• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1998년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부 C
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• pp.966-969
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• 1998

Fast burning achieves higher efficiency, and reduces cycle variations which is able to improve vehicle driveability. Furthermore, the greater resistance to knock with fast burning can allow the fuel economy advantages associated with higher compression ratio to be realized. One way of increasing the combustion speed is to enhance the performance of ignition systems which were able to reduce the early period of combustion. It is well known that shortening the initial stage of combustion also reduces the cyclic variations. This literature survey deals with the papers which have studied the ignition process or various ignition systems. Those systems increasing the combustion speed, extending the lean misfire limit, reducing the exhaust gas and stabilizing the operating condition of the spark ignition engine by modifying the ignition process or increasing ignition energy.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1701-1709
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• 1997

The diagnostic used to observe the early flame development was a fiber optic spark plug, which enabled measurement of the flame front arrival times on a cycle-to-cycle basis. The data obtained with this fiber optic spark plug were analyzed to obtain two parameters to describe the behavior of the flame kernel : an expansion speed and a convection velocity. In addition, synchronized cylinder pressure data were taken to compare with the fiber optic spark plug data on a cyclic basis. Heat release analysis was performed on the cylinder pressure data to obtain the mass burning profile of the charge for each cycle. There was a significant correlation observed in the initial flame duration and the kernel expansion speed with dwell angle.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1528-1534
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• 1989

Photoeffects at the p-GaP semiconductor/CsNO3 electrolyte interface were investigated in terms of their current-voltage characteristics. The photoeffects at the semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces and their photocurrent variations are verified using Ar ion laser and continuous cyclic voltammetric methods. The mechanism of charge transfer at the photogeneration in the depletion layer rather than the photodecomposition of the p-GaP semiconductor electrode surface and/or the water photoelectrolysis. The adsorption of Cs+ ions at the interface is physical adsorption.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1369-1374
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• 1989

Electrical characteristics at the p-GaP semiconductor/CsNO3 electrolyte interfaces were investigated. It is found that such interfacial phenomena are well analyzed by semiconductor-semiconductor pn junction diode models and image charge effects of semiconductor-vacuum interfaces. The formation processes of electrical double layers and their potential variations are verified using cyclic voltammetric methods. The interfacial current are influenced by Cs+ ion coverage onto the semiconductor electrode surface and structure of electrical double layer.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.177-192
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• 2014

One of the main applications of FRP composites is confining concrete columns. Hence identifying the cyclic and monotonic stress-strain behavior of confined concrete columns and the parameters influencing this behavior is inevitable. Two significant parameters affecting the stress-strain behavior are aspect ratio and corner radius. The present study aims to scrutinize the effects of corner radius and aspect ratio on different aspects of stress-strain behavior of FRP confined concrete specimens (rectangular, square and circular). Hence 44 FRP confined concrete specimens were tested and the results of the tests were investigated. The findings indicated that for specimens with different aspect ratios, the relationship between the ultimate stress and the corner radius is linear and the variations of the ultimate stress versus the corner radius decreases as a result of an increase in aspect ratio. It was also observed that increase of the corner radius results in increase of the compressive strength and ultimate axial strain and increase of the aspect ratio causes an increase of the ultimate axial strain but a decrease of the compressive strength. Investigation of the ultimate condition showed that the FRP hoop rupture strain is smaller in comparison with the one obtained from the tensile coupon test and also the ultimate axial strain and confined concrete strength are smaller when a prism is under monotonic loading. Other important results of this study were, an increase in the axial strain during the early stage of unloading paths and increase of the confining effect of FRP jacket with the increase and decrease of the corner radius and aspect ratio respectively, a decrease in the slope of reloading branches with cycle repetitions and the independence of this trend from the variations of the aspect ratio and corner radius and also quadric relationship between the number of each cycle and the plastic strain of the same cycle as well as the independence of this relationship from the aspect ratio and corner radius.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2015

Because an ecological community consists of diverse species that vary nonlinearly with environmental variability, its dynamics are complex and difficult to analyze. To investigate temporal variations of benthic macroinvertebrate community, we used the community data that were collected at the sampling site in Baenae Stream near Busan, Korea, which is a clean stream with minimum pollution, from July 2006 to July 2013. First, we used a self-organizing map (SOM) to heuristically derive the states that characterizes the biotic condition of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in forms of time series data. Next, we applied the hidden Markov model (HMM) to fine-tune the states objectively and to obtain the transition probabilities between the states and the emission probabilities that show the connection of the states with observable events such as the number of species, the diversity measured by Shannon entropy, and the biological water quality index (BMWP). While the number of species apparently addressed the state of the community, the diversity reflected the state changes after the HMM training along with seasonal variations in cyclic manners. The BMWP showed clear characterization of events that correspond to the different states based on the emission probabilities. The environmental factors such as temperature and precipitation also indicated the seasonal and cyclic changes according to the HMM. Though the usage of the HMM alone can guarantee the convergence of the training or the precision of the derived states based on field data in this study, the derivation of the states by the SOM that followed the fine-tuning by the HMM well elucidated the states of the community and could serve as an alternative reference system to reveal the ecological structures in stream communities.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.272-280
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• 1993

