• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.128-133
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• 2003

Purpose: The benefits of the 'no-touch' isolation techniquethat is usually performed to prevent the circulation of tumor cells are not evident. The aim of this study was to determine whether the no-touch isolation technique for treating gastrointestinal cancers could prevent the circulation of tumor cells detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Matrials and Methods: By using RT-PCR to amplify mRNAs for two specific epithelial markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 20 (CK-20), we examined 34 gastric cancer patients who had been histologically diagnosed and 22 patients had undergone serosal and peritoneal brushing. Results: In 10 ($29.4\%$) of the 34 gastric cancer patients, we detected CK20 mRNA before manipulation, and in 17 ($51.5\%$) of those patients, after we detected it. The density of the CK20 mRNA band was increased in 11 cases ($33.3\%$) and the density was decreased in 2 cases ($6.1\%$). In 16 ($48.5\%$) of the 34 gastric cancer patients, we detected CEA mRNA before manipulation, and in 17 ($51.5\%$) patients after we detected it. The density of the CEA mRNA band was increased in 8 cases ($24.2\%$) and decreased in 3 cases ($9.1\%$). Conclusion: These result suggest that the ' no-touch isolation technique ' might be useful when operating on advanced gastric cancer patients and that serosal or Douglas pouch brushing can be used to determine the status of micrometastasis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was aimed at evaluating the diagnostic validity of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer cells by performing multiple genetic marker analysis via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastric cancer cell lines and gastric cancer tissues. Materials and Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 12 human gastric cancer cell lines and 10 gastric cancer tissues with four mRNAs of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Cytokeratin 20 (CK20), dopa decarboxylase (DDC), and L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase (L3PP). Results: Out of the 12 human gastric cancer cell lines we tested, CEA was overexpressed in four cell lines (33%), CK20 in one (8%), DDC in six (50%) and L3PP was expessed in all the lines (100%). Out of the 10 gastric cancer tissues we tested, CEA was overexpressed in nine tissues, CK20 in eight, DOC in nine and L3PP was overexpressed in all the tissues. L3PP was overexpressed in all the gastric cancer cell lines and tissues, but the levels of overexpression were lower than those of CEA and DDC. Conclusion: Multiple genetic marker analysis can compensate for the weak points of single marker analysis when testing gastric cancer, and three mRNAs of CEA, DDC and L3PP can be used as candidate genes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2003

Background : Monoclonal antibodies directed against well-known epitopes on cytokeratin (CK) 8, 18 and 19 (Monototal) have been used in the development of a new diagnostic tool for lung cancer. In the mid-1990s, CK 19 fragments (Cyfra 21-1) became popular and widely used for such diagnosis. This is the first study specifically designed to compare these two markers. Method : The serum levels of CK 8, 18 and 19 were measured using two-site monoclonal/polyclonal immunoradiometric assay kit in 57 healthy adults and 289 patients who were admitted to Seoul National University Hospital from May to September, 2002. The lung cancer group comprised 129 primary lung cancer patients; 116 with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) and 13 with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The control group comprised 160 non-malignant pulmonary lung disease patients and 57 healthy adults. A total of 166 twin Monototal and Cyfra 21-1 serum assays were obtained; 76 with lung cancer, 70 with non-malignant pulmonary lung disease and 20 healthy adults. Results : The mean serum value of Monototal was $412.47{\pm}455.45U/L$ in NSCLC, $237.08{\pm}145.15U/L$ in SCLC, $126.54{\pm}95.72U/L$ in non-malignant pulmonary lung disease, and $63.68{\pm}31.66U/L$ in healthy adults. The serum values of the lung cancer groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.01). Using a cut off value of 188U/L, sensitivity and specificity was 66.4% and 81.9% in NSCLC, and 43.8% and 81.9% in SCLC, respectively. The serum levels of CK 8, 18 and 19 were higher in advanced NSCLC than in early stage disease. Conclusion : The serum levels of CK 8, 18 and 19 may be useful in the diagnosis of NSCLC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1769-1772
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• 2016

