• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.208-241
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the chronology of Taesil Seokham(Taesil Stone Boxes) stored in Taesil of the Joseon Palace and classify the styles to discuss how these boxes have developed. By doing so, this study defined the archaeological styles of taesil seokhams in the chronological order. Although taesil seokhams are placed when taesil are first created, they do not have any texts engraved on them and it is difficult to gain information only from examining taesil seokham. However, Taejiseok(memorial stones buried in Taesil) and Agibi(gravestones buried in Taesil) were created along with taesil. These resources were examined and compared with literature records to find when each taesil seokhams was created. The critical elements to consider for the chronological arrangement were both the cover and container of the boxes and the transition of their style could be classified into four major stages. In detail, the Joseon Dynasty's taesil seokhams initially inherited the style of the Goryeo Dynasty to be formed into rectangular boxes. Through the transition of the mid and late 15th Century, the semi-circular cover with cylindrical container became the popular style in the late 15th Century. In the late 16th Century, the style of the previous period was further developed to add some decorative elements, such as projecting ornaments, but the ornaments were added for functional purposes rather than artistic purposes. However, the style went back to the semi-circular cover with cylindrical container in the early 17th Century. From the mid 17th Century, various styles appeared with ornaments only on the cover, cone-shaped cover with no ornament, or mortar-like container. However, a new style of cone-shaped cover with ornament emerged between the early and mid 18th Century and continued to stay until the mid 18th Century. In the mid 18th Century, the cover remained unchanged, but the container became a keyhole-shaped space with one side forming a "ㄷ" shape. However, in the late 18th Century, the most typical style of the semi-circular cover with cylindrical container reappeared to show that this is the most universal style. Last, in the mid 19th Century, the cover changed from semi-circular to rectangular with flat top. After this, the taesil seokhams began to disappear. In terms of style, it can be classified into four stages. In the early Joseon Dynasty, the taesil seokhams were underdeveloped and inherited the style of the Goryeo Dynasty (Stage I; 1401~mid-15C), but Joseon's unique style began to develop from the late 15th Century (Stage II; 1477~1641). After that, partial ornaments were added for adornment (Stage III; 1660~1754), but the typical style reappeared in the late 18th Century to finally degrade in the late Joseon Dynasty of the mid 19th Century (Stage IV; 1790~1874). This arrangement of style and chronology would greatly help archaeologists anticipate the time and owner of taesil seokhams even if only taesil seokhams are discovered without any records. * Tae(胎) : Placenta and umbilical cord * Taesil(胎室) : A facility(chamber) of burying Tae(胎) in rite when royal descendants are born.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2016

Damage to structures, such as bridge piers, are increasing rapidly due to the debris moving along rivers at the time of flooding. Therefore, the debris fin, debris deflector and debris sweeper, which are debris reduction systems, were produced in this study and an accumulation experiment was carried out on the experimental channel according to the existence of the reduction system. The debris fin is the reduction system that creates parallel flow on debris accumulated on the bridge to pass through the bridge, which was produced using wood. In addition, the debris deflector was produced using steel pipes and it has the type of detouring the direction of debris. The debris sweeper passes the debris using the magnetic force rotation of a screw-shaped cylindrical structure by water flow and it was produced using acrylic material. The experiment was carried out by analyzing the level of accumulation according to the hardness and dropping method of the debris and comparing the accumulation rate of reduction systems, and the experiment was carried out 5 times. According to the experimental results, there was a difference in the accumulation rate according to the type of reduction system and the shape of debris, and it often depended significantly on the initial shape of debris accumulation. The direct debris reduction effect on the bridge was higher in the order of the debris deflector, debris sweeper and debris fin, but in case of the debris deflector, damage, such as stream turbulence, changes in water level and river bed, and the loss of deflector can occur due to debris accumulated directly on the debris deflector. Therefore, it is necessary to design the debris deflector considering these issues.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1984

This study was performed to investigate the intestinal parasites (especially cestoda) in the guts of Theragra chalcogramma in Korea. The cestode larvae collected were morphologically observed and measured, and at the same time, microscopical study was done with the section slides of the cestode larvae. They were identified on the basis of the descriptions by Schmidt and Yamaguti. The results obtained in this study are as follows: 1. The cestode larvae were identified as Khawia sinesis, Eulacistorhynchus chiloscyllius, Tentacularia coryphaenga, Pssudonybelinia odontasantha and Nybelinia Zingualis. These are new species reported in Korea. 2. The characteristics of Khawia sinesis are its scolex lacking loculi and broad, fat and fimbriate shape. Its neck is not separated from the body but a little constricted. 3. Eulacistorhynchus chiloscyzzius is characterized by fairly long and acraspedote scolex. The bulbs are long; retractor muscles are attached to bases of the bulbs. The two bothridia are oval or round in shape and lacking posterior notch. The tentacles are long and poeciloacanthus; double chainette present. 4. Tentacularia coryphaenea is characterized by its long craspedote and subcylindrical scolex. The bothridia are separated, without free borders and spinous. The tentacles are short, slender, armed with solid hooks in spirals, similar except the base of tentacle. The tentacle sheaths are not twisted. The bulbs are ellipsoidal. 5. Pseudonybelinia odontacantha is characterized by its craspedote scolex. The tentacles are inserted near anterior margin of bothridia and armed with hooks in spirals ascending left to right. The hooks are similar, throughout tentacle, with feeble curve and provided with a tooth-like protuberance on the ventral side. The bulbs are three times longer than its width. The posterior margins of bothridia have a pair of eversible ciliated pits; or fossettes. 6. Nybelinia lingualis is characterized by its short and craspedote scolex. The bothridia are separated, with free boarders. The tentacles are cylindrical, armed with solid and similar hooks in quincunxes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.692-696
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• 2017