한반도 서해중부에 위치하는 금강하구 및 인근 연안역에서 염분 및 부유물함량의 계절적 변화양상을 관측하였다. 금강하구에서 부유물함량은 계절적으로 크게 변하였으 며, 동계에 높고 하계에 낮게 나타났다. 특히 홍수기의 하계에는 담수의 유입이 증가 하여 금강하구에서 염분은 5$\textperthousand$ 미만이었고, 염분이 28$\textperthousand$ 미만의 기수가 인근 연안역으 로 확장하였다. 부유물함량은 금강하구에서 100 mg/l 이상으로 높았지만, 외해에서는 5mg/l 이하로 감소하였다. 이와 같이 홍수기인 하계에 부유물함량이 낮은 것은 금강을 통해 공급되는 육상기원 부유물질의 대부분이 강하구역에 집적되기 때문으로 해석된 다. 금강하구 및 인근해역에서 부유물함량 및 분포양상의 계절적 변동은 한반도 서해 연악역에서 현생 퇴적물의 주기적 퇴적작용으로 해석되었다. 즉, 하계동안 금강을 통 해 공급되는 세립물질은 강하구에 우세하게 집적되며, 동계에는 재부유되어 남쪽방향 으로 운반되는 반복작용이 주기적으로 나타나는 것으로 해석된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.759-761
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• 2006

The compound B(C6F5)3 and its variations have been widely employed as alkyl carbanion abstracting reagents to produce metallocene cations for olefin polymerization.1-3 Weakly coordinating anions containing boron can greatly improve the activity of metallocene catalysts used in industrial olefin polymerization4 and thus group IV and V metallocene complexes of the organohydroborate anions have been intensively investigated.5 Recently, many organohydroborate metallocene complexes have been reported by Shore and co-workers.6-8 A common structural feature of those complexes is the three-center two electron M-H-B bond, like that observed in transition metal tetrahydroborate complexes but the reactivity and fluxional behavior of organohydroborate complexes are unlike those of the tetrahydroborate analogues.6 Although many of those metallocenes have been synthesized, few complexes could be used in the olefin polymerization and then this laboratory has been involved in the chemistry of the cyclic organohydroborate anions, and their group IV metallocene derivatives for the catalyst.9 Described here is recent work that led to the preparation of a novel cyclic organohydroborate hafnocene complex (h5-C5H5)2Hf ？(μ-H)2BC8H14 ,Cl. The hafnocene complex contains the three-center two electron bond Hf-H-B10 in which the hydride abstraction for olefin polymerization may occur.

• 에너지공학
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2009

내연기관의 연소현상을 연구하는 연구자들에게 엔진 내부의 압력값은 연소과정을 이해 할 수 있는 좋은 데이터가 된다. 본 논문에서는 압력값을 이용하여 스파크 점화기관의 무부하에서의 사이클 연소 변동의 중요한 원인이 무엇인가를 규명한다. 또한 실험기관의 연소실에서 채취한 압력 데이터는 사이클 변동의 연소 해석의 기초 데이터와 연소율 해석 등의 데이터분석을 하는데 사용되었다. 연소변수의 입력변수로써 연료, 공기, 잔류량, 등등이 사이클 변동을 결정하는데 사용되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.172-178
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• 1990

본 연구에서는 스터링기관의 예비설계에 편리하게 적용될 수 있는 경제적이며 타당한 해석방법을 확립하기 위하여, Urieli등에 의하여 정립된 이상적인 단열모델에 대하여 해석적 근사해를 구하고자 한다.이미 발표된 연구에서는 근사해를 얻기 위 해 피스턴운동을 가장 간단한 톱날파로 가정한 바 있으나 실제의 정현파형 등과는 현 저한 차이가 있으므로 이를 개선하여 크랭크각도에 대한 임의의 구간선형함수(piecew- ise linear function)로 취급한다. 또한, 해석의 결과로서 결정되는 기관내의 압력 및 각 실린더내의 질량 또는 온도 등 열역학적 변수로부터 기관성능평가를 위한 열 및 일의 계산 과정을 포함한다.