each CT into KVCT in order to compare the difference of dose distribution. Result: Referencing the actual sizes, it was appeared: Metal A (MVCT: 1.0 times, SMART-MAR CT: 1.84 times, and KVCT: 1.92 times), Metal B (MVCT: 1.02 times, SMART-MAR CT: 1.47 times, and KVCT: 1.82 times), and Metal C (MVCT: 1.0 times, SMART-MAR CT: 1.46 times, and KVCT: 1.66 times). MVCT was measured most similarly to the actual metal volume. As a result of measurement by applying the volume of metal B into proton treatment plan, the dose of $D_{99%}$ volume was measured as: MVCT: 3094 CcGE, SMART-MAR CT: 2902 CcGE, and KVCT: 2880 CcGE, against the reference 3082 CcGE Conclusion: Overall volume and axes X and Z were most identical to the actual sizes in MVCT and axis Y, which is in the superior-Inferior direction, was regular in length without differences in CT. The best dose distribution was shown in MVCT having similar size, shape, and volume of metal when treating head and neck protons. Thus it is thought that it would be very useful if the contour of prosthetic appliance using MVCT is applied into KVCT for proton treatment plan.

Comparative analysis of Glomerular Filtration Rate measurement and estimated glomerular filtration rate using 99mTc-DTPA in kidney transplant donors. (신장이식 공여자에서 99mTc-DTPA를 이용한 Glomerular Filtration Rate 측정과 추정사구체여과율의 비교분석)

  • Cheon, Jun Hong;Yoo, Nam Ho;Lee, Sun Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.35-40
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    • 2021
  • Purpose Glomerular filtration rate(GFR) is an important indicator for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of kidney disease and is also used by healthy individuals for drug use and evaluating kidney function in donors. The gold standard method of the GFR test is to measure by continuously injecting the inulin which is extrinsic marker, but it takes a long time and the test method is complicated. so, the method of measuring the serum concentration of creatinine is used. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is used instead. However, creatinine is known to be affected by age, gender, muscle mass, etc. eGFR formulas that are currently used include the Cockroft-Gault formula, the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula, and the chronic kidney disease epidemilogy collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula for adults. For children, the Schwartz formula is used. Measurement of GFR using 51Cr-EDTA (diethylenetriamine tetraacetic acid), 99mTc-DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) can replace inulin and is currently in use. Therefore, We compared the GFR measured using 99mTc-DTPA with the eGFR using CKD-EPI formula. Materials and Methods For 200 kidney transplant donors who visited Asan medical center.(96 males, 104 females, 47.3 years ± 12.7 years old) GFR was measured using plasma(Two-plasma-sample-method, TPSM) obtained by intravenous administration of 99mTc-DTPA(0.5mCi, 18.5 MBq). eGFR was derived using CKD-EPI formula based on serum creatinine concentration. Results GFR average measured using 99mTc-DTPA for 200 kidney transplant donors is 97.27±19.46(ml/min/1.73m2), and the eGFR average value using the CKD-EPI formula is 96.84±17.74(ml/min/1.73m2), The concentration of serum creatinine is 0.84±0.39(mg/dL). Regression formula of 99mTc-DTPA GFR for serum creatinine-based eGFR was Y = 0.5073X + 48.186, and the correlation coefficient was 0.698 (P<0.01). Difference (%) was 1.52±18.28. Conclusion The correlation coefficient between the 99mTc-DTPA and the eGFR derived on serum creatinine concentration was confirmed to be moderate. This is estimated that eGFR is affected by external factors such as age, gender, and muscle mass and use of formulas made for kidney disease patients. By using 99mTc-DTPA, we can provide reliable GFR results, which is used for diagnosis, treatment and observation of kidney disease, and kidney evaluation of kidney transplant patients.