The shape of press components is becoming increasingly complex due to customer demands, process shortening and cost savings. In addition, the stability of the pressing process frequently varies during mass production due to the influence of many factors. In order to ensure the process stability, it is necessary to establish a process in which reproducibility is realized in tolerance, which is sufficient for advance study of shape, material, press, mold and lubrication. However, unforeseen changes in process parameters cause disruptions in production line shutdowns and production planning. In this paper, we introduce a method to monitor a real time process by applying a sensor to a press mold. A non-contact type sensor for measuring the flow of a sheet material and an example of an experiment using the optical sensor which is highly applicable to mass production are presented. An optical sensor was installed in a cylindrical drawing mold to test its potential application while changing the material, blank holder force, and drawing ratio. We also quantitatively determined that the flow of other sheet materials was quantified locally using a square drawing die and that the measured value was always smaller than the drawing depth due to the material elongation. Finally, we propose a field that can be used by attaching the sensor to the press mold. We hope that the consequent cost reduction will contribute to increasing global mold competitiveness.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2010

The ultrastructures of germ cells and the accessory cells during spermatogenesis and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Gomphina veneriformis, which was collected on the coastal waters of Yangyang, East Sea of Korea, were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoon has a primitive type and is similar to those of other bivalves in that it contains a short midpiece with four mitochondria surrounding the centrioles. Accessory cells are observed to be connected to adjacent germ cells, they contain a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is assumed that they are involved in the supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development, while any phenomena associated with phagocytosis of undischarged, residual sperms by lysosomes in the cytoplasm of the accessory cells after spawning was not observed in this study. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylindrical and modified long cone shape, respectively. In particular, the axial filaments in the lumen of the acrosome, and subacrosomal granular materials are observed in the subacrosomal space between the anterior nuclear fossa and the beginning part of axial filaments in the acrosome. The spermatozoon is approximately $50-55{\mu}m$ in length including a long sperm nucleus (about $7.80{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $1.13{\mu}m$ in length) and tail flagellum ($40-45{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair at the center. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure. Some charateristics of sperm morphology of this species in the family Veneridae are (1) acrosomal morphology, (2) the number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm,. The axial filament appears in the acrosome as one of characteristics seen in several species of the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely the subclass pteriomorphia containing axial rod instead of the axial filament. As some characteristics of the acrosome structures, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part (region). These charateristics belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely a characteristic of the subclass pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part (region). Therefore, it is easy to distinguish the families or the subclasses by the acrosome structures. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are four, as one of common characteristics appeared in most species in the family Veneridae.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.581-586
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• 2018

Cast iron manhole lids cause environmental pollution during the manufacturing process, and the work environment is very poor. In addition, if the height of the manhole cover does not match the height of the road surface, it causes considerable inconvenience and safety problems. This study proposes a height - adjustable steel manhole cover that can replace cast iron manhole covers and easily match the road surface with the upper surface of the manhole cover. Structural analysis was performed to grasp the design variable of the structure of the manhole cover, satisfying the required quality performance. To fabricate a manhole cover that satisfies the required load capacity, the optimal design for the U-shaped reinforcement structure was made. The cylindrical shape of the height adjustment part and the low frame were formed by bending the steel sheet into a circular shape and then welding. Reinforcing bars were also made by bending a steel plate. The height adjustment groove was machined by a CNC milling machine. Four prototypes were fabricated and a load bearing test was carried out, and new manhole cover was made reflecting results of the test. In the load bearing test, there was no breakage of the welded part, and deformation occurred mainly at the contact area between the groove and gusset plate. Deformation of 1 to 2.7mm occurred due to a load of 450kN. On the other hand, after removing the load, there was almost no residual deformation, and the load bearing evaluation was judged to be satisfactory because the manhole cover could be disassembled and reassembled.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2001

We developed a new method that the radiation field shape and intensity could be controlled automatically with a insertion of the liquid shielding material box having a rotatable model imitated the 3-dimensional target volume within. The molded box filled with the mercury was mounted to the tray. A acrylic model imitated the 3-dimensional target volume was fixed into the center of the interior of the box. Although the gentry rotate, the acrylic model can be returned to the original direction of the target due to the action of the gravity. The film measurements at the gantry rotation angle 0$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$, and 90$^{\circ}$, respectively were shown that the radiation intensities were modulated properly and the field shapes were conformed to the target. We verified the dose distribution for our method with a cylindrical acrylic phantom inserted a film within. In the case of the 8-field irradiation, the 80% isodose line was enclosed the target shape properly. This results show the realization of a new intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT).