Background: Urothelial papilloma and non-invasive papillary carcinoma are common neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Distinguishing papillomas and papillary carcinomas, especially the low grade type, is often debatable on the basis of histological features alone. Materials and Methods: We investigated immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 20 (CK20), p53, and Ki-67 in a group of 20 urothelial papilloma cases and 30 noninvasive papillary neoplasms of low malignant potential (PNLMP) of the urinary bladder. Whole tissue sections were examined. Results: Among the 30 carcinoma cases, 12 (40%) showed strong reactivity for the whole panel, 16 (53%) reacted positively for two markers, and 2 (7%) reacted just to one of them. Ki-67 was considered positive in 27 cases (90%) and p53 in 24 (80%), CK20 showed positive reactivity in 21 cases (70%). Only small percentages of papillomas were positive, and then only weakly. Conclusions: We concluded that the intense positivity of suspicious cells for at least one of these markers would confirm the presence of malignant changes and favours the diagnosis of carcinoma.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2011

Biomaterials for retinal tissue engineering must demonstrate several critical features for potential utility, including mechanical integrity, biocompatibility, and slow biodegradation. Silk film biomaterials were designed and characterized to meet these functional requirements. We prepared natural/synthetic hybrid silk/PLGA films using 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 wt% of silk by a solvent evaporation method. MIT assay was used to confirm the number of cells attached on film at 1, 2, and 3 days, respectively. The morphology of cellular adhesion on films was also confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). RT-PCR was conducted to confrrm mRNA expression of retinal pigment epithelitun (RPE) using RPE65 as a RPEs marker and the expression of cytokeratin were determined by immunofluorescence staining. We confirmed that the silk/PLGA film of 20~40 wt% silk was superior for the adhesion and proliferation of RPEs.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2008

The lungs are one of the most common visceral sites for metastatic disease. The identification of a metastasis from a second primary lung tumor is clinically important for patients with pulmonary metastases of an extrathoracic origin. Although the cytologic features of metastatic tumors involving the lung have been extensively described, making the cytologic diagnosis is usually not easy in the absence of clinical information. However, the immunohistochemical staining for many tumor markers and the different expressions of cytokeratin 7 and 20 are very useful in the diagnosis. This review presents the cytomorphological spectrum of metastatic tumors along with the immunohistochemical findings.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1041-1048
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• 2009

The development of skin metastasis is usually a morbid prognostic feature although they occur infrequently. Adenocarcinomas account for up to about 70% of all metastatic skin cancer. In general, adenocarcinomas are the most difficult metastatic tumor to accurately identify the primary site because they don't have distinctive histological features. For this reason, immunohistochemistry have been used to help identify the origin of metastatic adenocarcinomas. This study performed immunohistochemical staining with metastatic adenocarcinomas of the skin using a variety of antisera to find out characteristic immunohistochemical findings of them. This study was made upon the 29 cases of metastatic adenocarcinomas of the skin, which had been confirmed histopathologically in Chonbuk National University Hospital from January, 1986 to April, 2006, Paraffin blocks were colledted and homemade tissue arrays were made. We performed immunohistochemical staning using 12 antibodies (MUC1, 2, 5AC, 6, cytokeratin (CK) 7, 20, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), beta-catenin, cox-2, claudin-1). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 60.7 years and the male to female ratio was 1.2:1.0. The most common primary site was lung, followed by stomach and colorectum. MUC1 was expressed by most colorectal, breast and lung adenocarcinoma. MUC2 was expressed infrequently. MUCSAC was expressed by most gastric and colorectal cancer MUC6 was not specific of any primary site in this series. CK7+/CK20+immunophenotype was observed in gastric, lung, colorectal adenocarcinoma. CK7+/CK20- immunophenotype was observed in breast, lung, endometrial, uterine cervical, bile duct adenocarcinoma, while CK7-/CK20+ immunophenotype was observed only in colorectal adenocarcinoma. This results show the utility of TTF-1 to confirm the pulmonary origin. On the other hand ER and PR were not useful markers to assess the origin of primary tumor in this series.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2005

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma which commonly presents as a skin nodule, and can develop into regional lymph node metastases, as well as spread systematically. Here, we describe the cytological features of a touch imprint of MCC that arose on the face of a 62-year-old female. This touch imprint was acquired from an incisional biopsy specimen which had been submitted for frozen section. The touch preparation produced a highly cellular imprint of loosely cohesive groups of small- to medium-sized malignant cells exhibiting uniform round to oval nuclei, delicate nuclear membranes, fine chromatin, small nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm, with occasional paranuclear button-like inclusions. We applied cytokeratin 20 to the touch imprint for immunochemistry, allowing us to visualize the tumor cells with paranuclear dot-like positivity. Both the cytological and immunocytological features were quite distinct.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1994