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.34-34
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• 2014

Filamentous fungi of the genus Colletotrichum (teleomorph, Glomerella) are considered major plant pathogens worldwide. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit trees may be seriously affected by this pathogen (1). Colletotrichum species cause typical disease symptoms known as anthracnoses, characterized by sunken necrotic tissue, where orange conidial masses are produced. Anthracnose appears in both developing and mature plant tissues (2). We investigated disease occurrence in apple orchards from 2013 to 2014 in northern Gyeongbuk province, Korea. Typical anthracnose with advanced symptoms was observed in all apple orchards studied. Of late, static fruit spot symptoms are being observed in apple orchards. A small lesion, which does not expand further and remains static until the harvesting season, is observed at the beginning of fruit growth period. In our study, static symptoms, together with the typical symptoms, were observed on apples. The isolated fungus was tested for pathogenicity on cv. 'Fuji apple' (fully ripe fruits, unripe fruits, and cross-section of fruits) by inoculating the fruits with a conidial suspension ($10^5$ conidia/ml). In apple inoculated with typical anthracnose fungus, the anthracnose symptoms progressed, and dark lesions with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit, which were also soft and sunken. However, in apple inoculated with fungi causing static symptoms, the size of the spots did not increase. Interestingly, the shape and size of the conidia and the shape of the appressoria of both types of fungi were found to be similar. The conidia of the two types of fungi were straight and cylindrical, with an obtuse apex. The culture and morphological characteristics of the conidia were similar to those of C. gloeosporioides (5). The conidia of C. gloeosporioides germinate and form appressoria in response to chemical signals such as host surface wax and the fruitripening hormone ethylene (3). In this study, the spores started to germinate 4 h after incubation with an ethephon suspension. Then, the germ tubes began to swell, and subsequently, differentiation into appressoria with dark thick walls was completed by 8 h. In advanced symptoms, fungal spores of virtually all the appressoria formed primary hyphae within 16 h. However, in the static-symptom fungus spores, no primary hyphae formed by 16 h. The two types of isolates exhibited different growth rates on medium containing apple pectin, Na polypectate, or glucose as the sole carbon. Static-symptom fungi had a >10% reduction in growth (apple pectin, 14.9%; Na polypectate, 27.7%; glucose, 10.4%). The fungal isolates were also genetically characterized by sequencing. ITS regions of rDNA, chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), actin (ACT), and ${\beta}$-tubulin (${\beta}t$) were amplified from isolates using primer pairs ITS 1 and ITS 4 (4), CHS-79F and CHS-354R, ACT-512F and ACT-783R, and T1 and ${\beta}t2$ (5), respectively. The resulting sequences showed 100% identity with sequences of C. gloeosporioides at KC493156, and the sequence of the ${\beta}$t gene showed 100% identity with C. gloeosporioides at JX009557.1. Therefore, sequence data from the four loci studied proves that the isolated pathogen is C. gloeosporioides. We also performed random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, which showed clearly differentiated subgroups of C. gloeosporioides genotypes. The clustering of these groups was highly related to the symptom types of the individual strains.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2020

Gloiopeltis tenax is one of the most economically useful species in China and Japan that has been applied to glue and food since ancient times. The material used in the experiment was a large quantity of basal crusts obtained from the culture of tetraspores that were released from the mature tetrasporophytes collected at Gyeokpori, Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do in Korea. The basal crusts were cut into quadrisect under a dissecting microscope so as to monitor the process of regeneration and growth. The cut crusts were cultured under varying conditions, where the photoperiod was 16:8 h L:D; the temperature range was 10, 15, 20, and 25℃; the irradiance range was 30 and 85 µmol photons m^-2s^-1. The quadrisect basal crusts grew to an oval shape, then formed a vertical axis of cylindrical shape. The maximum growth of basal crusts was 9.61±3.59 mm² under the condition of 15℃ temperature and 85 µmol photons m^-2s^-1 irradiance, after 12-weeks culture. The mean relative growth rate after 12-weeks culture showed the maximum rate of 5.15±0.80 %day^-1 at 15℃ and the minimum growth rate was 3.15±0.94 %day^-1 at 10℃, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it has shown the possibility that growth of basal crusts of G. tenax is one of the good farming method of potential alga.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2019

Sawdust cultivation of Lentinula edodes has been increasing in Korea. Fourteen strains were used to develop the best varieties of L. edodes, and hybridization was carried out by monohybrid cross. The number of hybridized strains was 1,638 among 3,100 combinations. They were cultivated on sawdust medium, and fruiting bodies were formed in 364 strains. Among them, 65 strains were selected as superior candidate strains based on the shape and size of the fruiting bodies. Forty strains formed fruiting bodies without lamellae structure. The shape of the stipe was cylindrical (255 strains), thick to lower part (15 strains), and thick to upper part (94 strains). By the combinations of 2462 n1-10 and 3420 n1-10, 2462 n1, 2462 n2, 2462 n10, and 3420 n3 were selected as excellent monokaryotic strains. These strains were considered to be superior monokaryotic strains that could be used for hybrid breeding.