There are a number of reports suggesting that there may be a correlation between the clinical response to radiotherapy in various tumors and the clonogenic survival of cell lines derived from these tumors following exposure to 2 Gy(SF2). Authors conducted this study to determine SF2 for cells in primary culture from surgical specimens. The tumor tissues with squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix and head and neck were obtained. The tumor tissues were disaggregated to single cells by incubating with collagenase type w for 2 hours with constant stirring. Single cell suspensions were inoculated in four 24-well plates precoated with cell adhesive matrix. After 24 hours of incubation at 37$ ^{\circ}C $, rows of four wells were then irradiated, consisting of control set and five other sets each receiving doses of 1,2,3,4, and 6 Gy. After incubation for a total of 13 days, the cultures were stained with crystal violet and survival at each dose was determined by quantitative image analysis system, To determine whether cell growth was of epithelial origin, immunocytochemical staining with a mixture of cytokeratin and epithelial monoclonal antibodies were performed on cell cultures. During the period of this study, we received 5 squamous cell carcinoma specimens of head and neck and 20 of uterine cervical carcinoma. Of these, 15 yielded enough cells for radiosensitivity testing. This resulted an overall success rate of 60$ \% $. The mean SF2 value for 15 tumours was 0.55$\pm$0.17 ranging from 0.20 to 0.79. These results indicate that there is a broad range of sensitivities to radiation in same histologic type. So with a large patient population, we plan to determine whether a different SF2 value is associated with tumours that are controlled with radiotherapy than those that are not.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.290-300
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• 1998

Background: CYFRA 21-1 is a tumor marker which measures a fragment of cytokeratin 19 expressed by epithelial cells in bronchus. It is known that cytokeratin 19 is abundant in squamous epithelial cell cancer of the lung. However, if the incidence of elevated serum CYFRA 21-1 level in patients with benign lung diseases or pulmonary tuberculosis with severe parenchymal damage is high the specificity of CYFRA 21-1 could be decreased. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of serum CYFRA 21-1 according to the degree of parenchymal damage and the usefulness of CYFRA 21-1 for diagnosing possibly combined lung cancer in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Method: We studied the changes of serum CYFRA 21-1 according to the sputum AFB stain, radiologic manifestation and history of treatment in 81 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, and 20 healthy persons, 25 patients with lung cancer, as a control group. CYFRA 21-1 concentration in serum was quantified by the immunoradiometry assay(Centocor$^{(R)}$). Result: The results were as follow; Serum CYFRA 21-1 level was significantly lower in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis($1.54{\pm}1.19ng/mL$, p<0.01) as compared to patients with lung cancer($12.25{\pm}15.97ng/mL$), and was slightly higher than the level in heathy persons($0.90{\pm}0.49ng/mL$) but there was no significant difference. Serum CYFRA 21-1 level was below the cut-off value of 3.3ng/mL in 95 percent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis but it was above the cut-off value in 64 percent of patients with lung cancer. Serum CYFRA 21-1 level was significantly higher in the initial treatment group($1.91{\pm}1.55ng/mL$, p<0.05) as compared to the treatment. failure group ($0.92{\pm}0.30ng/mL$). According to the sputum AFB smear, serum CYFRA 21-1 level in patients with negative result was slightly higher than the level in patients with positive result but there was no significant difference. According to the radiologic manifestation, serum CYFRA 21-1 level was significantly higher in patients with infiltrative lesion ($2.15{\pm}1.63ng/mL$, p<0.01) as compared to patients with destructive lesion ($l.04{\pm}0.54ng/mL$). As the size of cavity or destructive lesion was larger, the level was significantly lower(p<0.05). Conclusion: As serum CYFRA 21-1 level was significantly higher in the initial treatment group and patients with infiltrative lesion, it suppose to be closely related with the degree of parenchymal damage of the lung of the pulmonary tuberculosis. However CYFRA 21-1 could be useful method for diagnosing lung cancer even in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis combined with lung cancer because of the fact that it was below the cutoff value of 3.3ng/mL in 95 percent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.